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RC gate control circuits are commonly used to trigger triacs. A simple RC circuit uses a capacitor to charge through resistors during each half-cycle, delivering a gate current pulse to trigger the triac once the capacitor voltage reaches a threshold. For wider triggering angles, a double RC network is used. Breakover devices like diacs can also be used, offering advantages over RC circuits. A diac provides a current pulse once its breakover voltage is reached, allowing consistent firing delays for both half-cycles with a single trigger component.
RC gate control circuits are commonly used to trigger triacs. A simple RC circuit uses a capacitor to charge through resistors during each half-cycle, delivering a gate current pulse to trigger the triac once the capacitor voltage reaches a threshold. For wider triggering angles, a double RC network is used. Breakover devices like diacs can also be used, offering advantages over RC circuits. A diac provides a current pulse once its breakover voltage is reached, allowing consistent firing delays for both half-cycles with a single trigger component.
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RC gate control circuits are commonly used to trigger triacs. A simple RC circuit uses a capacitor to charge through resistors during each half-cycle, delivering a gate current pulse to trigger the triac once the capacitor voltage reaches a threshold. For wider triggering angles, a double RC network is used. Breakover devices like diacs can also be used, offering advantages over RC circuits. A diac provides a current pulse once its breakover voltage is reached, allowing consistent firing delays for both half-cycles with a single trigger component.
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The simplest triac triggering circuit is shown in Fig. 6-4(a). In Fig. 6-4(a), capacitor C charges through R1 and R2 during the delay angle portion of each half cycle. During the positive half cycle. MT2 is positive with respect to MT1, and C charges positive on its top plate. When the voltage at C builds up to a value large enough to deliver sufficient gate current (IGT) through R1, to trigger the triac, the triac fires. During a negative half cycle, C charges negative on its top plate. Again, when the voltage across the capacitor gets large enough to deliver sufficient gate current in the reverse direction through R1 to trigger the triac, the triac fires. The changing rate of capacitor C is set by the resistance of R2. For large R2 the charging rate is slow, causing a long firing delay and small average load current. For small R2, the charging rate is fast, the firing delay angle id small, and the load current is high. As was true with SCR triggering circuits,a single RC network cannot delay triac firing much past 90o. to establish a wider range of delay angle adjustment, the double RC network of Fig. 6-4(b) is often used. Typical component sizes are shown for use with a medium sized triac.
Breakover Devices in Gate Control Circuits of Triacs
The gate control circuits of Fig. 6-4 can be improved by the addition of a breakover device in the gate lead as shown in Fig. 6-5(a). The breakover device pictured in Fig. 6-5(a) is a diac, but there are several other breakove devices which also work well. Use of a breakover device in the gate triggering circuit of triac offers some important advantages over simple RC gate control cicuits. These advantages stem from the fact that breakover devices deliver a pulse of gate current rather than a sinusoidal gate current. The ability of a breakover device to provide a current pulse can be understood by studying Fig 6-5(b), which shows a typical current-voltage characteristic curve for a diac. (A diac is known by the names bidirectional trigger diode and symmetrical trigger diode) Let us intercept the diac’s characteristics curve now. The curve shows that for applied forward voltage less than the forward breakover (symbolized + VBO) the duac permits virtually no current to flow. Once the forward breakover voltage is reached, however, the dic switches into conduction and the current surges up as the voltage across the terminal declines. Refer to Fig 6-5(b) to see this. This surge of current on the characteristic accounts for the pulsing ability of the diac. In the negative voltage region, the behavior is identical. When the applied reverse voltage is smaller than the reverse breakover voltage (symbolized –VBO) the diac permits no current to flow. When the applied voltage reaches –VBO, the diac switches into conduction in the opposite direction. This is graphed as negative current in Fig 6-5(b). Diacs are manufactured to be relatively temperature stable and to have fairly close tolerances on breakover voltages. There is very little difference in magnitude between forward breakover volatage and reverse breakover voltage for a diac. The difference is typically less than 1 V. This enables the trigger circuit to maintain nearly equal firing delay angles for both half cycles of the AC supply. The operation of the circuit in Fig 6-5(a) is the same as that of the circuit in the Fig.6-4(a) except that the capacitor voltage must build up to the breakover volatage of the diac in order to deliver gate current to the triac. For a diac, the breakover volatage would be quite a bit higher than the voltage which would be necessary in fig 6-4(a). The most popular .breakover voltage for diacs is 32 V (+VBO = +32 V, -VBO = -32 V). This value is the convinient for use with a 115-V supply. Therfore when the capacitor voltage reaches 32 V, in either polarity, the diac breaks over, delivering the turn-ON pulse of current to the gate of the triac. Because the capacitor voltage must reach hogher values when a diac is used, the charging time constant must be reduced. This mean that Fig6- 5(a) would have a smaller component values (resistor and capacitor values) than Fig6- 4(a). A second schematic symbol for the diac is presented in fig6-5(c). This symbol is less frequently used, and the diac symbol in fig6-5(a) is preferred.
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