Child Behavior Checklist/4-18

Achenbach, T. M.
1991

Description of Measure
Purpose
To obtain caregivers' reports of children's competencies and behavior problems in
a standardized format.

Conceptual Organization
The Child Behavior Checklist/4-16 (CBCL/4-16) was the first of what has
become a multiaxial empirically based set of measures for assessing children from
parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. In 1991, The CBCL/4-16 was re-normed to include
children up to 18 years of age (becoming CBCL/4-18), and eight cross-informant
constructs were identified to facilitate direct comparison between problem behavior
scores on the CBCL, the Teacher Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self-Report Form
(YSR) (Achenbach, 1991). All three instruments include measurement of the following
eight constructs or syndromes: Social Withdrawal, Somatic Complaints,
Anxiety/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems,
Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. The CBCL is the only measure that
contains the Sex Problems scale.
In addition to focusing on a child’s behavior as defined by one of the eight
syndrome scales, the CBCL, TRF, and YSR also allow the examination of two broad
groupings of syndromes: Internalizing Problems and Externalizing Problems.
Internalizing Problems combines the Social Withdrawal, Somatic Complaints, and
Anxiety/Depression scales, while Externalizing combines the Delinquent Behavior and
Aggressive Behavior scales.
The three corollary instruments also contain sections addressing the area of social
competence in order to determine which reported competencies discriminate between
those children who are adapting successfully and those who are not. The CBCL/4-18
contains 20 competence items grouped into 3 scales (Activities, Social, and School).

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 A version of the CBCL/4-18, for 2 to 3 year olds (CBCL/2-3) has also been
developed (see CBCL/2-3) (Achenbach, 1992; Achenbach, Edelbrock, & Howell, 1987).

Item Origin/Selection Process

Items were derived from research and consultation with professionals and parents,
and revisions were based on the findings of numerous pilot studies. The “cross-
informant” syndromes (CBCL, TRF, YSR) were obtained from evaluation of multiple
principal components analyses using 89 items common to all three forms. For a complete
description of item derivation for the CBCL, see the Manual for the Child Behavior
Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile (hereafter referred to as the Manual) (Achenbach, 1991).

Materials
Manual, forms, and computerized scoring programs, available from the publisher.

Time Required
Twenty-five to thirty minutes.

Administration Method
The CBCL is designed to be completed independently by the caregiver. It requires
only fifth grade reading ability. The form can also be administered orally by an
interviewer who records the caregiver’s answers.
There are several items for which the respondent is asked to elaborate about an
endorsed behavior in order to avoid improper scoring.

Training
Requires thorough familiarity with the Manual, especially with the cautions
related to commonly misinterpreted items (Manual, p. 13, pp. 249-250).

Scoring
Score Types
Items are coded from 0 to 2 and instructions for hand scoring the instrument are

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provided in Appendix A of the Manual.
Total scores may be computed for Social Competence, Behavior Problems,
Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems, and Sex Problems, plus scores for each
of the 8 syndrome scales. The Total Problem score is computed by summing all items on
pages 3 and 4 of the CBCL, except items 2, “Allergy” and 4, “Asthma.”
The problem scales are not scored if data for more than 8 items are missing, not
counting items 2, 4, 56h, and 113 (See Manual, Appendix A). If a respondent circles two
numbers for a behavior problem item, the item is assigned a score of “1”.
Raw scores can be converted to age-standardized scores (T scores having a mean
= 50 and SD = 10) that can be compared with scores obtained from normative samples of
children within the same broad age range. A minimum T score of 50 is assigned to scores
that fall at midpoint percentiles of ≤50 on the competence scale and the 8 syndrome
scales to permit comparison of standardized scores across scales. Raw scores on these
scales will therefore reflect greater differentiation among non-deviant subjects than T
scores. The authors recommend that raw scores rather than T scores be used for statistical
analyses using the syndrome and competence scales. T scores are not truncated for the
Internalizing, Externalizing and Total Problems scales, however; therefore, T scores
should be used in statistical analyses for these scales.

Score Interpretation
For the syndrome scales, T scores less than 67 are considered in the normal range,
T scores ranging from 67-70 are considered to be borderline clinical, and T scores above
70 are in the clinical range. Because items in the Sexual Problems syndrome scale have
low prevalence rates, this scale does not lend itself to the specification of normal,
borderline, and clinical ranges. However, the T score can provide a guideline as to
whether the child is scoring low or high relative to a normative sample of peers.
For Total Problems, Externalizing Problems, and Internalizing Problems, T scores
less than 60 are considered in the normal range, 60-63 represent borderline scores, and
scores greater than 63 are in the clinical range.

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Norms and/or Comparative Data
The CBCL/4-18 was normed on a sample of 2,368 non-handicapped 4 to 18 year
old children. (Norming of school related items excluded preschool-aged children (n =
252).) The sample was chosen to be representative of children in the 48 contiguous states
with respect to SES, ethnicity, region, and urban/suburban/rural residence. None of the
children in the sample had received mental health services or special remedial school
classes in the 12 months preceding assessment with the CBCL/4-18. Data were obtained
from caregivers in a home interview. See Manual for gender and age-specific tables.

Psychometric Support
Reliability
Test-retest reliability assessment (over a 7-day period), conducted by the author
with 24 boys and 29 girls age 4-11, resulted in correlation coefficients of .87 for the
Social Competence scale, and .89 for the Behavior Problems Scale. Inter-parent
agreement was examined using samples of 182 boys and 141 girls age 4-11, and 156 boys
and 120 girls age 12-18. These correlations were also high, ranging on average from .74 -
.78 for the Social Competence scales, and from .65 - .75 on average for the Behavior
Problems scales. Cronbach’s alpha values for the different scales ranged from .46 on the
Activities subscale to .93 on the Externalizing subscale for boys age 4-11 (N = 582), and
from .54 on the Activities subscale to .93 on the Externalizing subscale for girls age 4-11
(N = 619). Among the eight syndromes, Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from .62 to .92
for boys age 4-11 and from .66 to .92 for girls age 4-11.

Validity
Evidence for content, construct, and criterion-related validity is well documented.
Construct validity was assessed by correlating CBCL scale scores with scores from the
closest counterpart scales of the Conners (1973) Parent Questionnaire and with the
Quay-Peterson (1983) Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, obtained from a sample of
60 clinically referred 6- to 11-year-olds. The correlations between the CBCL and the
Conners syndrome scales ranged from .59 to .86. The correlations between the CBCL and
the Quay-Peterson syndrome scales were similar, ranging from .59 to .88. See Chapter 6

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in Manual for additional details.

LONGSCAN Use
Data Points
Ages 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 & 14

Respondent
Primary maternal caregiver.

Mnemonic and Version

Age 4 and Age 6: CBBA.
Age 8: CBB. Administration of Social Competence items was optional by site;
see Administration and Scoring Notes below. CBC. Screener questions were modified
slightly to accommodate the computer-administered format, e.g., if caregiver responds to
the question about “what sports {CHILD} likes to take part in” with “none”, the screener
question, “any sport?” is answered NO and the computer skips to the next question topic.
Also for question 2 of the Social Competence section, "Is your child in a special class or
special school?", an interviewer instruction is added (to facilitate proper scoring),
specifying remedial, behavioral, or LD classes ONLY.
Age 10: CBC. Social Competence administered at all sites.
Age 12 & 14: CBBD. The form version was changed due to a change in the data
entry system.

Rationale
The CBCL is one of the most commonly used measures of child
psychopathology. It also provides parallel versions for Teacher Report and Youth Self-
Report, meeting the need for multiple informants. Furthermore, versions are available to
assess our sample at every time point from age 2 to young adulthood. Finally, the CBCL
has been normed on a national sample.

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Administration and Scoring Notes
LONGSCAN administered the Social Competence items at Age 4 and at Age 6.
At Age 8, the Social Competence section was administered at the discretion of sites for
the first time. The MW, NW and SW sites chose to collect the Social Competence data at
Age 8, while the EA and SO sites did not.
The author’s computerized scoring program was used to generate T scores.

Results
Descriptive Statistics
Table 1 displays the means and standard deviations on the CBCL Total Problem,
Internalizing, and Externalizing scores for the Age 6 interview, by child’s race and study
site. Table 1 also includes the percentage of children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60), by child’s race and study site. At the Age 6 Interview, overall scores are
highest on the Externalizing Problems scale, which also includes the highest percentage
(32.3%) of children who are at or above the Borderline Clinical Range.
Multiracial children had the highest mean scores for Total Problems and
Externalizing Problem Scores. The Multiracial children tended to score in the clinical
range for all three scales more often than did children in the other racial groups.
The NW and SW sites had higher mean scores than the other sites for
Externalizing Problems (Table 1) as well as the largest percentage (39.3% and 38.9%
respectively) of children at or above the Border Clinical Range. The SO sample had
higher Internalizing Problems scores (26.2% were in Clinical Range), perhaps
attributable, in part, to the fact that the SO site's children were approximately a year older
than children at the other sites at the time of this interview.

Table 1 about here

Table 2 displays the means and standard deviations on the Syndrome Scales and
the percentage of children at or above Borderline Clinical Range (T ≥ 60) for the Age 6
interview, by child’s race and study site. On the syndromes, the LONGSCAN children
demonstrated the fewest problems in the areas of depression, somatic complaints, and
thought problems. The SO site had higher percentages of children in the clinical range on

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Social Withdrawal and Social Problems. Overall, the biggest problem areas were
Aggressive Behavior and Delinquent Behavior, with more than three times the number of
children rated in the clinical range than would be expected in a normal population.
Among the five sites, the NW site had the highest number of children in the clinical range
for these two scales.

Table 2 about here

Table 3 displays the means and standard deviations along with the percentage of
children at or above Borderline Clinical Range (T ≥ 60) on the overall scores, for the Age
8 interview. As at Age 6, overall scores at the Age 8 interview are highest on the
Externalizing Problems scale. The percentage of children in the clinical range for Total
Problems and Externalizing Problems remained stable between the Age 6 and Age 8
interviews at around 32% (twice the rate expected in a normal population).
Multiracial children had the highest mean scores for Total Problems and
Externalizing Problem Scores. The Multiracial children tended to score in the clinical
range for all three scales more often than did children in the other racial groups. White
children were most likely to score in the borderline or clinical range on the internalizing
scale.
The NW and SW sites had higher mean scores than the other sites for
Externalizing Problems as well as the largest percentage (43.2% and 37.1% respectively)
of children at or above the Border Clinical Range. The NW sample had higher
Internalizing Problems scores (29.3% were in Clinical Range).
Between the Age 6 and Age 8 interviews, the number of children with
Internalizing Problems increased from around 19% to 21%. The largest increase was
observed for white children. Between interview points, all sites but the EA showed an
increase in the number of children with Internalizing Problems.

Table 3 about here

Table 4 displays the means and standard deviations on the Syndrome Scales and
the percentage of children at or above Borderline Clinical Range (T ≥ 60) for the Age 8
interview. At the Age 8 interview, the biggest problem areas were Delinquent Behavior

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and Attention Problems, with more than three times the number of children rated in the
clinical range than would be expected in a normal population. Among the five sites, the
NW site had the highest number of children in the clinical range for delinquent behavior
(25.2%) and the SW site had the highest number of children in the clinical range for
attention problems (25%).

Table 4 about here

Table 5 displays the means and standard deviations along with the percentage of
children at or above Borderline Clinical Range (T ≥ 60) on the broadband scales, for the
Age 10 interview. Compared to Age 8, overall scores at the Age 10 interview are slightly
lower for the Externalizing and Total Problem scores.
As at the Age 8 interview, multiracial children had the highest mean scores for
Total Problems and Externalizing Problem Scores at the Age 10 interview. The
Multiracial children tended to score in the clinical range for all three scales more often
than did children in the other racial groups. White children still had the highest
percentage scoring in the borderline or clinical range on internalizing problems.
The SW site had the largest percentage (35.2%, 35.5%, and 27.8% respectively)
of children scoring at or above the Border Clinical Range on all three scales.

Table 5 about here

Table 6 displays the means and standard deviations on the Syndrome Scales and
the percentage of children at or above Borderline Clinical Range (T ≥ 60) for the Age 10
interview. As was the case at the Age 8 interviews, the biggest problem areas were
Delinquent Behavior and Attention Problems, with more than three times the number of
children rated in the clinical range than would be expected in a normal population.
Among the five sites, the SW site had the highest number of children in the clinical range
for these two scales (24.5 % and 27.5% respectively). Also, the percentage scoring in the
borderline or clinical range on the social problems scale increased from 11.4% at Age 8
to 15.6% at Age 10. There were substantial increases in social problems scores for White
children at the SW and NW sites.

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Publisher Information
University Associates in Psychiatry
1 South Prospect Street
Burlington, VT 05401-3456
(802) 656-8313

References and Bibliography

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/ 4-18 and 1991
Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Dept. of Psychiatry.

Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/ 2-3 and 1992
Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Dept. of Psychiatry.

Achenbach, T. M., Edelbrock, C., & Howell, C. (1987). Empirically-based

assessment of the behavioral/ emotional problems of 2-3 year old children. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 629-650.

Achenbach. T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1981). Behavioral problems and

competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged 4- 16.
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46, (88).

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Table 1. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Total Problems, Externalizing, & Internalizing Scales by Race
and Study Site. Age 6 Interview
Total Problems Externalizing Problems Internalizing Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1217 54.38 (10.87) 31.1 55.33 (10.88) 32.3 50.95 (9.87) 19.7
Race
White 317 55.77 (11.18) 37.5 56.49 (10.97) 36.6 52.39 (10.39) 24.9
Black 653 53.39 (10.66) 26.7 54.49 (10.80) 28.5 50.03 (9.57) 16.7
Hispanic 88 53.88 (10.50) 25.6 54.84 (10.76) 35.2 50.50 (8.84) 17.1
Multiracial 145 56.13 (11.23) 37.9 57.14 (11.00) 40.0 52.14 (10.30) 22.8
Other 14 54.14 (6.97) 28.6 53.07 (8.00) 14.3 51.71 (9.51) 28.6
Site
EA 250 52.82 (10.66) 26.0 54.17 (11.26) 28.8 49.12 (8.98) 13.6
MW 218 51.75 (10.13) 22.5 52.84 (10.19) 25.7 49.96 (9.32) 17.4
SO 218 54.70 (11.25) 31.7 54.12 (10.81) 26.2 52.64 (10.46) 26.2
SW 297 56.19 (10.81) 36.4 57.44 (10.55) 39.4 51.25 (10.23) 19.9
NW 234 55.91 (10.84) 37.2 57.35 (10.80) 38.9 51.85 (9.93) 22.2
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

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 Table 2. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Selected Syndromes by Race and Study Site. Age 6 Interview
Anxious/ Withdrawn Social Somatic
Depressed Problems Complaints
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1217 53.98 (6.29) 5.3 55.28 (6.66) 7.0 55.91 (7.38) 11.6 54.23 (5.80) 5.9
Race
White 317 55.05 (6.95) 7.6 55.98 (7.02) 8.5 56.42 (8.04) 14.5 55.01 (5.95) 6.6
Black 653 53.31 (5.60) 3.7 54.93 (6.41) 6.3 55.54 (7.07) 9.7 53.97 (5.71) 5.7
Hispanic 88 53.43 (5.40) 3.4 54.58 (6.76) 5.7 55.80 (6.93) 10.2 53.35 (5.52) 4.6
Multiracial 145 54.90 (7.80) 9.0 55.82 (6.62) 6.9 56.26 (7.56) 14.5 54.25 (5.90) 6.2
Other 14 55.00 (5.26) -- 54.43 (8.27) 14.3 58.57 (6.63) 14.3 53.64 (6.05) 7.1
Site
EA 250 52.76 (4.93) 2.4 54.27 (5.51) 4.0 55.16 (6.87) 8.0 53.74 (5.47) 4.0
MW 218 53.19 (5.30) 3.7 55.14 (6.28) 6.4 54.55 (6.06) 5.5 53.36 (5.12) 4.1
SO 218 54.97 (6.82) 6.9 56.37 (7.55) 10.6 56.98 (8.04) 13.8 55.25 (6.41) 8.3
SW 297 54.54 (6.71) 7.1 54.92 (6.80) 6.7 56.24 (7.72) 14.5 54.27 (5.93) 7.1
NW 234 54.39 (7.09) 6.0 55.91 (6.91) 7.7 56.56 (7.72) 15.4 54.54 (5.84) 6.0

Thought Aggressive Delinquent Attention

Problems Behavior Behavior Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1217 54.59 (6.97) 8.9 57.81 (8.91) 17.0 56.90 (7.65) 18.1 56.79 (8.25) 13.5
Race
White 317 54.74 (7.13) 9.8 58.85 (9.40) 20.2 57.24 (7.59) 18.3 58.01 (8.66) 16.1
Black 653 54.55 (6.83) 8.6 57.16 (8.70) 14.2 56.40 (7.61) 16.5 53.23 (6.95) 11.6
Hispanic 88 53.68 (6.05) 5.7 57.00 (7.83) 15.9 57.80 (7.72) 20.5 57.78 (8.31) 20.5
Multiracial 145 55.17 (7.93) 11.0 59.20 (9.31) 24.1 58.23 (7.94) 24.1 57.22 (8.74) 13.1
Other 14 52.64 (4.60) -- 55.43 (5.72) 7.1 53.29 (5.08) 7.1 54.64 (4.60) --
Site
EA 250 55.31 (7.29) 11.2 57.23 (9.12) 15.2 55.97 (7.75) 14.4 55.28 (7.83) 10.4
MW 218 52.23 (4.69) 2.8 55.89 (7.10) 10.6 55.44 (6.70) 13.3 54.66 (7.15) 8.7
SO 218 53.85 (6.96) 6.9 56.81 (8.41) 12.8 56.34 (7.48) 14.7 57.90 (8.31) 15.1
SW 297 56.48 (7.75) 12.8 59.17 (9.48) 22.2 58.26 (7.96) 22.6 58.78 (8.85) 18.2
NW 234 54.30 (6.65) 9.0 59.42 (9.43) 22.2 58.04 (7.75) 23.9 56.84 (8.09) 13.7
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

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Table 3. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Total Problems, Externalizing, & Internalizing Scales by Race
and Study Site. Age 8 Interview
Total Problems Externalizing Problems Internalizing Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1090 53.18 (11.48) 30.4 54.34 (11.44) 31.9 51.69 (10.71) 21.7
Race
White 286 56.08 (11.27) 37.4 56.14 (10.75) 37.1 53.90 (11.18) 30.8
Black 586 52.36 (11.17) 25.3 53.07 (11.32) 27.5 50.40 (10.21) 16.7
Hispanic 72 53.43 (10.64) 25.0 52.61 (11.33) 23.6 52.32 (10.10) 23.6
Multiracial 132 56.00 (12.73) 42.4 57.32 (12.57) 46.2 52.62 (11.62) 25.8
Other 14 49.43 (10.44) 14.3 51.43 (10.19) 21.4 48.93 (7.25) --
Site
EA 233 53.32 (10.79) 27.9 53.98 (11.34) 34.3 50.71 (9.67) 16.7
MW 180 50.01 (11.11) 20.6 50.92 (11.09) 21.7 50.01 (10.18) 17.2
SO 183 51.57 (11.24) 20.8 51.22 (10.84) 17.5 50.38 (11.08) 18.0
SW 272 55.72 (11.66) 36.8 56.52 (11.53) 37.1 52.38 (11.18) 25.4
NW 222 56.92 (11.23) 41.0 57.39 (10.83) 43.2 54.34 (10.77) 29.3
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

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 Table 4. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Selected Syndromes by Race and Study Site. Age 8 Interview
Anxious/ Withdrawn Social Somatic
Depressed Problems Complaints
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1090 54.76 (7.03) 7.8 55.70 (7.20) 9.2 56.57 (8.13) 11.4 54.83 (6.43) 7.4
Race
White 286 56.49 (8.01) 11.5 56.44 (7.84) 11.9 57.50 (8.86) 13.3 55.97 (6.85) 11.2
Black 586 53.62 (6.01) 5.1 55.26 (6.80) 8.0 55.79 (7.51) 9.0 54.45 (6.31) 6.0
Hispanic 72 55.00 (7.08) 6.9 56.07 (8.09) 9.7 56.63 (7.38) 13.9 53.64 (5.27) 5.6
Multiracial 132 56.18 (8.15) 12.9 56.11 (7.06) 9.1 58.13 (9.21) 16.7 54.92 (6.53) 7.6
Other 14 52.50 (3.35) -- 53.36 (4.85) -- 55.36 (7.01) 7.1 52.86 (4.20) --
Site
EA 233 53.12 (5.41) 3.4 55.45 (6.47) 5.6 55.78 (7.30) 7.7 54.92 (6.39) 5.6
MW 180 53.92 (6.21) 5.6 54.53 (6.48) 7.2 54.73 (6.82) 7.8 54.06 (5.27) 3.9
SO 183 54.32 (6.88) 7.1 55.38 (7.61) 9.3 56.03 (7.84) 9.8 53.99 (6.70) 8.2
SW 272 55.71 (7.74) 10.3 56.14 (7.93) 11.8 57.47 (8.87) 14.3 54.48 (6.40) 8.5
NW 222 56.33 (7.87) 11.7 56.65 (7.08) 11.3 58.23 (8.80) 15.8 56.47 (6.89) 10.4

Thought Aggressive Delinquent Attention

Problems Behavior Behavior Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 1090 54.31 (6.71) 8.1 57.20 (8.87) 15.3 56.97 (7.76) 17.5 57.55 (8.97) 16.7
Race
White 286 54.09 (6.40) 6.3 58.33 (9.11) 17.8 57.35 (7.62) 17.1 58.98 (9.39) 20.6
Black 586 54.51 (6.71) 8.4 56.30 (8.28) 12.0 56.29 (7.52) 14.9 56.53 (8.24) 13.7
Hispanic 72 53.39 (7.07) 9.7 55.72 (7.81) 11.1 57.24 (8.35) 18.1 58.10 (9.65) 20.8
Multiracial 132 54.46 (7.33) 10.6 59.82(10.73) 27.3 59.30 (8.55) 31.8 59.11(10.40) 21.2
Other 14 53.71 (4.75) -- 54.79 (6.66) 14.3 53.93 (4.57) -- 53.36 (6.25) --
Site
EA 233 56.46 (7.69) 12.5 56.93 (8.09) 13.3 56.94 (7.49) 15.9 56.73 (8.15) 13.7
MW 180 51.74 (4.63) 1.7 54.99 (7.29) 10.0 55.28 (7.03) 11.1 54.62 (7.53) 8.9
SO 183 52.66 (5.18) 3.8 55.25 (8.50) 9.8 54.51 (6.36) 7.7 56.99 (8.87) 13.7
SW 272 55.32 (7.44) 12.1 58.69(10.11) 19.1 58.49 (8.40) 23.5 59.43 (9.73) 25.0
NW 222 54.26 (6.22) 7.2 59.06 (8.84) 21.6 58.52 (8.09) 25.2 58.95 (9.23) 18.5
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

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Table 5. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Total Problems, Externalizing, & Internalizing Scalesby Race
and Study Site. Age 10 Interview
Total Problems Externalizing Problems Internalizing Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 861 52.45 (12.49) 28.2 53.26 (11.95) 29.3 51.07 (11.41) 22.9
Race
White 254 54.04 (12.36) 31.9 53.81 (11.75) 28.0 53.06 (12.00) 28.7
Black 423 50.66 (12.36) 23.9 52.22 (12.07) 27.9 49.37 (10.95) 18.9
Hispanic 59 53.15 (11.33) 27.1 52.02 (10.71) 22.0 51.76 (10.70) 20.3
Multiracial 111 55.63 (13.05) 39.6 57.06 (12.22) 44.1 52.70 (11.40) 27.0
Other 13 49.15 (11.77) 7.7 49.69 (9.14) 7.7 50.46 (11.11) 15.4
Site
EA 136 49.94 (10.56) 20.6 51.25 (10.65) 24.3 48.81 (9.69) 14.7
MW 66 46.06 (13.04) 15.2 48.65 (11.49) 21.2 46.33 (11.40) 13.6
SO 174 48.63 (13.05) 20.1 49.75 (12.99) 20.1 48.63 (12.19) 20.7
SW 273 55.56 (12.06) 35.2 55.86 (11.85) 35.5 53.20 (11.02) 27.8
NW 212 55.18 (11.65) 34.9 55.50 (10.80) 34.4 53.26 (11.24) 26.4
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

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 Table 6. T Scores and Percentage of Children at or above Borderline Clinical
Range (T ≥ 60) on Selected Syndromes by Race and Study Site. Age 10 Interview
Anxious/ Withdrawn Social Somatic
Depressed Problems Complaints
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 861 54.71 (7.36) 8.4 55.29 (7.13) 9.3 56.77 (8.93) 15.6 55.31 (7.08) 9.6
Race
White 254 56.23 (8.53) 12.2 55.94 (7.44) 10.2 58.05 (9.60) 20.9 56.23 (7.48) 9.8
Black 423 53.57 (6.11) 5.2 54.63 (6.62) 7.6 55.61 (8.73) 11.6 54.78 (6.70) 9.2
Hispanic 59 54.98 (6.44) 8.5 56.41 (8.79) 15.3 56.92 (7.99) 16.0 53.56 (4.94) 3.4
Multiracial 111 55.61 (8.35) 11.7 55.76 (7.20) 10.8 58.19 (8.22) 18.0 56.02 (8.20) 13.5
Other 13 53.54 (9.28) 7.7 55.00 (7.65) 7.7 56.54 (8.01) 15.4 55.92 (7.12) 15.4
Site
EA 136 52.74 (5.28) 3.7 53.99 (5.81) 6.6 54.56 (7.72) 8.1 54.69 (6.43) 8.8
MW 66 53.11 (5.51) 3.0 53.29 (6.10) 7.6 53.85 (6.46) 7.6 53.06 (5.38) 3.0
SO 174 53.91 (6.84) 7.5 54.66 (7.10) 8.6 54.94 (8.47) 10.3 54.32 (7.22) 9.2
SW 273 55.63 (7.76) 10.3 56.07 (7.36) 10.6 58.27 (9.77) 20.9 55.98 (7.86) 12.1
NW 212 55.95 (8.42) 11.3 56.25 (7.67) 10.4 58.65 (8.78) 20.3 56.35 (6.51) 9.4

Thought Aggressive Delinquent Attention

Problems Behavior Behavior Problems
N M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) % M (SD) %
Total 861 53.86 (6.76) 6.7 56.62 (9.05) 14.1 56.74 (8.25) 19.2 57.76 (9.32) 18.8
Race
White 254 54.03 (7.1) 8.3 56.86 (9.23) 13.4 56.69 (8.53) 19.7 59.31 (9.54) 24.0
Black 423 53.21 (5.89) 4.3 56.01 (8.61) 12.8 56.41 (8.15) 18.2 56.18 (8.43) 13.2
Hispanic 59 55.15 (7.57) 6.9 54.95 (6.56) 8.5 56.54 (7.47) 17.0 59.27 (9.74) 27.1
Multiracial 111 55.46 (8.17) 12.6 59.73 (10.89) 24.3 58.70 (8.42) 24.3 59.82 25.2
(10.96)
Other 13 52.85 (7.19) 7.7 53.23 (6.56) 7.7 53.15 (4.93) 7.7 54.23 (6.51) 7.7
Site
EA 136 52.51 (5.02) 2.2 54.89 (7.09) 8.1 55.83 (7.08) 12.5 54.85 (7.55) 11.0
MW 66 53.18 (6.65) 3.0 54.17 (6.94) 9.1 54.08 (6.09) 10.6 53.50 (6.36) 6.1
SO 174 51.49 (4.52) 3.5 55.37 (9.13) 13.2 54.80 (8.06) 13.8 56.11 (8.99) 12.1
SW 273 55.64 (7.83) 11.0 58.21 (9.92) 18.3 58.14 (8.92) 24.5 60.22(10.03) 27.5
NW 212 54.61 (7.06) 8.0 57.47 (9.11) 14.6 57.93 (8.25) 23.6 59.13 (9.28) 22.2
Source. Based on data received at the LONGSCAN Coordinating Center through 6/21/02.

rev. 10/30/02
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rev. 10/30/02
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