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INTRODUCTION

A modern stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports,

concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or
completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to
stand or sit and view the event. His first stadiums to be built in the
modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting
as many spectators in as possible.

The indoor stadium is a covered or a not covered enclosed area,

often circular or oval shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical
performances, or sporting events. It is composed of large open space
surrounded on most or all sides by seating for spectators. The key feature
of an indoor stadium is that the event space is the lowest point, allowing
for maximum visibility.

College indoor stadium is an important indicator to measure

universities physical education, its function not only is required to meet
college sports education , sports events undertaking, but also it should
provide social services for mass sports activities development An Indoor
stadium is a group of sports facilities. The sports facilities are of indoor
kind for e.g. table tennis, carom, chess, gymnasium etc. sports are the
integral part of the student life so it is the essential requirement of good
educational institution. It makes institution reputation higher and also
increases the financial status. The design guide provides design principles
to achieving an appropriately high quality stadium development that
makes a positive contribution to the public environment.

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 The stadium sites is ideally suited for its intended use, being large,
flat and also close enough to the city to be identified with its center and to
facilitate excellent access to all modes of transport. Furthermore this site
being close to the railway station, defining a major route into the city,
provides an ideal setting for building that by virtue of its scale and
function alone will become a major land mark and make a positive
contribution to the urban form and image of the college. Indoor stadium
solve all the problems and limitations inherent in outdoor stadium. You
do not have to skip games because of the weather and you can play in
comfort in a controlled environment.

A multi-purpose stadium is a type of stadium designed to be easily

used by multiple types of events. While any stadium could potentially
host more than one type of sport or event, this concept usually refers to a
specific design philosophy that stresses multi functionality over
specificity. It is used most commonly in Canada and the United States,
where the two most popular outdoor team sports – football and baseball –
require radically different facilities. Football uses a rectangular field
(Canadian football fields are larger than American ones), while baseball
is played on a diamond and large outfield. This requires a particular
design to accommodate both, usually an oval. While building stadiums in
this way means that sports teams and governments can share costs, it also
imposes some challenges.

India is one of those fortunate countries. Which have which natural

reserve of scores talents. Since independence, India’s magnificent
victories in various games in international meets have placed her on the
sports maps of the world. Her victories in cricket, abroad and at home,
need no mention and the thrill and packed matches attracted

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unmanageable crowds. Using the last Olympics, India displayed and
outstanding exhibition in the sport of hockey and impressed the world
with speed and clever position play. Out athletes have been fully
established in field and track events. Due to these victories and
achievements our Nation has become sports intoxicated. There is an over
whelming demands for further development in the existing performances.
This can only be accomplished by adequate regular training, tournaments
and competitions which are necessary to test talents and to give poise and
confidence.

The very atmosphere of a tournaments, tense and taxing, is apt to

bring the best out of a sportsman and it is in competition that a great
sportsman really discovers himself. A good competition acts as a
powerful spur to sport, whips up interest among the people and draws
large crowds to the contest. Regular tournaments and international meets
so necessary for raising the standard of sport grounds and stadiums are
available within the countries. Throughout the country, improvised sport
grounds and viewing stands are appearing every year. A international
stadium in jaipur has become focal point of activity and large stadiums
are under construction at Kota and all minor city of Rajasthan. The
planning and design of stadiums is a highly specialized subject with a
limited scope on which practically no standard comprehensive text is
available. The small stadium being developed by the local bodies are the
seeds for future large ones. Their smallness does not excuse planning
which ignores efficient and economical maintenance & operation, wastes
space, slights spectators convenience and enjoyment, defeats maximum
participants performance, abuses public relation and disregards future
growth and demands. In one or two cases, tragic errors have been
committed due to ignorance, false economy or a tendency to imitate. In

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our country, the position of architects is not likely to improve in the near
future and as such the problem remains the complete concern of
engineers.

In North America, multipurpose stadiums were built primarily

during the 1960s and 1970s as shared home stadiums for Major League
Baseball and National Football League or Canadian Football
League teams. Some stadiums were renovated to allow multipurpose
configurations during the 1980s. This type of stadium is associated with
an era of suburbanization, in which many sports teams followed their fans
out of large cities into areas with cheaper, plentiful land. They were
usually built near highways and had large parking lots, but were rarely
connected to public transit. As multipurpose stadiums were rarely ideal
for both sports usually housed in them, they had fallen out of favor by the
1990s. With the completion of the Truman Sports Complex in Kansas
City in 1973, a model for purpose-built stadiums was laid down.
Since Oriole Park at Camden Yards opened in 1992, most major
league sports stadiums have been built specifically for one sport.

Outside North America, the term is rarely used, since association

football is the only major outdoor team sport in many countries; in many
countries, association football and rugby can easily co-exist. In Australia,
many sports grounds are suited to both Australian rules
football and cricket, as Australian rules is played on cricket ovals. In
some cases such as Stadium Australia in Sydney, Docklands Stadium in
Melbourne and National Stadium, Singapore, stadiums are designed to be
converted between the oval configuration for cricket and Australian rules
football and a rectangular configuration for Rugby and Association

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Football and in the case of Singapore's National Stadium, an Athletics
configuration as well. Association football stadiums have historically
served as track and field arenas, as well, and some (like the
Olympiastadion in Berlin) still do, whereas a newer generation frequently
has no running track to allow the fans closer to the field.

Fig.1: Jawaharlal Nehru stadium, Chennai

Basic requirements of a sports complex are,

• Full provision for all field events
• A separate warming-up area (desirable)
• Changing and washing facilities for 200 athletes in the proportion
two-thirds male to one-third female
• Additional separate changing accommodation for boys and girls is
desirable
• A covered stand to seat least 2000 spectators.
• Appropriate toilet and car parking facilities.
• An announcer’s box and provision for the press, broadcasting and
television

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• Officials’ room
• Equipment rooms and store
• The perimeter of the track not covered by the stand should, if
possible, be terraced to provide further spectator

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORY

The definition of the word of stadium is an evolution from the

Greek. It was originally applied to a measure of distance being equal to
about 606ft, and then become transferred to indicate the race. Later the
terms was used to designate the race course on which such a distance was
laid out. The curved embankments around the Greek race courses were
flanked with terraced seats for spectators and the name stadium was
applied to the complete layout in modern usage the stadium is one of the
several word applied to a large construction, covered or uncovered, which
combines space for games and seats for spectators.

The Greek built one of the first stadium at Olympia for the famous
games of the day. At a later stage the Romans built several types of
structure for similar purpose and the colleseum is very popular. The
ravages of time and disuse have largely destroyed it but its elliptical
shape, parabolic rise of successive tiers for sights clearance, exit and
entrance system, and other principals design and architectural treatment
have been adopted in present practice. In general outline, it still remains
one of the most Magnificient stadium ruins in the world. After the fall of
roman empire sport played a minor role in mens lives and for nearly
twenty centuries the stadium building was a lost art. During 19th century
physical exercise was revived and due to the efforts of a Frenchman
organized athletics became a regular international feature Reconstruction
of stadium in Athens in 1896 revived the Building of large permanent
stadiums.

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 Fig.2: Colleseum-Rome

Great Era of modern stadium construction started early in 20th

century. Since then stadia of various shapes and seating capacities have
been constructed practically in every country. America and U.S.S.R. have
throbbing net works of them. Some are designed for one sport only while
others, along with some games, embrace field and track event. It could be
safely said that the number of stadia in any country is an index to the
physical and mental development of its people and the economic
condition of the country as a whole.

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 2.2 ANALYSIS& DESIGN OF SPORTS COMPLEX
USING ETABS

Sachin P Dyavappanavar ,Maheshkumar VS, Abhishek GJ,

Chethan GN (IJIRSET): The design process of structural planning and
design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also
sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the
knowledge of practical aspects. The purpose of standards is to ensure and
enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety.
In the present study G+1 building is designed (Slabs, Beams, Columns
and Footings) ETAB’s software.

In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the

particular building that is, positioning of the particular rooms, that they
serve their respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and
comfort of the users. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of
beams and the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the loads are
calculated namely the dead loads, which depend on the unit weight of the
materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads, which according to the
code IS:456- 2000 and HYSD BARS Fe500 as per IS:875- 1987 part II.
Safe bearing capacity of soil is adopted as140KN/m2.

2.3 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF INDOOR AUDITORIUM

DilipanboseS, Aravindan S (JCEE): The project titled “Seismic

analysis of Indoor Auditorium” has been taken up with an objective to
determine the seismic response and behavior of an Auditorium
constructed in Chennai area. Even though Chennai is considered as least
prone to major earthquake, it is expected that a structure would survive

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major earthquakes without collapse that might occur unexpectedly during
the life of the building. It should also be noted that after the Bhuj
earthquake, Indian Standard IS: 1893 was revised and Chennai city was
upgraded from zone II to zone III which leads to a substantial increase of
the design ground motion parameters. Hence, this project presents an
exploratory analysis of the seismic performance of multistory buildings
system built in the specified area with a comparative study of the
structures under past major earthquakes.

2.4 SEISMIC ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTISTORY

BUILDING USING ETABS

Rinkesh R Bhandarkar, Utsav M Ratanpara(IJEDR): ETABS issue,

for analysis and design for building systems. ETABS features are contain
powerful graphical interface coupled with unmatched modeling,
analytical, and design procedures, all integrated using a common
database. It is quick and very easy for simple DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
OF INDOOR STADIUM USING ETABS SOFTWARE 2017-18
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SCE BANGALORE Page
11 structures. It can handle the largest and most complex building
models. ETABS mainly offers following types of analysis:
(a) Linear
(b) Nonlinear
(c) Pushover Analysis
(d) PΔ Effect Analysis

This program has been thoroughly tested and used in using the
program. However, all the users accepts and understands that no warranty
is expressed by the developers or the distributors on the accuracy or the

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reliability of the program. This program is a very useful tool for the
design check of concrete structures.

2.5 DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MULTISTOREY

BUILDING UNDER STATIC & DYNAMIC LOADING
CONDITION USING ETABS

Balaji UA, SelvarasanB(IJTRA): In this project a residential of

G+13 multi-story building is studied for earth quake loads using ETABS.
Assuming that material property is linear static and dynamic analysis are
performed. These non-linear analysis are carried out by considering
severe seismic zones and the behavior is assessed by taking types II soil
condition. Different response like, displacements, base shear are plotted.

2.6 DIFFERENT STADIUM LAYOUTS

There are different types of stadium layout. The mainly used
layouts of stadiums are given below.

Fig.3: U shaped stadium layout

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 Fig.4: Segmented layout of stadium

Fig.5: Layout of stadium with semi circular ends

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Fig.6: Layout of stadium with curved side and ends

Fig.7: Layout with horseshoe around long axis

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 3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

3.1 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the structural design is to plan a structure which

meets the basic requirements. The project is to design an auditorium with
a large span without compromising safety.
➢ Safety: It’s has been the prime requirement of structural design and
construction that a structure shall be so designed that it will not
collapse in any way during its expected life span.

➢ Strength and stability: Besides strength, ductility of structure is

also nowadays considered to be an additional desired quality from
a view point that if at all failure occurs, it should not be sudden but
should give prior warning of its probable occurrence so as to
enable one to minimize the consequences of collapse ad avoid loss
of human life.

➢ Economy: The economy shall be of material by optimum

utilization of its strength or it may be the economy of cost of
construction as well of cost of maintenance and repairs.

➢ Aesthetic: The structure should not only be safe, durable but should
also give a pleasing appearance.

➢ Feasibility, practicable and Acceptability: The structure has to be

so designed that the proposed solution is feasible, practicable and
acceptable.

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 3.2 SCOPE

Effective planning and design utilized fully the possibilities

afforded by the site for the attainment of the purpose desired. The
creation of an effective and attractive plan of a stadium confronts the
designer with several major problems, namely, accessibility, integration
and effective use of the proposed development, convenience and safely
of public and participants, economy in construction and maintenance,
ease of administration, supervision and operation, and conformity to the
principals of good architecture etc. No standard design or pattern can be
applied for each project calls for resourcefulness, skill and understanding
on the part of the designer. However, intimate knowledge of sports needs
and interests, availability of data about playing field, their measurement,
orientation and specification etc. are very essential. Then the solution
lies on the ability of the designer to arrange these factors in most
appropriate and economical way. This paper describes some of most
important basic factors. All the suggested principal of design and
functional planning apply to large as well as small stadiums.

3.3 SITE SELECTION

The location of the stadium must be convenient and readily

accessible from the startagic points and transport stations of the
city.Comparatively level and well drained areas free from strong wind
currents and with adequate water supply are most suited and available at
cheaper rates, can be economically developed to create aesthetic value
and sports assests with some disadvantages in the stagnation of air which
retards drying of fields and occasionally works a hardship on the players.
Attractive surrounding have much greater influence and appeal. Ugly and
drab environment must be avoided. The site should also be away from air

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fields, fire station, hospital, factories, rail road or other building and
disturbing factors of odour, noise, dust and smoke which might handicap
the stadium programmes. Location in the heart of a residential area
should also be avoided, if possible, because the noise and congestion
resulting from the large crowds attracted to the stadium are likely to be
objectionable to the people of neighborhood.

3.4 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

The exterior appearance of a building is very important but it is

second in importance to its functional design. Functionally, the stadium is
an athletic field surrounded by seats. Area is the central feature of design.
Its relationship with the requirements and facilities of spectators,
participants and administration is very important. Each element in the set
up has a specific function to perform and efficiency and economy depend
upon its size, form and arrangement in the integrated whole.

Fig.8: Diagramatic analysis of fundamental requirements

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 Diagrammatic analysis of fundamental requirement their inter
relationship and circulation aspects for spectator as well as participants
are given fig 3. These general relationships almost hold good for all types
of stadium but peculiarities of the selected site, the number of spectators
to be accommodated and anticipated expansions etc. are very significant
factors for effective of any particular problem.

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 4. SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

➢ Planning of Indoor Stadium

The proposed building with ground floor plan and reinforced concrete
framed type of construction is adopted. The proposed stadium is to
accommodate 2500 persons.

➢ Foundation
Earth work excavation for foundation for all column footings will be
excavated and will be in cement concrete 1:1:2 mix, 3200 mm wide and
4800 mm thick laid at 2480 mm below ground level. The masonry
footings will be in brickwork in cement mortar 1:6. The footing size is
3200 x 4800 mm. The foundation concrete for framed structure, all main
wall and footing of cement concrete of 1:1:2 mix, will be provided.

➢ Basement
The basement will be in 1st class brick work in cement mortar 1:5, and
300 mm thick above ground level for all walls. The basement will be
filled with clean sand to a depth of 300 mm. A damp proof course in
cement mortar 1:3, 20 thick will be provided for all walls at basement
level.

➢ Sand Filling in Basement

The basement filled up with clean sand to a depth of 300mm and it
should be compacted with water as per standard specifications.

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 ➢ Damp Proof Course
A Damp proof course using cement mortar 1:3 of 20mm thick will be
provide for all main walls at basement level.

➢ Flooring Concrete
The flooring concrete of 1:1:2 mix with suitable thick will be provided
should be finished above the sand filling and it by mosaic tiles.

➢ Super Structure
All the walls will be in I class brick work in cement mortar 1:5, using
first class bricks, and 300 mm thick. The partition walls will be 150 mm
thick in brick work in cement mortar 1:5, using first class brick. The
height of all walls will be 3500 mm above floor level. All the walls
including basement will be plastered smooth with cement mortar 1:4
externally and 1:6 internally for 12.5 thick. Parapet walls 300 mm thick
and 1m high will be provided all around.

➢ Roofing
The roofing will be of R.C.C 1:1:2 mix, 300 mm thick flat slabs over
all the rooms. A weathering course in brick jelly lime concrete plastered
with combination mortar 1:1:2 mix, 100 mm thick will be provided over
the slab.

➢ Plastering for Super Structure

All walls will be plastered smooth surface with cement Mortar 1:3, 12
mm thick.

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 ➢ Sound Proofing for Ceiling & Wall
In ceiling of all rooms and walls are soundproofed with latest type
soundproofing material.

➢ Weathering Course
A Weathering course using brick jelly concrete will be provided
average75 mm thick over the slab and finished with two course of
hydraulic pressed Mangalore flat tiles using cement mortar 1:5 mixed
with 10% of crude Oil. One primer coat and two coats of colour wash to
be done for all plastered wall surface.

➢ Column
Rectangular column 1:1:2 mix with 0.3 m x 0.6 m.

➢ Beam
Square beam 1:1:2 concrete mix with 0.6 x 0.6 m consider as length &
width dimensions.

4.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

4.2.1 EXCAVATION

Excavation shall include the removal of all material of every name

and nature. Excavations shall be carried out in accordance with
excavation plans and sections shown on the Drawings and as directed by
the Project Engineer. The major portion of excavations shall be carried
out by mechanical excavators and excavated materials disposed off to
stock on spoil as per drawings or as directed by the Project Engineer. The
excavation which cannot be done by mechanical means including
leveling, trimming and finishing to the required levels and dimensions

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shall be done manually. The material suitable for fill and back fill shall be
stock piled within the free haulage limit of the 200m of the works. The
Contractor shall give reasonable notice that he intends to commence any
excavation and he shall submit to the Project Engineer full details of his
proposals. The Project Engineer may require modifications to be made if
he considers the Contractor's proposals to be unsatisfactory and the
Contractor shall give effect to such modifications but shall not be relieved
of his responsibility with respect to such work.

For major excavations, the Contractor shall submit for the prior
approval of the Project Engineer full details and drawings showing the
proposed method of supporting and strutting etc. The design, provisions
construction, maintenance, and removal of such works shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor and all cost in these respects shall be
included in the unit rates for the permanent work. The Contractor's
attention is drawn particularly to his obligations under the general
conditions in respect of those works which are in close proximity to
existing buildings. The Contractor shall preserve the complete excavation
from damage from slips and earth movements, ingress of water from any
source what so ever and deterioration by exposure to the sun and the
effects of the weather. All excavation of every description, in whatever
material encountered shall be performed to the elevations and dimensions
shown on the drawings in such a manner as to avoid interruption to work
in other parts of the site. The Contractor shall be responsible for injury to
the permanent works caused by excavation on other parts of the works.

Excavation shall extend to sufficient distance from walls and

footing to allow for placing and removal of forms, installations of

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services and for inspection, except where the concrete for walls and
footings is authorized to be deposited directly against excavated surfaces.

All excavations in foundations shall be taken to 150mm and shall

be trimmed carefully to a smooth and level surface, immediately after
trimming to the final elevation a layer of building concrete shall be placed
to the thickness shown on the drawings. All excavations for foundations
which have been trimmed and disturbed shall be compacted and covered
by concrete by the end of the day. It is specifically brought to the notice
of the Contractor that any excavation taken down to the trimmed
elevation which is left overnight or for any length of time thereafter,
uncovered by the blinding concrete, shall be required to be trimmed to
such lower elevation as directed by the Project Engineer and any extra
work or any consequent increase in the quantities caused thereby shall not
be paid to the Contractor. No excavation shall be refilled nor any
permanent work commenced until the foundation has been inspected by
the Project Engineer and his permission to proceed given. If excavation
for substructures is carried below the required level, as shown in the
drawings or as directed by the Project Engineer, the surplus depth shall be
filled in with concrete of same grade as of blinding concrete at the sole
cost of the Contractor.

All excavation shall be performed in the dry. The placing of

blinding concrete, placing of reinforcement and casting of the permanent
works in the excavation shall be carried out in the dry and the Contractor
shall have sufficient equipment for this purpose. Adequate precautions
shall be taken to prevent any corrosion due to undercutting from
underneath the previously constructed adjoining foundations. Existing
utility lines to be retained, as well as utility lines constructed during

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excavation and backfilling, and if damaged, shall be required to be
repaired by the Contractor at his expense. Any existing utility lines which
are not known to the Contractor in sufficient time to avoid damage, if
inadvertently damaged during excavation, shall be repaired by the
Contractor and adjustment in payment will be made as approved by the
Project Engineer. When utility lines which are to be removed, are
encountered within the area of operations the Contractor shall notify the
Project Engineer in ample time for necessary measures to be taken to
prevent interruption of the service. Excavated material suitable for use as
filling material shall be stock piled within the free haulage limit 200m of
works as directed by the Project Engineer. This stock piled material shall
be transported back to places requiring fill or backfill. Surplus or material
unsuitable for use as filling shall be disposed of by the Contractor at
locations approved by the Project Engineer within specified free haulage
limit.

The Contractor shall make independent enquiries and perform and

make independent observations to ascertain the water table in the areas of
excavations during the period when the construction works are in
progress. The Contractor shall take whole risk of any nature for
fluctuation of the water table from his own findings. The Employer is not
bound in any way and shall not be responsible for any information given
by him or any information, observations or values obtained from his
reports, drawings and documents. Excavation for Recharge pits, Recharge
trenches shall be taken out to the levels and dimensions as the Project
Engineer may direct. Before starting the excavations, the Contractor shall
ensure the correct alignment of the recharge trenches and location of
recharge pits on the ground, the depth and width of excavation of the

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trench and pits, all in accordance with the drawings and instructions of
the Project Engineer.

4.2.2 BACK FILLING

After completion of foundation footing, foundation, walls, and

other construction below the elevation of the final grades and prior to
backfilling, forms shall be removed and the excavation shall be cleaned
of trash and debris. The backfilling shall include filling around the
foundations, trenches. Filling shall be approved selected material from
excavation or other predominantly granular material and free from slurry,
mud, organic or other unsuitable matter and capable for compaction by
ordinary means.

The excavated material if found suitable shall be stock piled within

the free haulage limit of the site of the works. This material shall be used
for backfilling if approved by the project engineer and shall be
transported by the contractor any where required for the purpose of
backfilling work in this contract. The contractor shall provide the
approved quality fill and backfilling material as required to complete the
fill/backfilling work. Filling in trenches and foundation shall be placed in
200 mm layers and compacted at optimum moisture content by
mechanical means or other means as approved by the project engineer.
Fill in around trenches and pits shall be carefully placed with fine
material to cover the completely before the normal infilling is done.
Material for back filling shall be as approved by the project engineer and
shall be placed in layers of 150 mm measured as compacted material and
saturated with sufficient water and compacted to produce in-situ density
not less than 95% of the maximum density at optimum moisture content,

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achieved in test no.15 of IS 1377:1975 or similar clause of relevant is
code. All filled areas shall be left neat, smooth and well compacted with
the top surface consisting of the normal site surface soil unless otherwise
directed. Depending on the depth of fill the project engineer may instruct
increased thickness of successive layer to be placed.

Fill shall not be placed against foundation walls prior to approval

by the project engineer. Fill shall be brought up evenly on each side of
the walls as far as practicable. Heavy equipment for spreading and
compacting the fill shall not be operated closer to the wall than a distance
equal to the height of the fill above the top of footing. Depending on the
depth of fill the project engineer may instruct increased thickness of
successive layer to be placed. Fill shall not be placed against foundation
walls prior to approval by the project engineer. Fill shall be brought up
evenly on each side of the walls as far as practicable. Heavy equipment
for spreading and compacting the fill shall not be operated closer to the
wall than a distance equal to the height of the fill above the top of footing.
In case the contractor is instructed to arrange for the fill material the
quality of the fill material will be subject to the approval of the project
engineer.

The project engineer shall require the contractor to carry out

various tests of the fill material. All such tests shall be made at an
approved laboratory at the cost of the contractor. Once a material from a
specific source has been approved, the material for the same quality and
from that source only shall be used. Any fill material from borrow pits
which has not been approved or the quality of which differs from the
approved material shall be rejected out rightly. The project engineer
reserves the right to order removal of any such materials brought to the

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site of works at his discretion at contractor's expense. In order to ensure
satisfactory compaction, it will be necessary to carry out, depending upon
the type of material, particle size distribution tests, determination of
organic content tests, maximum and minimum density tests and
determination of optimum moisture content for the filling material. The
method of compaction, namely type of compactor, type of roller, weight
of roller and number of passes proposed by the contractor for any
particular fill material shall be subject to the approval of the project
engineer after completion of satisfactory field tests, subsequent to the
laboratory analyses, using the materials and equipment proposed to be
used for the earth work in conditions similar to those likely to be
encountered during construction. The final selection of the soil moisture
content, the thickness of layers, the type of compaction equipment and
the number of passes shall be decided after these tests, which shall be
conducted at contractor's expense.

Having established the method of compaction to be used, no

departure from this approved method shall be permitted without the prior
approval of the project engineer. Adequate control of the fill and
compacting operations shall be ensured by in-situ density tests and in
order to obtain significant results, not less than two measurements shall
be carried out per one hundred square meters of area compacted. The
frequency of tests shall be determined on site and may be varied at the
discretion of the project engineer. Compaction shall not be less than 95%
in-situ density with respect to the maximum density, at optimum moisture
content. The exact thickness of layers and the method of placing and
compacting the fill shall be determined by the field tests, as stated above,
but not withstanding the results of these trails, fill shall not be placed in
layers exceeding 200mm in thickness. In order to maintain control of the

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thickness of layers, timber profiles shall be used wherever feasible. The
travelers of such profiles for each layer of fill shall be checked by the
supervisory staff of the project engineer.

The contractor shall provide adequate supply of water and

sufficient capacity of mechanical water carriers to ensure uniform and
uninterrupted operation of compaction. The project engineer may forbid
the contractor to proceed with placing and/or compaction of fill and/or
order removal and re-compaction of such fill when he finds that the
contractor has insufficient or defective equipment or that the fill has been
improperly laid and/or compacted.

If it is found necessary to alter the moisture content of the fill

material in any way, then very strict control shall be exercised over the
wetting and/or the drying process and frequent moisture content tests.
The fill material should be well graded non-cohesive and nearly silt-free
(silt content between 5 to 10 percent) salt free and free of organic
materials (less than 2%). It should also be free of stones larger than 100
mm. Maximum dimension. It should be of such nature and characteristics
that it can be compacted to the specified densities in reasonable length of
time. It shall be free of plastic clays, of all materials subject to decay,
decomposition or dissolution and or cinder or other material which
corrode piping and other metals.
4.2.3 MATERIALS

4.2.3.1 Cement
➢ Cement shall conform to standards listed in section 2 of IS:456,
latest edition.

27
 ➢ Only one brand of each type of cement shall be used for concrete in
any individual member of the structure. Cement shall be used in
the sequence of receipt of shipment, unless otherwise directed.
➢ There shall be sufficient cement at site to ensure that each section
of Work is completed without interruption.
➢ Cement reclaimed from cleaning of bags or from leaky containers
shall not be used.
➢ Contractor shall provide and erect, at his own cost, in a suitable
place, dry, well ventilated, and water proof shed of sufficient
capacity to store the cement.
➢ The cement shall be used as soon as possible after delivery, and
cement which the Project Engineer considers has become stale or
unsuitable through absorption of moisture from the atmosphere or
otherwise shall be rejected and removed immediately from the site
at Contractor's expense.
➢ The mixing together of different types of cement shall not be
permitted.
4.2.3.2 Aggregates
➢ The sources of supply of all fine and coarse aggregates shall be
subject to the approval of Project Engineer.
➢ All fine and coarse aggregates shall be clean and free from clay,
loam, silt, and other deleterious matter. If required, Project
Engineer reserves the right to have them washed by the Contractor
at no additional expenses. Coarse and fine aggregates shall be
delivered and stored separately at Site. Aggregates shall not be
stored on muddy ground or where they are likely to become dirty
or contaminated.

28
 ➢ Fine aggregate shall be hard coarse sand, crushed stone or gravel
screenings and shall conform to requirements of IS: 383 latest
edition.
➢ Coarse aggregate shall be gravel or broken stone or hard, durable
material free from laminated structure and conforming to IS: 383
latest edition. The aggregates shall be graded as follows for use in
mass concrete as in foundations:

Table 1: Grading of aggregates for mass concrete

TOTAL PASSING PERCENT BY WEIGHT
50 mm sieve 100
38.10 mm sieve 95-100
19 mm sieve 35-70
9.50 mm sieve 10-30
4.75 mm sieve 0-5

4.2.3.3 Water
Only clean potable water from the city supply, tube well installed
at the Site or from other sources approved by Project Engineer shall be
used. Contractor shall supply sufficient water for all purposes, including
mixing the concrete, curing and cleaning plant and tools. Where doubts
exist as to the suitability of the water, it shall be tested in accordance with
IS: 3025. Where water can be shown to contain any sugar or an excess of
acid, alkali or salt, Project Engineer may refuse to permit use. As a guide,
the following concentrations represent the maximum permissible values:
➢ To neutralize 200 ml sample it should not require more than 2 ml
of 0.1 normal NaOH.
➢ To neutralize 200 ml sample it should not require more than 10 ml
of 0.1 normal HCL.
29
 ➢ Percentage of solids should not exceed the following:

Table 2: Percentage of solids

SOLIDS PERCENTAGE
Organic 0.02
Inorganic 0.30
Sulphates 0.05
Alkali chlorides 0.10

4.2.3.4 Reinforcement
➢ Reinforcement for concrete shall conform to the respective IS or
other standards as specified in the drawings and Contract
Documents or as may be specified by Project Engineer.
➢ Unless otherwise specified, all plain reinforcing bars shall comply
with the requirements of IS: 432, and shall have a minimum yield
stress of 248 N/sq mm.
➢ Unless otherwise specified, all deformed reinforcing bars shall
comply with the requirements of IS: 1786 for deformed cold
worked steel bars and shall have minimum characteristic stress of
415 N/sq mm.
➢ Reinforcement shall be obtained only from manufacturer's
approved by Project Engineer. If and when required Contractor
shall provide all necessary facilities to Project Engineer for the
selection of test pieces and shall cause these to be prepared and
submitted where directed for tests at Contractor's cost.
➢ If the reinforcement is to be supplied by Employer, Contractor
shall inform Project Engineer of his requirements much before its
use in construction.

30
 ➢ Reinforcement of all types is to be stored at Site in an approved
manner so as to avoid damage.

4.2.4 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS

The proportions of ingredients shall be such as to produce a
mixture which will work readily into the corners and angles of the forms
and around reinforcement by the methods of placing and consolidation
employed on the Work, but without permitting the materials to segregate
or excessive free water to collect on the surface. Specific approval of the
Project Engineer is required to waive limitations on mixture proportions.
The proportions of ingredients shall be selected to produce the proper
placebility, durability, strength and other required properties.
• Strength
The Specified compressive strength of the concrete cube, shall be 15
N/sq mm. or 20 N/sq mm.. Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken as
per IS: 1199 and cubes shall be made, cured and tested at 28 days in
accordance with IS: 516.
• Durability
Requirements of Clause 7 of IS: 456-1978 shall be followed.
• Slump
Unless otherwise permitted or specified, the concrete shall be
proportioned and produced to have a slump of 100 mm or less. A
tolerance of up to 25 mm above the indicated maximum shall be allowed
for individual batches provided the average for all batches or the most
recent 10 batches tested, whichever is fewer, does not exceed the
maximum limit. Concrete of lower than usual slump may be used
provided it is properly placed and consolidated. Note: If S.R. Cement is
used, permissible water-cement ratio may be increased by 0.05. Slump

31
shall be determined by the "Test for slump for Portland Cement
Concrete" as per relevant IS code.
• Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate
The nominal maximum size of the aggregate shall be 20.mm for all
portions of the structure except footings which may be 38 mm. These
limitations may be waived if, in the judgment of the Project Engineer,
workability and methods of consolidation are such that the concrete can
be placed without honeycomb or voids.
• Admixtures
If required or permitted, admixtures used shall be in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions except as otherwise specified herein.

4.3 MIX DESIGN

For concrete of normal weight, mix proportions to provide the

desired characteristics shall be developed using the methods/procedure
covered by the Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for
Normal Weight Concrete ACI-211.1-77/ IS:456- 1978. Trial mixtures
having proportions and consistencies suitable for the Work shall be made
based on above codes, using at least three different water-cement ratios
which will produce a range of strengths encompassing those required for
the Work. Trial mixes shall be designed to produce the specified slump.
The temperature of concrete used in trial batches shall be reported. For
each water-cement ratio, compression test of cube shall be made, cured,
and tested in accordance with IS:1199 and IS:516. From the results of
these tests a curve shall be plotted showing the relationship between the
water-cement ratio and compressive strength. From this curve, the water-
cement ratio to be used in the concrete shall be selected to produce the
required design strength. The cement content and mixture proportions to

32
be used shall be such that this water- cement ratio is not exceeded when
slump is the maximum permitted. Control in the field shall be based upon
maintenance of proper cement content and slump.

Concrete shall be transported in agitating trucks without

contamination, loss of ingredients or segregation. In no case shall a
period of more than 4 hours have elapse between the wetting of mix and
discharge of the concrete at site.

Concrete, when deposited, shall have a temperature of not less than

5oC (41oF) and not more than 32oC(90oF).The concrete shall be placed
in the positions and sequences indicated on the drawings, in this
specification or as directed by the Project Manager. Contractor shall give
adequate notice to the Project Manager of his intention to concrete any
section of the works. Except where otherwise directed, concrete shall not
be placed unless the representative of the Project Manager is present and
has previously examined and approved the positioning, fixing and
condition of the reinforcement or any other items to be embedded and the
cleanliness, positioning and suitability of the concreting surface. The
concrete shall be deposited as nearly as possible in its final position. It
shall be placed in such a manner as to avoid segregation of the concrete
and displacement of the reinforcement, other embedded items, or
formwork. It shall be brought up in horizontal layers not exceeding 450
mm in compacted thickness unless otherwise authorized or directed by
Project Manager. Concrete shall not be placed simultaneously on each
side of large horizontal specified or approved construction joints. Shutters
for walls or thin sections of considerable height shall be provided with
openings or other devices that will facilitate the cleaning of the
accumulation of hardened concrete on the shutters or on the metal

33
reinforcement above the level of the concrete and the removal of concrete
in the case of segregations.

In order to ensure that the quality of materials and the mix

proportions are suitable for the particular grade of concrete required are
so maintained, sampling and testing shall be carried out regularly during
the course or the works. Workability testing shall be carried out in
accordance with IS:456. The results shall lie within the range upon which
the accepted mix design is based. Testing shall be carried out at such a
frequency that the required workability is consistently achieved. Samples
of concrete shall be taken at random in accordance with IS: 516 at the
time and place of deposition of the concrete at a frequency of sampling
for each grade of concrete and from each concrete mixing plant at six
cubes of 150 mm nominal size per 50 cubic meters of concrete placed in
the works or twice per week.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, additional samples shall be taken

by the contractor when directed by the Architect/Project Manager. The
test cube procedure shall be in accordance with IS: 516 throughout.
Compliance with the specified characteristic strength shall be assumed if:

a. Each of the six cubes in a group has a test strength not less than the
characteristic strength

b. Not more than one cube has test strength less than the specified
characteristic strength but not less than 85% of the specified characteristic
strength and the average strength of the group of four test results is not
less than the specified characteristic strength plus the standard deviation
of the group.

34
 Acceptance of concrete is based on the 28th day results. However,
the contractor shall establish a relationship between 7 days and 28 days
strengths by carrying out 7 days tests at the time of performing the
laboratory testing and from subsequent quality control testing. This
relationship shall be used in interpreting any further test results to predict
the probable value of the corresponding 28 days cube strengths. The
contractor shall without delay advise the Architect/Project Manager of
any sample that appears likely to fail to meet the specification and the
contractor shall take any necessary action to minimize the effect of such
failure.

The general Acceptance Criteria of any and all of the concrete

work shall be as per the relevant Clauses of IS. 456. If any of the works
tests are not up to the standard, the Architect/Project Manager shall have
the power to stop the work until the reason is investigated and steps taken
to prevent further low results. The contractor shall not be entitled to any
claims on account of such delays. Any concrete carried out from the
batch that is afterwards found to be faulty, will be liable for rejection and
if so directed, the contractor shall at his own expenses dismantle and
replace the defective work and any work built thereon or shall take such
other measures as may be deemed necessary by the Architect/Project
Manager. At the discretion of the Architect/Project Manager, the
contractor may be allowed to prove by means of a load test to be carried
out at his own expense, that the concrete is capable of safely withstanding
the loads as specified in the test.

Water used for both mixing and curing shall conform to IS: 456.
Potable water is generally satisfactory. Water containing any excess of
acid, alkali, sugar or salt shall not be used. The pH value of water shall

35
not be less than 6. Seawater shall not be used for concrete mixing and
curing. The proposed admixtures shall comply with requirements of
specification part 11- Water sealing materials.

Reinforcement for concrete shall conform to the respective Indian

or other standards as specified in the drawings and in the contract
documents or as may be specified by the Project Engineer. Unless
otherwise specified, all plain mild steel reinforcing bars shall comply
with the requirements of IS: 432 (Part- I) and shall have a minimum yield
stress of 250 N/mm.sq. Unless otherwise specified, all deformed
reinforcing bars shall comply with the reinforcements of IS: 1786 for
deformed cold twisted steel bars and shall have a minimum characteristic
strength of 415 N/mm.

Reinforcement shall be obtained only from manufacturers

approved by the Consultant/Project Engineer. Each consignment of
reinforcement steel shall be accompanied by a manufacturer's certificate
or shall refer to a previous certificate, if the consignment is from the same
batch, showing that the reinforcement steel complies with the following
requirement If such certificate is not made available or if the Consultant /
Project Engineer considers that the manufacturer's tests are inadequate,
samples shall be taken for acceptance test from different consignments as
the Project Engineer may direct and shall be tested at the Contractor's
cost should the result of such that any sample does not meet with the
specifications, the whole consignment shall be rejected and removed from
the site at the Contractor's cost.

Reinforcement of all types is to be stored on site in approved

manner so as to avoid damage. Reinforcement shall be free from all loose

36
or flaky rust and mill scale or coating, including ice, and other substance
that would reduce or destroy the bond. Reduced section steel
reinforcement shall not be used. If such certificate is not made available
or if the Consultant / Project Engineer considers that the manufacturer's
tests are inadequate, samples shall be taken for acceptance test from
different consignments as the Project Engineer may direct and shall be
tested at the Contractor's cost should the result of such that any sample
does not meet with the specifications, the whole consignment shall be
rejected and removed from the site at the Contractor's cost.

If such certificate is not made available or if the Consultant /

Project Engineer considers that the manufacturer's tests are inadequate,
samples shall be taken for acceptance test from different consignments as
the Project Engineer may direct and shall be tested at the Contractor's
cost should the result of such that any sample does not meet with the
specifications, the whole consignment shall be rejected and removed from
the site at the Contractor's cost.

37
 5. FIELD DESIGN

5.1 POPULAR OUTDOOR GAMES IN INDIA AND

THEIR FIELD

The field of sport and games is very vast and only popular outdoor
sports and games played in India have been included in this paper which
does not cover cycle racing and horse racing.

(a) Athletics:-
The sports of athletics which comprises competitions in walking,
running, jumping and throwing is really the most natural of all sports. Its
history goes back to prehistory period and we have details of Olympic
games during Greek and Roman periods. The first modern Olympics took
place at Athens in 1806 and women events were included in 1928.
Athletics events have now become standardized. Races are a series of
recognised distances and throwing and jumping are held in accordance
with internationally agreed upon roles. Standard layout and construction
details for track and field event are given in fig.

(b) Cricket:-
Cricket can claim a longer history than any other game. Historians
have attempted to trace its origin in various games played in India before
the advent of English period, but it is certain that this game in its present
form was introduced by the English in this subcontinent. Cricket is not
taken with much enthusiasm except in England, Australia, South Africa,
West Indies and India. Within a few years of independence, India has
established itself in the cricket world and, due to outstanding international

38
victories, the cricket has acquired the role of a national game in our
country.

The games does not offer the speed loving era a great deal of
action. It is entirely dependent on fine weather and many games have to
be left inconclusively drawn. No specific dimensions have been laid
down for s cricket field but the game requires, for safety a field
approximately 400ft. in dia. And clear of obstructions. The pitch proper
should be a perfectly level area extending about 100ft in width so that the
wickets can be moved from side to side thus enabling the grass to recover
from hard use to which it is subjected. The details of cricket field and
pitch are given fig.

Fig.9: Layout of track

39
 Fig.10: Layout of cricket track

(c) Foot Ball:-

It is impossible to say that just who first thought of foot ball.
Attempts have been made to trace the game back to Romans but it is
certain that the game made its appearance in this sub continent due to the
English. The growth and popularity of foot ball during this century has
been remarkable and at present the game is played in various styles in
different parts of the world. Association foot ball is usually played in
India and its field in fig.

(d)Hockey:-
Hockey originated In Persia and is supposed to be the oldest stick
and ball game in the world. It was organised in England about a century

40
ago and since has spread to many countries. It has been played in
Olympics since 1908 and India has dominated practically every
competition. The details of field are given below.

Fig.11: Layout of foot ball, hockey and kabaddi court

(e) Lawn Tennis:-

Tennis “the game of king” is extremely popular in almost every
country in the world. As its name implies it was originally intended to be
played on grass but through the name “Lawn Tennis” has been retained, it
is now played on variety of surfaces, turf, clay, dirt, water bound
macadam, concrete and bituminous surface as well as indoors on woods.

41
 Fig.12: Layout of tennis and volley ball court

5.2. ORIENTATION (FIELD)

The perfect orientation for all playing areas under all conditions is
an ideal which Is difficult to attain. Topography, shape of area, time of
day the ground is to be used, geography and other conditions enter into
the problem of orientation. Keeping these variables in mind one should
orient courts and fields in such a manner that maximum protection is
given to the players who need it the most. Field and courts should be
orientated so that the late afternoon or early morning sunrays intersect the
general path of the ball flight at an angle of approximately 90˚. In
rectangular fields and courts, the general pattern of the balls flight is
parallel to the long axis. Therefore the long axis should be generally at
right angles to the late afternoon sun rays.

The sun set position for the mid season of the late sports involved
should be located and the field or court orientated accordingly.

42
Orientation depends upon latitude and hour of play which within
reasonable limits be adjusted to finish the game before dusk.
Geographically of India is situated between 20˚ to 77˚ latitude and for the
purpose of orientation, average latitude of 30˚ is taken. Playing season is
assumed to extend from 15th September to 30th April time of play as 3
hours to half an hour before sun set. When the stadium is design to
provide facilities for several sports extending over major part of the year
the problem of orientation becomes more difficult and a compromise in
orientation must be adopted. The sport which predominates and for which
the sun has the most harmful effect is given the chief consideration.

5.3 GRADING

Grading is the process of changing the existing levels of the area

most lands are rough and require gradation which facilitates the removal
of surface water and gives even surface for playing. In accordance with
the fundamental of earth work, the amount of “cut” should if possible
balance the amount of “fill” in order to avoid the necessity of hauling
away the excess earth or hauling in the needed material. The slope of the
top should be gradual so that it will not be washed away during or after a
heavy rain. A grade of 1 in 100 is usually satisfactory on turf and should
not extend more than 200 to 300ft otherwise ruts will be formed by the
water running off after a heavy rain fall. This can be done by providing
suitable net work of catchment drains.

5.4 DRAINAGE

Treatment of the playground varies with the type of surface and the
climatic condition. Water allowed to collect and stand on the ground
interferes with play and actually makes the area unfit for use. For rain

43
water, a good general rule is to limit the slope 1% to 3%. Any slope less
than 1% is too flat and grade in excess of 3% tends to cause erosion.
During dry season may be required to keep the turf in a springy condition.
Water logging and ground water lying near the surface of ground tend to
create soggy and uneven surface which does not permit satisfactory play.
Specific play area must be relatively level with a gradual slope, which
may be from end to end, side to side, from one corner to the diagonal
corner on the opposite end. Drainage of the track is exceedingly
important because its moisture content is very vital. Drains to take care of
surface water from ground boarding the track should be provided as
needed along the inner and outer edge of the track to prevent water from
flooding it.

Fig.13: Existing site

5.5 SURFACING

The following surface treatment are generally given and specific

treatment of any field depend upon the type of activity for which it is
planned.

44
 (a) Turfing:- There is a general agreement that grasses are the best
cover for most field game. Further the turf contributes to the
psychological and aesthetic values of the field. It is not suitable for plays
soon after a rain because it is slippery and moisture effects player
clothing and equipment. Important considerations in securing a good turf
surface are grading, silting, manuring, preparation of bed and seeding or
sodding such strains.

(b)Running Track:- The running track is a feature of practically

every athletic field. Important considerations in track construction include
temperature, rainfall and soil conditions, which vary in different parts of
the country. A well constructed running track should be put down in three
layers.
(1) A soling layer, varying from 3” to 10” depending upon local
conditions, consisting of coarse rubble, stone brick or brick ballest,
levelled and thoroughly rolled.
(2) A middle layer of 5” to 10” cinders of rather coarse grade but
without heavy clinkers and well rolled.
(3) The top dressing 3” to 4” of finely screened cinder 1/4” to 3/8”
mesh with a binder usually of clay, loam or ashes, depending upon local
weather condition and availability of material.

(c) Sand Pits:- Sand pits are used for jumping events and consist of
soft sand or soft sand mixed with wood shavings and require occasional
disinfecting.

(d) Natural Soils Mixed with Sand and Clay:- In some places local
soil mixed with sand and clay and rolled gives low cost surfacing.

45
 (e) Stabilized Soils:- When turf cannot be grown due to local
conditions or when specialized uses make turf impracticable existing
loose soils should be stabilized. The stabilizing agents more generally
used are (a) Rosin (b) Cement (c) Bitumen. Mix will vary according to
the type of soil and moisture contents etc.

(f) Abrasive Materials:- Crushed stone or bajree, bricks ballest,

gravel and graded cinders mixed with sand clay and adequately rolled
give playable surfaces.

(g) Bituminous Concrete:- The characteristics of bituminous

concrete are such that by changes in aggregates or methods of
construction it can provide a reasonably resilient or an extremely hard
surface. Finish or jute, cork, wood pulp, asbestos, bound with bitumen
give resilient surface. Bajree and crushed stone mixed with heavy bodied
high point bitumen give a hard non resilient surface.

(h) Cement Concrete Plain or Renforced:- Cement concrete is

desirable when permanent, durable, and extremely hard surface is
required and the usual mix is 1:2:4.

5.6 LIGHTING

The growing interest in sports and other multi uses of stadium such
as police tattoos, open air plays etc. are certain to result in a demand for
the lighting for evening use. Occupation or unfavourable heat during the
day creates desire to participate. Lighting should provide ample visibility
for both player and spectators without objectionable glare. It presents a
different problem because there are no walls and ceilings to reflect light

46
into a central area and lighting intensity which varies from 15-25 candle
powers depends on the size of the field and the type of contest. (a) Direct
light rays should not strike the eyes of player or spectators, player being
given preference. (b) Glare should be avoided. (c) All shadows and
spottiness should be eliminated. (d) No obstruction should interfere with
the lines of vision.

5.7 FENCING

When the seating structure partially encircles the ground some sort
of purdah is necessary as a barrier to persons who have not gained
admission to the performance. Improvised purdahs of hessian or
shahmianas have the lightness, ease and flexibility of construction to suit
the demands of temporary seats. Permanent purdah walls have greater
initial cost but durability and economy in maintenance and can be
designed to match with the exterior of the stadium. When there is a
passage in front of seats it is desirable to separate the grounds by sinking
the passage by providing mote or some sport of women wire fence in
order to eliminate tress passing, vandalism, interference in game and to
protect the players.

5.8 MULTIPURPOSE FIELD

In our country cricket has acquired popularity and during

international tests it is likely to attract upward of 30,000 fans. Gathering
for important athletics, football or hockey meets are not so spectacular. In
any city cricket test or other important competitive events are held once
or twice a year and as such the stadium is not likely to be used for more
than a week or so in any year. The construction cost of about 30,000 seats
will be over Rs. 20 lacs with annual maintenance and depreciation of

47
about Rs. 60,000/_. The development of separate seating arrangements
for various activities will be very expensive to build and maintain in
relation to volume of its use. In view of our sports requirements it is
desirable to develope multipurpose field with same seating facilities to
serve spectators, equally well, for practically all the events. The inclusion
of field events, foot ball and hockey inside the cinder track has proved
very satisfactory and is accepted internationally. The laying of cricket
field along the side of the The athletic area will create problems of
seating. Overlapping of both fields is only feasible if some acceptable
solution of surface treatments is found. The cricket requires good turf for
pitch and sand pits.

The over lapping portions of cricket field and athletics will result in
the clash of surface treatments though the overlapping portions of track
are not likely to receive intensive uses during cricket matches as show in
fig. In order to overcome this difficulty it is suggested that the cinder
track and its curbs be laid about 3” below the rest of the field and during
cricket matches. During matches the turf be cut into sods say 1’×3’and
laid to cover the track and sand pits. Interest on capital investment,
maintenance and depreciation of seating structure with 30,000 seats will
amount to about Rs. 2,00,000/- per year. In the Nagpur stadium which is
being built on the Hyderabad National Highway, it is proposed to develop
4 arenas and the construction work will be split up in several phases.

48
Fig.14: North Westside view of site

49
 6. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB
fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Room size = 20 x 3.6 m
Support = 300 mm
Thickness of slab = 200mm
Type of slab
ly /lx = 20/ 3.6 = 5.55>2
Hence designed as two way slab
Load calculation
Consider 1m width of slab
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Self -weight of slab = 1 x b x D x unit weight
=1 x 1 x 0.20 x 25
= 5 KN/m2
Weight of floor finish = 1x 1 x 0.05 x 20
= 1.0 KN/m2
Total load = 8 KN/m
Design load = 8 x 1.5 = 12 KN/m
Main reinforcement
Mx = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- fyAst / fckbd)
26.79 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 180 (1- 415 x Ast / 25 x 1000 x 180)
5.99Ast2 – 64.98x103Ast+26.79 x 106 = 0
Ast min = 429.26mm2
Spacing
Assume 10 mm dia bars
S = ast/Ast x b

50
 = 78.54/429.26 x 1000
= 190mm
3d = 3 x 180= 540 mm
300 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm dia bars @ spacing 240 mm c/c distance as main
reinforcement.
Distributor reinforcement
Ast min = 0.12 / 100 x B x D
= 0.12 /100 x 1000 x 200
= 240 mm2
Assume 8mm dia of distribution steel
S = ast /Astmin x b
= (50.26/240) x 1000 = 210 mm
5d = 5 x 180 = 900 mm
450 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ spacing 210 mm c/c.

6.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS

Center to center distance leff =20.3m

B =600mm
D =560mm
D =600mm (assumption)
fy =415N/mm2
fck =25N/mm2
Q =3.45
%Ast =1.197%
Load Calculation
Self-weight of beam = b x D x unit Weight

51
 = 0.6x0.6x 25
= 9KN/m
Slab floor finish (1) = perpendicular distance x tk x unit Weight
= 1.8 x 0.05 x 20
= 1.8 KN/m
Slab self weight (1) = 1.8 x 0.20 x 25
= 9 KN/m
Slab floor finish (2) = perpendicular distance x tk x unit Weight
= 3 x 0.05 x 20
= 3 KN/m
Slab self Weight (2) = 3 x 0.20 x 25
= 15 KN/m
Wall load = 0.3x 3.6 x 19
= 20.52KN/m
Total load = 58.32 SAY 60KN/M
Factored load = 60 x 1.5
Fd = 90KN/m
Type of Section
Mulim =Qubd2 =3.45 x 600 x 13002
Mulim =3498.3×106 N.mm
Mulim < M
Hence the section shall be designed as doubly reinforced section
Reinforcement
Ast1 = Mulim/(0.87 x fy x (d-0.42 XuMaximum))
= 3498.3 x 106 / (0.87 x 415 x (1260-0.42 x 0.48 x 1260)
Ast1 = 9631.6mm2
Ast1 = MUA/(0.87 X fy x (d-d’))
= 1137.7 x 106 /(0.87 x415 x (1260-40))
Ast2 = 2582.85mm2

52
Total Ast = Ast1+Ast2
Ast = 12214.45mm2
Provide 32mm dia bars.
Ast = 804.24mm2
NOS =Ast/ast=12214.45/804.24=16nos
Ast =16 x π x 322 /4=12867.96mm2
Provide 16nos of 32mm dia bars as tension reinforcement.
Area of Compression Reinforcement
d’/d = 40/1260
= 0.03 for fsc=354 N/mm2
Asc = Mua/fsc(d-d’)
= 1137.7 x 106 /( 354 x (1260-40))
Asc = 2634.29mm2
But min Asc =0.85bd/fy
=0.85 x 600 x 1260/415
=1548.43mm2
Provide 20mm dia bars.
Asc =314.16 mm2
No’s = Asc/asc
= 1548.43/314.16
= 5nos
Asc = 5 x π x 202 /4
= 1570.79mm2
Provide 5nos of 20mm dia bars as compression reinforcement.

6.3 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR COLUMN

Size of column = 300 X 600mm

fck = 25 N/mm2

53
fy = 415 N/mm2
Load Calculation
Slab Weight of slab (1) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 10 x 1.8 x 0.20 x 25
= 90 KN
Weight of slab ff (1) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 10 x 1.80 x 0.05 x 20
= 18 KN
Weight of slab (2) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 10 x 3 x 0.20 x 25
= 150 KN
Weight of slab ff (2) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 10 x 3 x 0.05 x 20
= 30 KN
Weight of slab (3) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 4.1 x 3 x 0.20 x 25
= 61.5 KN
Weight of slab ff (3) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 4.1 x 3 x 0.05 x 20
= 12.3 KN
Weight of slab (4) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 4.1 x 1.8 x 0.20 x 25
= 36.9 KN
Weight of slab ff (4) = L x B x D x unit Weight
= 4.1 x 1.8 x 0.05 x 20
= 7.38 KN
Live load (1) = 10 x 1.8 x 2.0
= 36 KN
Live load (2) = 10 x 3 x 2.0

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 = 60KN
Live load (3) = 4.1 x 3 x 2.0
= 24.6 KN
Live load (4) = 4.1 x 1.8 x 2.0
= 14.76 KN
Beam (1) = L x B x D x unit Weight
=10 x 0.6 x 1.30 x 25
= 195 KN
Beam (2) = 1.8 x 0.6 x 1.30 x 25
= 35.1 KN
Beam (3) = 3.0 x 0.6 x 1.30 x 25
= 58.5 KN
Beam (4) = 4.1 x 0.6 x 1.30 x 25
= 79.95 KN
Wall Wall load (1) = L x B x H x unit Weight
= 10 x 0.3 x 3.6 x 19
= 205.2 KN
Wall load (2) = 1.8 x 0.3 x 3.6 x 19
= 36.93 KN
Wall load (3) = 3.0 x 0.3 x 3.6 x 19
= 61.56 KN
Wall load (4) = 4.1 x 0.3 x 3.6 x 19
= 84.13 KN
Self-weight of column = L x B x H x unit Weight
= 0.3 x 0.6 x 3.6 x 25
= 16.2 KN
Sum of all above loads = 1314.38 KN
No of floor consideration = 1320 x 2
=2640 KN

55
Say W = 2650 KN
Result
Size of column = 300 x 600 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement = 6nos of 22mm dia bars
Transverse reinforcement = 6mm dia at 300 mm c/c

6.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Size of column = 300 x 600mm

Safe bearing capacity = 200 KN/m2
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Axial load of footing = 2650 KN
Assume the self Weight of footing as10%of the column load
W1 = 10/100 x 2650
= 265 KN
Total load on soil = 2650+265
= 2915 KN
Area of footing required = total load /sbc
= 2915/200
= 14.57m2
Since it is a rectangular column.
Tension Reinforcement
In Long Direction,
MUL = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- fyAst / fckbd)
1312.84 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 640 (1- 415 x Ast / 30 x 3200 x 640)
1.56Ast2 –231.07x103 Ast+1312.84x106 = 0
Provide 14 nos of 16mm dia bars in long direction at uniform spacing.
In Shorter Direction,

56
MUS = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- fyAst / fckbd)
904.64 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 640 (1- 415 x Ast / 30 x 4800 x 640)
1.04Ast2 –231.07x103 Ast+904.64x106 = 0
Ast = 3986.53 mm2
Provide 20nos of 16mm dia bars at central band.

57
 7. SEAT DESIGN

Types of seating are,

1) Seating with backs, fixed and fold-up
• Row width 780–800mm recommended
• Minimum clear seatway 305 mm
• Width of seats 460–500mm for seats without arms 500mm for
seats with arms

2) Benches without backs.

• Row width 610mm min recommended
• Minimum clear seatway 400mm
• Width of seats 460–500mm
• These allow closer spacing but are less comfortable.

7.1 ORIENTATION (SEATS)

The player and not the players create a demand for stadium and it
is most desirable to protect them from the glare of sun during the normal
hours of play. In a true stadium, the playing field is entirely surrounded
by the spectators and it is impossible to get all the seats free of sun. It is
desirable to protect the spectators backs towards the sun give may move
through a large angle. Spectators backs towards the sun give best
orientation and this is possible by building on the west and South sides of
the ground. For accurate orientation careful plotting of the suns altitudes
and azimuths during the normal season and playing hours at the particular
latitude are involved. Average latitude of India is 30˚N.

58
 During winter certain amount of sun is welcomed but the seats
could have sun shades. Careful plotting of the altitude of the sun will give
position for cut back roof which has the advantage of economy, easy
cantilevering and freeing the large area from column a obstruction as
shown in figure.

An ideal seat would be one opposite to centre of action as close to

the play as possible and elevated so that the details of the game could be
clearly seen. Placing the first row of seats close to the ground line will
necessitate higher risers in the successive rows to maintain satisfactory
sight lines over the heads of those in front. Therefore the first row of the
seats should be placed away from ground edge as far as possible subject
to clear and comfortable vision so that the sight clearance can be
maintained without making the stadium too sleep for convenience and
economy.

59
 Fig.15: Orientation of stadium

7.2 CLEAR VISION

The problem of good view from stadium seats depends on distance,

angle of view and freedom from obstructions. During normal day light,
foot ball game can be conveniently followed from a distance of about 600
to 700 feet. Movements of cricket and hockey balls are visible from 500
to 600 feet without field glasses. The visibility of an object depends upon
the horizontal and vertical angles subtended by the rays of light
emanating from the object and received by the spectators eyes. The
elevation of an observer above the object to be viewed has an important
effect on the angle subtended when the object has an appreciable

60
dimension parallel to the line of sight. In race track, foot ball and hockey,
the centre of action involves more than one person and can best be seen
from elevated seats at ground level have poor view of individual players.
Normally the stadium seats are not far enough above the field to
appreciably foreshorten the vertical dimensions of the players. For
spectators in the side stands, the angle subtended by the immediate field
of play along its longitudinal axis, will vary with the nearness of the eye
while the angle subtended along the transverse axis will vary with the
vertical distance above the heads of the players as well as with the
horizontal distance.

Fig.16: Vision details of stadium

61
 Fig.17: Sight lines and distance from playing field

Obstructions are of several types i.e. inconveniently located

railings and pillars, boxes and covered seats situated in the lower rows,
persons walking along horizontal passages, head of people sitting in front
etc. best view is obtained when the sight lines to any part of the field of
action clear the heads of the spectators in front and the adequacy of
clearance is the important factor in stadium design. Sight lines normal to
seats are ordinarily considered and oblique lines to different parts of the
stadium are neglected. Oblique sight lines tend to restrict the clear view
only when the degree of deflection becomes appreciably large.

For a well laid out and properly proportioned stadium the oblique
sight lines will not present any problem. The focal point is the inter
section of sight lines with playing field and its establishment is the first

62
step in plotting the sight lines. For foot ball, hockey, tennis and kabbadi
this should be taken as the near side of the playing field. For running
track a chest height view of the runner in the nearest lane, is satisfactory.
In cricket there is little activity in the outfield near the boundary line and
waist height view of the occasional runner will be acceptable. From these
starting points the successive rows of seats are located so as to give
constant eye clearance. This clearance is defined as the distance that the
line of sight to the focal point passes above the spectators in the row
immediately in front. If the riser height remains constant the clearance
progressively becomes less and less towards the rear of the stand.

To maintain constant clearance for sight lines converging from

single focal point, the risers are varied in height increasing towards the
rear of the stand. Authorities have different as to the correct amount of
the eye clearance. A seated structure is designed for persons of average
size and no normal clearance can prevent the unfortunate case of a small
person being seated directly behind large people. In cinemas and theaters
the center of action is reasonably stationery and fairly raised above the
front rows. In sports events the focal point of action is rapidly shifting
resulting in rapid change in the direction of view. This requires generous
provision for sight clearance in comparison to stage or screen
performance. Some designers have recommended sight clearance of 6
inches while other have adopted 4 to 4⅟2 inches.

It has been assumed by many that the site line can pass to one side
of the head of the person immediately in front but should pass over the
heads of those in the second raw. Such assumption produces stand having
less rise with average clearance of about 3 inches. The greater the eyes
clearance the higher the stadium and longer the climb to seats. A balance
63
between convenience of sight lines and convenience of reaching the seats
produces the stadium most satisfactory to the greatest number. The
additional cost due to greater height is also a factor. The height of all
risers must be increased to maintain the eye clearance. Normally the eye
in the front row should not be lower than the heads of persons who might
be standing on the ground immediately in front. In the fig. this places the
first eye at an elevation of about 6ft which in turn places the first foot rest
two feet above the playing field. Many stadium have first row seats
placed at a higher level, to provide a more definite barrier separating the
field from the stadium. Some complicated and labourious formulae have
been developed to express the tread height above datum.

Large number of variables are involved in determining the tread

height and it is best to work out from 1st principle by simple geometrical
relationship or graphical plotting. It is possible to simplify the sight line
calculations if all horizontal distances are expressed in tread width rather
than in feet and modification of formulae and tables by A.B. Randal and
E.S. Cross by are given below and graphs vide sight line curves for
constant sight clearance from focal point with various combination of
variables. The graphs are true sight line curves for tread width of 30
inches and only slightly out of scale for other tread widths. The charts
cannot be read as closely as may be required for determination of
individual riser heights but will be found useful in approximating the
height of a proposed stadium under various conditions.

64
 Fig.18: Diagram showing sight lines

Theoretical seating curves require each riser to be slightly higher

than the proceeding one and these complicate construction. Adoption of a
series of straight sections approximating to the theoretical curve
simplifies the construction and is economical. In the accordance with the
structural gird system or other consideration the riser heights may be
varied for succeeding groups of 5 to 10 rows rather than for each row.
This close approximation has proved entirely satisfactory.

65
 7.3 TREAD WIDTH AND SEATS

The distance between rows commonly called the tread width is a

controlling factor for the structure as it affects the convenience, comfort,
safety and cost. Determination of tread width depends on,
a. Use of stadium.
b. Type of seats.
c. Seasons of use and climate.
It is expected that the crowds will be seated when the game starts.
The spectators will remain in their seats during the actual play and
movement will occur at intervals. In cricket it is likely, that there will be
more movement in an out of seats during the progress of performance.
However in all the games, some movements in and out of seats during
actual play are inevitable and sufficient distance between spectators and
seats should be allowed for such passage but too ample space will defeat
its own purpose by encouraging too frequent passage of vendors and
other along the rows to the annoyance of the spectators.

Warm weather required more air space. Colder climate makes

close contacts less objectionable. Spacing of rows should be as small as
possible for economy but sufficient for comfort and good view. The use
of stand, type of seat, weather and economic considerations influence the
spacing of rows and varies from 22 inches to 30 inches for seats without
backs and 28 inches to 36 inches for seats with backs.

In the design of seating several general considerations are

important, the kind of contest or exhibition, comfort, convenience and
probable behavior of spectators. The proper balancing of cost against the
comfort and convenience of spectators are often rated as even more

66
important than the interest of the players. With a seat for every one and
every one in the seat the likelihood of crowds becoming unmanageable in
any period of excitement is reduced to minimum. The space allowed for
each seat lengthwise in a row is generally between 11 to 18⅟2 inches.
Height of seats from floor should be approximately 14 to 18 inches. The
permanent seats are generally constructed of concrete and can be covered
with durries or coir mattings . Wood tops with or with outs backs are also
used. In the diagrams Wood with good resistence to deterioration should
be used and preservatives if used should not stain spectators clothing.
Seats should be generally numbered and ordinarily should not be carried
over expansion joints.

The shape of the stadium depends on the following points.

(a) The sports and the range of the playing field.
(b) Topography and orientation of the playing field.
(c) The desire and practicability of providing the best
accommodation at locations of greatest spectators interest.

For tennis and volley ball the seats opposite the net are close to the
play but least desirable.

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 Table 3: Details of indoor stadium courts
Ground floor First floor Second floor
Basketball court Squash Gym
Table tennis Taekwondo Yoga
Badminton Wrestling Aerobics
Swimming pool Boxing Karate
Carom
Chess
Archery
Snooker

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 8. ANALYSIS AND STADD, CADD REPORTS

The analysis and design of indoor stadium is done using Stadd pro
and also drawings are prepared using CAD software. The reports and
results are given below.

Fig.19: Whole structure of building

The whole structure of the building is converted to 3D view and is
shown in figure.

Fig.20: 3D rendered view

69
 Fig.21: Shear force diagram

Fig.22: Bending moment diagram

Fig.25: 3D modelling in Revit

70
 Fig.23: Beam design

Fig.24: Column design

71
Fig.26: Ground floor plan of stadium

72
 Fig.27: First floor plan of stadium

Fig.28: Second floor plan of stadium

73
 9. CONCLUSIONS

This research concluded that combination of AutoCAD and

STAAD Pro gave as a perfect & accurate design as well as analysis report
with low time consumption. Also we gave the advanced retrofitting
technique for construction & and economical usage of materials, because
the available qualified materials only used for this study. By building a
new multipurpose stadium on main campus, Aranmula engineering
college will be able to create an energized atmosphere for students,
alumni and fans, provide a game-day environment that will attract the
nation’s top athletes, further increase the connection to the community at
large, and bring nationwide prominence. Planning analysis and designing
of indoor stadium is our project which is to propose at Aranmula.

Stadium for badminton & basket ball four court hall with 113 x 70
dimensions with ground floor only. The entire plan is about 7910 sq.m.
There is some space left around the building for parking of cars. The plan
also gives details of arrangement of various furniture like chairs, sofa etc.
The indoor stadium consists of a Stage, Separate rest rooms for both,
Separation of VIP BLOCK, Office, Two wheeler & four wheeler
parking’s are providing in separate. Book shop & boutique shop,
Gymnasium Practice hall. Drafting method for design the plan is by
AutoCAD. The framed type of construction is used for the construction
and the designing of structure is carried out by limit state method with the
IS 456: 2000 code book. The plan and structural elements are designed
using staad pro and AutoCAD. This study explained about necessary and
designing purpose of indoor stadium.

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 By conducting Soil Bearing capacity test, the bearing capacity of
soil was found feasible for construction. Planning was done effectively
within the available space. Revit architecture is used for aesthetic
appearance of Indoor Stadium. The structure analysed using ETABS
Software and is checked for safety. The structure is redesigned until the
safety of the building is attained. Designed is carried out for structural
elements (Footing, Stairs, Slabs, Roof truss) which cannot be obtained in
ETABS. The designed Indoor Stadium proposed for the campus gives an
add on value. Indoor Stadium will increase the revenue for the college.
By designing a sports complex for Aranmula college of Engineering it
will help in overall development of the institute.

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 10. REFERENCES

1) AbhayGuleria – “Structural Analysis of a Multi-Storeyed Building

using ETABS for different Plan Configurations”. International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology.Vol. 3, May – 2014.

2) V Varalakshmi,G Shiva Kumar, R Sunil Sarma - “Analysis and design

of g+5 residential building”. Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering. 2014.

3) Balaji U A, Mr. Selvarasan M E – “Design and analysis of multi-

storeyed building under static and dynamic loading conditions using
etabs”.International Journal of Technical Research and Applications.
Volume 4, (July-Aug, 2016), PP. 1-5.

4) Ashok K Jain – “R C C Designs”, 10th edition, Laxmi publications (P)

LTD, ISBN 978-81-318-0942-6. 8) Code books IS 456-2000, SP-16, IS
875.

5) S SBhavikatti – “Design of RCC structural elements”, volume-1, New

age international (P) LTD, publishers, ISBN 81-224-169-4.

6) B C Punmia – “Soil mechanics and foundations”, 16th edition, Laxmi

publications (P) LTD, ISBN 81-7008-791-0.

7) N Krishna Raju- “Design of Reinforced concrete structures” 3rd

edition, CBS publishers and distributors, ISBN 81-239-0989-6.

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