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Method of Correction
Navigational Equipments
• GPS
• AIS
• Radar & ARPA
• ECDIS
• Echo sounder
• LRIT
9-Jun-10 3 of 100
the full name GPS Navstar
Global Positioning System
a NAVigation System
using
Time And Ranging
Global coverage
Continuous
All Weather
High Precision
9-Jun-10 RP 5 of 100
GPS Limitations & Precautions
How many bridge systems use GPS?
GPS system ‘close to breakdown’
– Network of satellites could begin to fail as early as 2010
Dilution of Precision
– Geometric, Positional, Horizontal, Vertical & Time
Jamming
GPS Positioning Accuracy
9-Jun-10 7 of 100
7
GPS: Errors and Limitations
Satellite Geometry
– Affects precision of the positions
9-Jun-10 9 of 100
Factors contributing to UERE
9-Jun-10 RP 10 of 100
10
Precision of GPS Positions
Factor in Dilution of Precision (DOP)
OPTIMAL Placement of Satellites
High Precision
(Good Geometry)
9-Jun-10 11 of 100
Estimate GPS Accuracy
Example:
General User UERE 95% confidence = 4.5 m
9-Jun-10 12 of 100
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Datum
GPS positioning refers to WGS84
datum…
...Of what datum is your Chart ??
9-Jun-10 13 of 100
Relative and Absolute Position
• Relative position:
– position relative to a fixed (charted) point
Absolute Position:
– position on the Earth
(expressed in terms of lat and long)
– requires an understanding of datums
9-Jun-10 14 of 100
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CAUTION! - GPS POSITIONING
Lat 15 04’ S
Long 118 05 E The GPS fix is absolute The charted
positioning, based on lat and information may
show that point to be
long
here
9-Jun-10 15 of 100
Geodetic or Horizontal datum:
– defines shape of the spheroid used to construct chart/map
– defines origin of the coordinate system (lat/long) used
9-Jun-10 17 of 100
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Datum Transformations
position by GPS
Actual Position
9-Jun-10 18 of 100
Datum Transformations
9-Jun-10 RP 19 of 100
Curved earth’s coordinates on a flat surface..the dilemma
and process
9-Jun-10 20 of 100
Position and Horizontal Datum
• European
Datum • Japan
Datum
• WGS 72
WGS 84
• AGD66
9-Jun-10 21 of 100
The Datum Problem:
So what’s my lat and
long ?
Where am I ?
9-Jun-10 22 of 100
Electronic Chart Navigation
GPS positioning refers to WGS84 datum…
...on a chart of different datum ??
9-Jun-10 23 of 100
Receiver Errors: Multipath
Microwave Signals reflect easily
Error - 300 metres to several miles
NOT CORRECTED by DGPS
9-Jun-10 24 of 100
GPS Multipath Errors
Antenna Design -
selective Right Hand Circular Polarized
Post-1994 models
Incident signal is RHCP
Reflected signal is LHCP
9-Jun-10 25 of 100
GPS Multipath Errors
9-Jun-10 RP 26 of 100
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GPS SETUP:
Info as provided by the manufacturers..
example HDOP 1…..
9-Jun-10 27 of 100
GPS SETUP:
Info as provided by the manufacturers..
example HDOP 2…..
9-Jun-10 28 of 100
GPS SETUP:
Info as provided by the manufacturers..
example Elevation Angle Mask…..
Mask
9-Jun-10 29 of 100
Automatic
Identification
System
LIMITATIONS OF AIS
6/9/2010 34
6/9/2010 35
FINALLY
HEAD UP UNSTABILISED
NORTH UP (STABILISED)
COURSE UP (STABILISED)
TYPES OF MOTION
RELATIVE MOTION
TRUE MOTION
TYPES OF
STABILISATION
SEA
GROUND
Head up.
up
• Heading marker is
always aligned with
000°.
• As the ship changes
course the heading
marker remains fixed,
and the radar echoes
will move on the
display.
• Ship/antenna is at the
centre. AH 9-Jun-10
Head up.
• No gyro compass
input required,
(unstabilised).
• Radar bearings will
be relative to ships
heading.
• Display can present a
problem when ship is
yawing due to echoes
constantly moving AH 9-Jun-10
North Up.
Up
• Heading marker is
aligned with true
course of ship.
• Position of the
antenna & ship is at
the centre of display.
• Course is obtained
from gyro (gyro
stabilised)
AH 9-Jun-10
RADAR: FALSE ECHOES
Reflected,Multiple,Indirect,Second
Trace And Side Lobe Echoes
Reflected echoes are caused when the pulse of radar energy transmitted from
the scanner is reflected by part of own ship’s structure on to a target,thence
from the target back to own ship’s structure and back to the scanner.The most
common cause is the funnel which often causes a blind sector on the radar.
Reflected echoes therefore usually appear in the blind sector.
Target
Blind Sector
Reflected
Echo
Multiple Echoes
Multiple Echoes occur when a target passes close to own ship. Whilst
part of the pulse of radar energy is reflected from the target back to the
scanner, part of the pulse is again reflected by own ship back to the
target and then back to the scanner. This process may repeat several
times and shows on the radar screen as a series of echoes, all on the
same bearing, with equal spacing between them.The echo closest to
own ship is the true echo from the target. Echoes become
progressively weaker with distance from the centre of the screen.
Own Ship
Target
Indirect Echoes
Building
OWN SHIP
Indirect Echo
Target
Second Trace Returns
• Second trace returns occur when the first pulse
leaves the scanner and travels towards a distant
target (usually a distant coastline).
• Before this pulse is reflected and arrives back at
the scanner a second pulse has been transmitted.
Shortly after transmission of the second pulse the
first pulse arrives back at the scanner. The radar
“thinks” that this is the second pulse returning and
paints the appropriate echo on the screen
First pulse
Second pulse
Overhead Cable
Cause of Blind & Shadow
Sectors
• A BLIND SECTOR is caused by an obstruction,such as the
funnel,totally blocking the pulse of radar energy transmitted by the
scanner.Objects in the blind sector will not be displayed on the radar
screen.
• A SHADOW SECTOR is caused by an obstruction partially blocking
the pulse of radar energy transmitted by the scanner. Targets entering
the shadow sector will decrease in strength until finally disappearing
totally when they enter the blind sector.
• Reflected Ehoes:- Usually appear in the blind sector;- caused when the
pulse transmitted from the scanner is reflected by the funnel onto a
target thence back to the funnel and returned to the scanner.
Radar Mast forward of funnel
Shadow Sectors
Blind Sector
Shadow
Sectors
Blind
Sector
BLIND SECTOR
Obstructions caused by masts and funnel
Blind/Shadow Sectors Caused By Mast & Funnel
Determining Blind & Shadow
Sectors
• Select a small.isolated target such as a buoy.
• Whilst carefully monitoring the relative bearing of the target,swing the
ship through 360 degrees.
• Note the bearings as the target begins to fade, disappears
completely,begins to reappear and reappears completely.
• Draw a plan view of own ship and insert the blind and shadow sectors
- display same by the radar.
ERRORS OF
DISPLAYED DATA
POTENTIAL ERRORS CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS:
INCORRECT SUPERIMPOSITION OF
RADAR
ERRORS DUE TO INCORRECT
DATUMS AND OFFSET VALUES
CHECK CONTINUOUSLY
ECDIS
AIS
THE FOLLOWING MAY OCCUR:
MISMATCHING OF VECTORS
(GROUND TRACK OR WATER TRACK)
AUTOMATIC TRACK CONTROL
ERRORS
ERRORS
• CROSS NOISE
• MULTIPLE ECHOES
• SECOND TRACE ECHOES
• DOUBLE ECHOES
CROSS NOISE
Second Trace Returns
MULTIPLE ECHOES
DOUBLE ECHOES
EFFECTS
• PROFILE DISTORTION
• INCORRECT STYLUS SPEED
• SALINITY
• TEMPERATURE
• PRESSURE
• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
Profile Distortion
Angle of Incidence
Draught and Height of Tide
Phased Scale
Long-Range
Identification and
Tracking of Ships
Background
• IMO Maritime Safety Committe, May 2006, adopted:
• When is it needed?
By December 31, 2008. This is the date most flag states
are requiring compliance, even though some of the
practicalities of operating LRIT ashore are still being
worked out.
• - Regulation V/19-1 on LRIT
- Passenger ships
- Cargo ships over 300 t
- Mobile plattforms
• Position