SUBJECT: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ALGORITHMS

Subject Code: CSE43

1. What is an Algorithm? What is the need to study Algorithms?

2. Explain Euclids Algorithm to find the GCD of two integers with an eg.
3. Explain Consecutive Integer Checking algorithm to find the GCD of two numbers
with an eg.
4. Middle School Algorithm with an eg.
5. Explain the Seive of Eratosthenis with an eg.
6. Explain the Algorithm design and analysis process with a neat diagram.
7. Define:
a) Time Efficiency
b) Space Efficiency
8. What are the important types of problems that encounter in the area of computing.
9. What is a Data Structure? How are data structures classified?
10. Briefly explain linear and non-linear data structures.
11. What is a Set? How does it differ from a list?
12. What are the different operations that can be performed on a Set?
13. What are the different ways of defining a Set?
14. How can sets be implemented in computer application?
15. What is a Dictionary? Give an example.
16. Briefly discuss the Algorithm Analysis Framework.
17. Write a note on measuring the input size of an algorithm.
18. What are different ways of measuring the running time of an algorithm?
19. What is Order of Growth?
20. Define Worst case, Average case and Best case efficiencies.
21. Explain the Linear Search algorithm.
22. Define O, T, O notations.
23. Give the general plan for analyzing the efficiency of non-recursive algorithms
with an eg.
24. Give an algorithm to find the smallest element in a list of n numbers and analyze
the efficiency.
25. Give an algorithm to check whether all the elements in a list are unique or not and
analyze the efficiency.
26. Give an algorithm to multiply two matrices of order N * N and analyze the
efficiency.
27. Give the general plan for analyzing the efficiency of Recursive algorithms with an
eg.
28. Give an algorithm to compute the Factorial of a positive integer n and analyze the
efficiency.
29. Give an algorithm to solve the Tower of Hanoi puzzle and analyze the efficiency.
30. Define an explicit formula for the nth Fibonacci number.
31. Define a recursive algorithm to compute the nth Fibonacci number and analyze its
efficiency.
32. What is Exhaustive Search?
33. What is Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)? Explain with an eg.
34. Give a Brute Force solution to the TSP. What is the efficiency of the algorithm?
35. What is an Assignment Problem? Explain with an eg.
36. Give a Brute Force solution to the Assignment Problem. What is the efficiency of
the algorithm?
37. Explain Divide and Conquer technique and give the general divide and conquer
recurrence.
38. Define:
a) Eventually non-decreasing function
b) Smooth function
c) Smoothness rule
d) Master’s Theorem
39. Explain the Merge Sort algorithm with an eg. And also draw the tree structure of
the recursive calls made.
40. Analyze the efficiency of Merge sort algorithm.
41. Explain the Quick Sort algorithm with an example and also draw the tree structure
of the recursive calls made.
42. Analyze the efficiency of Quick sort algorithm.
43. Give the Binary search algorithm and analyze the efficiency.
44. Give the algorithm to find the height of a Binary tree and analyze the efficiency.
45. Give an algorithm each to traverse the binary tree in Inorder, Preorder and
Postorder.
46. Explain how do you multiply two large integers and analyze the efficiency of the
algorithm. Give an eg.
47. Explain Strassen’s Matrix multiplication with an eg. And analyze the efficiency.
48. Explain the concept of Decrease and Conquer technique and explain its three
major variations.
49. Give the Insertion Sort algorithm and analyze the efficiency.
50. Explain DFS and BFS with an eg. And analyze the efficiency.
51. Give two solutions to sort the vertices of a directed graph Topologically.
52. Discuss the different methods of generating Permutations.
53. Discuss the different methods of generating Subsets.
54. What is Heap? What are the different types of heaps?
55. Explain how do you construct heap?
56. Explain the Heap Sort algorithm with an eg.
57. Explain the Horspool’s algorithm with an eg.
58. Explain the concept of input enhancement in String Matching
59. What is Hashing? Explain with an eg.
60. Explain the concept of Dynamic programming with an eg.
61. What is Binomial Co-Efficient? Give an algorithm to find the binomial co-
efficient and analyze the efficiency.
62. What is Transitive closure? Explain how do you find out the Transitive closure
with an eg.
63. Give the Warshall’s algorithm and analyze the efficiency.
64. Explain how do you solve the All-Pairs-Shortest-Paths problem with an eg.
65. Give the Flloyd’s algorithm and analyze the efficiency.
 66. What is Knapsack problem? Give the solution to solve it using dynamic
programming technique.
67. What are Memory functions? What are the advantages of using memory
functions?
68. Give an algorithm to solve the knapsack problem.
69. Explain the concept of Greedy technique.
70. Explain Prim’s algorithm with an eg.
71. Prove that Prim’s algorithm always yields a minimum spanning tree.
72. Explain Kruskal’s algorithm with an eg.
73. Explain Quick find and Quick union implementations of disjoint subsets
74. Explain Dijkstra’s algorithm with an eg.
75. What are Huffman trees? Explain how to construct Huffman trees with an eg.
76. Explain the concept of Backtracking with an eg.
77. What is a state space tree? Explain how to construct a state space tree?
78. What is n-Queen’s problem? Generate the state space tree for n = 4.
79. Explain the subset sum problem with an eg.
80. What are Decision Trees? Explain.
81. Define P, NP and NP-Complete problems.
82. Explain the Branch and Bound technique with an eg.
83. Give the Approximation Algorithm for NP-Hard problems.

Year: II Semester: III

Question Bank

Unit – I

PART A

1. What is an algorithm?
2. What are computational procedures?
3. What is a program?
4. Define Algorithm Validation.
5. Define program proving and program verification.
6. Define pseudocode.
7. What are the control structures in pseudocode?
8. Define Recursion. Give an example.
9. Define Time and space complexity.
10. Distinguish performance analysis and performance measurement.
11. What are the components of fixed and variable part in space complexity?
12. Define program step.
13. What are the methods to determine step count?
14. Define input data size.
15. Describe frequency table method.
16. Define best, average and worst case step count.
17. Define break-even point.
18. Define asymptotic notation.
19. Define Big Oh notation.
20. Define Theta notation.
21. Define Omega notation
22. Define little Oh and Little Omega notation.
23. What does O(1) mean?
24. How do you time a very short event?
25. What are the design techniques that are used to devise algorithms?
26. Define recursion. What are its types?
27. Write an algorithm to find if the given no is Armstrong no? Find its time complexity?
28. Differentiate algorithm and program.
29. Find the order of 20n3+100n2+2.

PART B
1. Explain Towers of Hanoi problem and solve it using recursion.
2. Find the time complexity and space complexity of the following problems.
1) Factorial using Recursion.
2) Compute nth Fibonacci Number.
3) Compute xn or exponentiate (x,n).
4) mxn matrix multiplication
5) nxn matrix multiplication
6) mxn matrix addition.
7) Sequential/linear search.
3. Describe best, worst and average case analysis with an example.

UNIT II

PART A

1. What is divide and conquer technique?

2. Give the control abstraction for divide and conquer technique.
3. Write the recurrence relation for DandC.
4. Timecomplexity of Binary search is O(logn). Justify.
5. Write a straight forward max min algorithm.
6. Explain the greedy method.
7. Define feasible and optimal solution.
8. Write the control abstraction for greedy method.
9. What are the constraints of knapsack problem?
10. What is a minimum cost spanning tree?
11. Specify the algorithms used for constructing Minimum cost spanning tree.
12. State single source shortest path algorithm (Dijkstra’s algorithm).
13. Calculate the T(n) for the given recurrence form
T(n) = T(1) if n=1
T(n) = aT(n/b)+f(n) if n>1
where a=2,b=2, T(1)=2, f(n)=n;

PART-B

1. Explain the binary search algorithm with an example.

2. Explain mimmax problem using Divide and conquer technique. Compute its time
complexity.
3. Explain merge sort with an example. Compute its time complexity.
4. Explain Quick sort with an example. Give its time complexity.
5. Solve the knapsack problem using greedy technique.
6. Explain Prim’s algorithm to construct Minimum cost spanning tree.
7. Explain Kruskal’s algorithm to construct Minimum cost spanning tree.
8. Explain Optimal Randomized algorithm to construct Minimum cost spanning tree.
9. Explain single source shortest path algorithm (Dijkstra’s algorithm).

UNIT – III

PART – A
1. Define Dynamic programming technique.
2. Define Principle of optimality.
3. What do you mean by Multistage graph.
4. Differentiate the 2 approaches in finding the minimum cost path of multistage graph.
5. Find the minimum cost path using forward and backward technique for the graph given
below.
6. Give the conditions to the table in 0/1 knapsack.
7. 0/1 knapsack problem cannot be solved by Greedy technique.Why?
8. Explain briefly about Traveling sales person problem.
9. What are the 3 traversal technique for binary trees.
10. What do you mean by traversal?
11. Give the non recursive algorithm for Triple order traversal.
12. Give the recursive algorithm for Triple order traversal.
13. Define Breadth first search.
14. Define Depth first search.
15. What is breadth first spanning tree? Give and eg.
16. Give the constraints to solve the Traveling sales person problem in dynamic
programming.
17. What is 0/1 knapsack problem.
18. Define connected graph. Give an eg.
19. Define Articulation point. Give the condition to identify an articulation point.
20. Identify the articulation points and draw the biconnected components for the graph
given below.
PART – B
1. Explain all pairs shortest path algorithm with an eg. Give its time complexity
2. What is multistage graph? Explain with an eg. Write the pseudo code for the finding
the minimum cost path using forward approach.
3. What is multistage graph? Explain with an eg. Write the pseudo code for the finding
the minimum cost path using backward approach.
4. Write an algorithm for 0/1 knapsack problem.
5. Write and explain an algorithm for BFS and DFS. Give an eg.
6. Give an algorithm to identify articulation points and to construct biconnected
components. Explain with an eg.
UNIT – IV

PART – A

1. What are explicit constraints and implicit constraints?

2. Explain 8-Queen problem in brief.
3. What are static trees and dynamic trees?
4. Give any 4 problems that could be solved by backtracking.
5. What are the constraints of 8-Queens problem
6. Define m-colorability optimization problem.
7. What is a Hamiltonian cycle?
8. What are the 2 methods of Branch and bound techniques?
9. Compare and contrast LC-BB and FIFO BB.
10. What is a reduced cost matrix?

PART – B

1. Explain N-Queens problem using Backtracking.

2. Explain Graph Coloring.
3. Explain sum of subsets.
4. Explain Hamiltonian cycles.
5. Solve Knapsack problem using backtracking.
6. Explain Traveling Salesperson problem using branch and bound techniques.

UNIT – V

PART – A

1. What is P and NP?

2. What is deterministic algorithm?
3. What is Non-Deterministic Algorithm?
4. Draw the relationship between P, NP, NP complete and NP-hard.
5. What is the property of NP-Complete problem?
6. What is the property of NP-Hard problem?
7. What are the two most famous unsolved problems in Computer science?
PART – B

1. Explain the basic concepts of P, NP, NP-Complete and NP-Hard.

2. Prove a graph problem is NP-Hard.
3. Explain a NP-Hard Scheduling problem.
4. Explain a NP-Hard code generation problem.
5. Explain the concepts of Approximation algorithm.