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Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Flooding is one of the most disastrous and chronic natural hazard in the Philippines and

in other parts of the globe. This cataclysmic event has been sporadically taking people’s lives

and flooding their properties. Flooding due to extreme rain events in urban environment is a

problem and a growing concern. When the storm water systems design return period is

greatly exceeded during utmost rain events, flooding is inevitable. Due to several strong

typhoons, flooding is considered by many to be one of the most lethal effects of natural

disasters since it sway countless people from different parts of our country. Some of the most

mainstream causes of flooding include the overtopping flow on river and lakes due to heavy

precipitation exacerbated in denuded watershed by accelerated runoff; improper urban

planning which aggravates flooding events by increasing the area of impermeable surface by

encroachment of roads, housing and other land uses onto flood plains.

According to the National Water Resources Council over flowing of river during periods

of heavy rains worsen since the early years of 1950s. The inundated regions scattered from

the low-lying areas in the coastal parts of Manila, Navotas and Malabon, and along the banks

of San Juan and Pasig River to the suburban areas of Manila, Quezon City, Pasay, San Juan

and Caloocan in the 1960s and 1970s. The informal settlers that were mushrooming along the

banks of esteros and rivers and in other marginal locations were regularly submerge in water

not only once but several times each year. The depth of flooding also escalated through time

which increases the risk for informal settlers living in those areas.

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The investigated region is barangay Del Monte which is situated in the Western part

of Quezon City. It is located at the southern half of the City having a low grade land relief

which makes it prone to flooding. Based on the Elevation Map acquired from QC CPDO, the

study area falls under the lowest altitude in Quezon City having a height ranging from 1.000-

10.000 meters. Over the years barangay Del Monte has been suffering to flooding because

the area is nearby San Francisco River that overflows during heavy rains. San Francisco

River is located at the west part of Frisco bordered by Del Monte and Damayan. This river

affects countless residents every time it overflows. There had been a lot of operations,

projects and plans to mitigate the flood on the area but mostly led to unfruitful outcomes.

During the typhoon Ketsana also known as typhoon Ondoy, barangay Del Monte was one of

several barangays that was greatly affected, huge part of the location was covered by flood.

In the recent rain brought by southwest monsoon locally known as Habagat - enhanced by

typhoon Haikui, Quezon City were part of the 90 percent of Metro Manila submerged in

flooding. And during typhoon Mario enhanced by southwest monsoon, red rainfall warning

has been raised over Metro Manila, which means inundation is highly expected.

After the rampage of Typhoon Ondoy Quezon City never wasted time to find a

solution to ensure similar catastrophe does not occur again. The National Institute of

Geological Sciences (UP NIGS) created a flood hazard maps which are results of flood

delineation using FLO-2D, a FEMA approved software. The Inundation Maps were

simulated using rainfall delivered by tropical storm Ondoy. These hazard maps are very

useful for knowing where not to be during extremely heavy rainfall. For local governments,

these flood hazard maps can be used for localized emergency response (i.e. evacuation and

access routes, road closures, siting of key rescue facilities) and for urban planning.
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This research focused on the simulations of flood delivered by Typhoon Ondoy

during September 26, 2009. The simulations were run with and without levee scenario using

Typhoon Ondoy rain. The researchers were focused on using levees as the main mitigation

for flood because this is the most common mitigation technique used in river flood plain. The

group found out that with levee scenario the flood hazard were reduced in terms of flood

hazard level from high to medium flood hazard level. This research serves as an example

how advanced modelling combined with IfSAR data can be used to support the development

of efficient strategies for flood emergency and evacuation and also for designing flood

mitigation measures. The authors also wanted to propagate the importance of flood

modelling as a relatively new approach in calibrating flood hazard and risk assessment.

The researchers utilized FLO-2D to simulate flooding because it can calibrate

inundation over complex topography which is also the nature of the study area. FLO-2D is a

FEMA approved hydraulic model that can tackle many diverse flooding problems including

river overbank flooding, flood mitigation design, watershed rainfall and runoff and many

other essential applications. Hazard Map were produced using FLO-2D Mapper, it is the

post-processor program that creates maps and other plots of the FLO-2D model results

including flood hazard maps, flow depth, hydraulic variables and other important outputs.
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1.2. Significance of the Study

This study present a significant endeavor and will redound to the benefit of the

community of barangay Del Monte Quezon City by the development of hydrological models

that simulated past flood events that took place on the area. The flood hazard map with levee

scenario that was generated by the software utilized by the researchers could be used as basis

for appropriate mitigation approach of Barangay Del Monte. The result of calibration with

levee design reduced the level inundated by flood and thus the authors concluded that levee

is an ideal mitigation approach for the study area.

The study conducted could also be used as a reference and guide by future researchers

who are establishing similar articles in relation to flood mitigation and flood hazard

assessment, particularly in using 2D software like FLO-2D that can calibrate real flood

events and can simulate flow over complex topography. Furthermore this software can offer

diversity of flood simulation by adding mitigation structures just like the authors have done.

By understanding the types and nature of topography of a region, researchers can determine

what mitigation technique is probably the most suitable in an area.

Moreover, this study will be advantageous to the Civil Engineering students in

disseminating information on the significance of flood mitigation, objectives, and innovative

techniques. This thesis will be a learning paradigm to CE students in a way they can apply

some principles of hydraulics in two dimensional modelling and hence will give them a

wider understanding on the theory behind those principles. It will also serve as a reference

for decision makers in promoting sustainable development especially on spatial planning.

And most importantly, this research will guide and inform the public on the importance of

understanding flood hazard maps.

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1.3. Objectives

The main objective of this study is to simulate the Typhoon Ondoy with and without

levee scenario and to differentiate the resulting FLO2D flood hazard map of Brgy. Del

Monte Quezon City focused on San Juan River. Specifically it aims to:

1. Generate Flow Depth Map and Flood Hazard Map of the location using FLO-2D

Software

2. Layout and design levee height and simulate it to the FLO2D model

3. Identify flood prone areas in Brgy. Del Monte Quezon City with levee scenario
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1.4 Scope and Limitations

The study was concentrated within the boundary of Barangay Del Monte Quezon City

focused on San Francisco River which may be viewed as a restriction that limits the

generalization of results. Moreover, it was also focused on the simulation of Tropical Storm

Ondoy Rainfall amount with and without levee scenario using FLO-2D software. Gathered

data from different national agencies and local government units were utilized in this

research. Same Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency was calibrated to avoid biased results

and to locate the difference with levee and no levee scenario. To get differ view of the study,

the researchers also conducted personal interview with the local government officials and

residents of Barangay Del Monte Quezon City. Structural integrity of chosen mitigation

approach was not considered in this research. The authors do not seek to quantify the cost

associated with any particular mitigation measure.

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1.5 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 shows the conceptual framework as an outline in performing the study.

The study will start by gathering the required data and information from various sources.

Preliminary data about the location, demographic information and other reliable information

that is important to the study. The latter part will be analysis and simulation of the gathered

data and information needed to arrive to the recommended flood mitigation strategy.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Actual Site Analysis of Analysis Result

Verification gathered data from
actual site  Flow Depth
Demographic verification, Map
Information demographic
information &  Flood
 Land Area
maps Hazard Map
 Catchment of Typhoon
Divide Ondoy
Maps without
Simulation using
levee
FLO-2D with and
 Thematic
without levee
Maps  Flood
scenario using
 Satellite Hazard Map
Typhoon Ondoy
Images of Typhoon
Ondoy with
FLO-2D
levee
 Shape file
 DEM  Identified
 Rainfall Flood Prone
Data Areas with
levee
scenario

Figure1.1 Conceptual Framework

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1.6 Definition of Terms

Alluvial fan - is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams. Fans are

typically found where a canyon draining from mountainous terrain emerges out onto a flatter

plain, and especially along fault-bounded mountain fronts.

Coastal Zone - is a region where interaction of the sea and land processes occurs

Culvert - is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar

obstruction.

Delineation - refers to pictorial representation of geometric sketch of a map in a particular

region.

Digital Elevation Model - is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain’s surface

Digital Terrain Model - is a topographic model of the bare earth –terrain relief - that can be

manipulated by computer programs and contain spatial elevation data of the terrain in

a digital format which usually presented as a rectangular grid

Dike - is a man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment often reinforced with soil

cement that is designed to contain or divert the flow of water.

Drainage - is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area

Levee means a man-made barrier constructed of soil along a water course for the primary purpose

of providing flood protection.

Levee Breach - is a situation where a levee fails or is intentionally breached, causing the

previously contained water to flood the land behind the levee

Levee System - means one or more discrete reaches of levee and other flood management

structures along one or more streams that together provide flood protection to a common,

defined area (i.e., the protected area).

Flood - is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry

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Flood Hazard Mapping - is an exercise to define those areas which are at risk of flooding

under extreme conditions

Flood Mitigation - involves the management and control of flood water movement, such as

redirecting flood run-off through the use of floodwalls and flood gates rather than trying to

prevent floods altogether

Floodplain - an area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river

sediments and subject to flooding

Floodwall - means a man-made barrier constructed of material other than soil along a water

course for the primary purpose of providing flood protection.

Freeboard - means the height of the physical top of levee or floodwall above the median 200

year water surface elevation, and serves as a factor of safety for containing water in the

stream without overtopping the levee or floodwall.

Geospatial Topology - studies the rules concerning the relationships between the points,

lines, and polygons that represent the features of a geographic region.

Hydraulics - is the study of the mechanics of the flow of a fluid. If you're comparing

hydraulics and hydrology I'd assume you were looking at hydraulics in terms of the flow of

water. In terms of water, hydraulics generally examines the flow in terms of open channel

flow, pipe flow, pressurized flow, etc.

Hydrology - is the study of the water cycle. It studies how water moves through the Earth

system, including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, percolation, runoff, groundwater

flow

Rainfall - the amount of rainfall (usually measured in millimeters) obtained by use of rain

gauges
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Rain Gauge - is a type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and

measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time

Reach - is a continuous extent of land or water, especially a stretch of river between two

bends, or the part of a canal between locks.

Return Period - also known as a recurrence interval is an estimate of the likelihood of an

event, such as flood, earthquake or a river discharge flow to occur

Risk Assessment - is the process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risk associated

with a particular hazard

Runoff- defined as water that flows from the land surface back to bodies of water

Sediment Transport - is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a

combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the

sediment is entrained

Shapefile - is a popular geospatial vector data format for geographic information system

(GIS) software and can spatially describe vector features: points, lines, and polygons

Southwest Monsoon - is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by

corresponding changes in precipitation which causes rainy phase of a seasonally changing

pattern

Thiessen Polygons - are polygons whose boundaries define the area that is closest to each

point relative to all other points. They are mathematically defined by the perpendicular

bisectors of the lines between all points

Typhoon - is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific

Ocean.
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Watershed - is the geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries and characterized

by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet

Wash Corridor - is a heavily urbanized region which are redirected by different kinds of

obstruction of flow
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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes the background and the problem discussion of the area under

study. This chapter is also aimed at giving validity and reliability to the research study

through the citing of works of different institutions, scholars and experts whose works and

findings are a major contribution and inspiration to this thesis. This chapter also includes the

FLO-2D Software which is the primary source of results and findings of the area being

studied.

2.1 Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping

According to Stephan Baas (2008) hazard can be defined as “potentially damaging

physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury,

property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation”. Hazards

have different origins: natural (geological, hydro-meteorological) or can be provoked by

humane (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Each hazard is characterized

by its location, frequency and probability of occurrence in a specific region within a specific

time and magnitude. The investigation of hazard assessment is associated to study of physical

aspects and phenomenon of the given hazard through collection and analysis of historical

records, this process is defined as hazard assessment (Geohazards, 2009). Aspects of

exposure and vulnerability are not considered in the hazard term, since it focuses on the event

or physical condition (Bureau of Reclamation, 2004).

As stated by CSIRO (2000) flood hazard is a function of: flood magnitude, water

depth and velocities, rate of water rise, duration, evacuation problems, and size of population

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at risk, land use, flood awareness and warning time. Flood hazard categories reflect the flood

behavior across the floodplain and can be represented by four degrees of hazard; low,

medium, high and extreme. Above mentioned hazard categories are subdivided as qualitative

flood hazard categories and is very useful for local communities and decision makers. Also

quantitative manner of representation of flood hazard are very impotent for mitigation

planning purpose as well as for risk assessment because they allow quantitative

determination of the frequency and magnitude of flood (Tsamalashvili, 2010). As a result of

hazard assessment any special aspect of given can be mapped, this provide information on its

(hazard) distribution (Bell, 1999). The proper flood hazard maps provide users with

information addressing to spatial and temporal probabilities of the floods (FEMA, 2010).

Flood hazard mapping is defined as one of the main steps in flood risk management (Plate,

2002) and can be considered to be important tool for different issues; local planning, risk

assessment as they provide information about past or possible hazards to local communities

and decision makers. A flood hazard maps illustrate the intensity of flood simulation and

probability of occurrence. The most important indicator for flood hazard are flood depth and

water flow velocity as they represent the most dangerous aspects for population and/or

property (Merz, 2007).

2.2 River Floodplain Management and Modeling

Greiving (2006) stated that river floodplain is the most appealing region for

encroachment of houses and community and the most crowded area in the globe with a large

accumulation of property. According to the author this fact develops the harmful effects of

floods around the world. Bue (1967) stated that flood plain have been attractive to human
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settlements due to these reasons: abundant supply of fresh water, availability of fertile land

and transportation. These perceived advantages led to the beginning of modern settlement

areas. These conclusions of Bue have been supported with the review of Andjelkovic (2001)

he established that large portion of the world’s population lives along river banks because the

streams, aside from providing water for human use, industrial production, and sanitation,

have built over geological time alluvium deposits that created the best agricultural lands.

Flood risk management is the new approach to control and mitigate the inundation processes

and it is widely utilized by different decision makers and spatial planners. In order to

promote a sustainable development and decrease the flood effect it is a prerequisite to use

spatial planning in flood risk management.

Alkema (2007) defined Flood hazard as the possibility that flood prone zone will be

covered by flood for a given span of time with a particular return duration. Flood modeling is

a relatively new approach which is widely used for flood hazard, and risk assessment. Flood

hazard and risk based spatial planning must be applied for flood prone areas (Pender, 2007).

Flood control measures aimed at lowering the vulnerability of people and their property

include list of means, i.e. river engineering works, such as dams, flood walls, embankments,

or river training works, retention polders (Klijn, 2009). For example, the Netherlands as a

country with long history of flood risk management using the structural mitigation measure

strategy represented by protective dikes for centuries, at present employs alternative

mitigation measure strategies in different regions like depoldering for Oude Maasje, flood

bypass for Green river, etc. Ideally, the trade-off between different flood mitigation measures

has to be applied depending on the regional characteristics, flood type and frequency, land

use of floodplain as well as the vulnerability of the region. (Tsamalashvili, 2010).

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2.3 Flood Modelling

Climate change and growing urban areas have dramatically increased the frequency

and the severity of flood events. This has enhanced the interest of the Scientific Community

and of public institutions into creating more accurate studies regarding the simulation of

possible flood areas. In mountain and hill areas, it is much easier to mark the flood areas

even with a one-dimensional scheme, while in lowlands the accurate delimitation of flood

areas becomes much more difficult requiring a more detailed description of the territory. In

particular, the definition of flood areas in costal zones is extremely difficult because of the

small changes in the land surface elevation and because of the presence of manmade

structures that may significantly modify flood distribution. (Sole, Giosa, Nolè, Medina,

Bateman, 2008).

The evaluation of flood risk is very complex due to uncertainties of the problem and

the oversight of observed data, especially for high return period discharges. This problem it is

more difficult to solve in very flat areas because of the small changes in the land surface

elevation models and, of the presence of manmade structures that may significantly modify

flood distribution and variable flow resistance characteristics. Nowadays, the advent of

computing resources allows us to easily apply two-dimensional model approaches, to study

flood propagation in the areas in which it isn’t correct to apply one-dimensional scheme to

the flow. This is the case of coastal plains and lowlands. Two dimensional models are

commonly used to evaluate flows in lowland catchments. The topographic data resolution

affects flow routing. Generally good digital terrain models (DEMs) must contain an accurate

description of micro topography (e.g. levees, embankments, roads, buildings) to create a

computational mesh in which all the elements that support or keep flow dynamics and flood
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propagation are included. A good river and floodplain description is possible using high

resolution input data (Sole, Giosa , Nolè , Medina, Bateman, 2008).

2.3.1 Two Dimensional Flood Modelling

According to Alkema (2007), identifying and understanding the

characteristics of flood hazard output parameters is the most essential and critical part

in flood modeling. It should give users the correct characterizations of the flood

processes and not only the flood extend (like in traditional methodology for flood

hazard mapping), but also for water flow velocity, flood depth and warning time

duration.

Floodplain development presents many challenges to the floodplain manager

and hydraulic engineer. Historic floodplain maps that were created when little or no

development existed are no longer valid representations of the existing floodplain

condition. Conveyance of floodwaters in wash corridors and arroyo floodplains that

were once predominantly overland sheet flow or flow in rills and gullies, are now

redirected by houses, fences, small buildings, streets, and other obstructions to flow.

In many of these cases, flood containment within the historic mapped flood plain is

questionable due to loss of storage and flow path obstruction, and there is a need to

quantify the discharge that has been diverted from the floodplain. Traditional one-

dimensional models are inadequate to predict the unconfined flow behavior in such

urban environments and if used, require too many assumptions regarding flow

diversions and potential confinement. Advances in the computational speed of

computers has facilitated the reality of using two-dimensional flood routing programs

to efficiently simulate these complex urban flood environments with accuracy and
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detail. (Ogden and Brien, 2001). For Flow modeling in complex terrain the best

approach is 2D modeling and requires of representation of terrain topography in terms

of Digital Elevation Model (Alkema, 2007). 2D modeling can be defined as the best

solution for simulation of inundation processes (Delft-Hydraulics, 2009).

Concerning to flood hazard and risk assessment local community knowledge

have been found as an important, indeed primary source for information (Whitehouse

2001). Local knowledge is also useful for calibration and verification of risk and

disaster scenarios (Bassolé, 2001).

2.4 FLO-2D Software

FLO-2D is a flood routing model that simulates channel flow, unconfined overland

flow and street flow over complex topography. It can calibrate flood with additional details

like rainfall, infiltration, sediment transport, buildings, levees, embankments, walls (wall

collapse), dam breach, mudflows, storm drain, culverts, bridges, hydraulic structures and

groundwater. Rainfall, infiltration and most features can be spatially and temporally variable

with historical rainfall events replicated with NEXRAD data. FLO-2D is a combined

hydrologic and hydraulic model so there is no need to separate rainfall/runoff and flood

routing. FLO-2D is a FEMA approved hydraulic model for riverine studies and unconfined

flood analyses.

FLO-2D Basic can tackle many diverse flooding problems including:

 River overbank flooding

 Flood mitigation design

 Urban flooding with street flow, flow obstruction and storage loss
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 Watershed rainfall and runoff

 Flood insurance studies

 Unconfined alluvial fan flows

 Overland progression of tsunami and hurricane storm surges

2.4.1 FLO-2D Requirements

2.4.1.1Digital Elevation Model

The variation in surface elevation for a given area plays an important

role in water flow and propagation. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) as a basic

element for flood modeling requires a high precision. The accuracy of DEM

should be presented as height accuracy (Tsamalashvili, 2010).

2.4.1.2 Surface Roughness coefficients

Roughness coefficients represent the resistance to flood flows in

channels and flood plains. In densely vegetated flood plains, the major

roughness is cause by trees, vines and bushes (Arcementetal.). The values

were derived from Mannings coefficient (Chow, 1959) depending on land use

map and applied for flood modeling (Tsamalashvili, 2010). For the purpose of

flood modeling, roughness coefficient need to be defined for natural rivers ad

floodplains. Usually, the roughness coefficients (Stricker Manning, ks) cannot

be measured directly and therefore needs to be estimated. As an empirical

parameter, the roughness depends on several factors such as small scale

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topographic heterogeneity, vegetation characteristics and channel

geomorphology. Usually, the value of roughness parameters is estimated

through a trial and error model calibration procedure that is based on visual

comparison of simulated and observed values. This approach is subject to

uncertainty and also time consuming (Ruji, 2007).

Table 2.1 Channel Flow Manning's n Roughness Values

Channel Type n-value

Main Channel – Shallow Slope 0.020 - 0.045

Tributary Channel – Moderate Slope 0.030 - 0.065

Lower Watershed 0.040 - 0.075

Upper Watershed – Steep Slope 0.065 - 0.15

Alluvial Fan 0.06 - 0.15

Table 2.2 Overland Flow Manning's n Roughness Values

Surface n-value

Dense turf 0.17 - 0.80

Bermuda and dense grass, dense vegetation 0.17 - 0.48

Shrubs and forest litter, pasture 0.30 - 0.40

Average grass cover 0.20 - 0.40

Poor grass cover on rough surface 0.20 - 0.30

Short prairie grass 0.10 - 0.20

Sparse vegetation 0.05 - 0.13

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Sparse rangeland with debris 0.09 - 0.34

0% cover 0.05 - 0.25

Plowed or tilled fields 0.08 - 0.12

Fallow - no residue 0.06 - 0.22

Conventional tillage 0.06 - 0.16

Chisel plow 0.30 - 0.50

Fall disking 0.04 - 0.10

No till - no residue 0.07 - 0.17

No till (20 - 40% residue cover) 0.17 - 0.47

Open ground with debris 0.10 - 0.20

Shallow glow on asphalt or concrete (0.25" to 1.0") 0.10 - 0.15

Fallow fields 0.08 - 0.12

Open ground, no debris 0.04 - 0.10

Asphalt or concrete 0.02 - 0.05

2.4.1.3 Rainfall Data

The amount of rainfall directly relates to the risk of floods in a given

area. However, Vieux (1994) argues that for a significant meteorological

event to become a significant hydrologic event depends on more parameters

aside from the rainfall. Factors such as terrestrial processes and time

contribute to the risk of flooding from heavy rainfall. Thus, it is imperative

that the amount of rainfall gathered be paired up with the corresponding

duration of rainfall.
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2.4.2 FLO-2D Guidelines

2.4.2.1 Grid Element Flow Directions

FLO-2D routes flows in eight directions as shown in Figure 2.1 The

four compass directions are numbered 1 to 4 and the four diagonal directions

are numbered 5 to 8. Some components such as levees are placed on

boundaries of the grid element. The grid element boundaries create an octagon

in this case. The simplest FLO-2D model is overland flow on an alluvial fan

or floodplain. It requires only the topography files and a hydrograph. The

conceptualized grid element octagonal geometry is primarily important for the

flow width across the grid element boundaries and diagonal flow lengths. The

grid element surface area is still a square.

Figure 2.1 Flow Directions

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2.4.2.2 Grid System Project Boundary

When the DTM points are imported to the GDS and a grid system is

overlaid, the grid element fills the screen window. At this point there is no

project boundary or project area. The user selects the grid size and then

outlines the boundary using a polygon. When the polygon is completed or

closed, the project area is outlined by red boundary elements (see Figure 4).

The area inside the polygon represents the project flow domain. The red

boundary elements are not included as part of the project grid system. The

boundary should be created with the aerial image in the background to avoid

creating a boundary to close to the project area. The boundary acts like a solid

wall and no flow leaves the project area unless channel or floodplain outflow

elements are assigned.

Figure 2.2 Project Boundary in FLO-2D Environment

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2.4.2.3 Levee

The FLO-2D levee component confines flow on the floodplain surface

by blocking one of the eight flow directions. Levees are designated at the grid

element boundaries (shown by the red lines in Figure 2.3). If a levee runs

through the center of a grid element, the model levee position is represented

by one or more of the eight grid element boundaries. Levees often follow the

boundaries along a series of consecutive elements. A levee crest elevation can

be assigned for each of the eight flow directions in a given grid element.

Figure 2.3 Levees in FLO-2D Environment

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2.4.2.4 Overtopping of Levee

The model will predict levee overtopping without failure when the

flow depth exceeds the levee height. The levee output file,

LEVOVERTOP.OUT, reports the discharge hydrograph overtopping the levee

element. The discharge is combined for all the levee directions that are being

overtopped. Levee overtopping will not cause levee failure unless the failure

or breach option is invoked.

2.5 Flow Simulation using FLO-2D in other Countries

2.5.1. Case Study in Rio Grande

In 1997, the Bosque Hydrology Group reviewed the potential application of

the FLO-2D model to predict overbank flooding along the Middle Rio Grande. The

Corps developed a digital terrain map (DTM) and overlaid a grid system of 8,024

elements; 500 ft square. The river reaches included 234 channel elements represented

by 11 surveyed cross sections and 9 cross sections extracted from the 1995 DTM

mapping. Infiltration and the levee system were modelled. Three flood hydrographs

were simulated: The 250-year project flood event with a peak discharge of 42,000 cfs;

the 100-year flood with a peak discharge of 15,326 cfs; and a high flow season

hydrograph with a peak discharge of 7,000 cfs. The project flood event was simulated

as both a levee and no-levee scenario. The spatial flood inundation results are viewed

graphically when running FLO-2D or the post-processor programs. Although this was

a simple test application to determine the utility of the model for predicting overbank

flooding on the Rio Grande, the results proved to be interesting. In the levee flood
 25

scenario, levees were overtopped in the upstream 30 percent of the reach inundating

about 40 percent of the floodplain outside the levees. In the downstream half of the

reach, all the overbank flooding was confined between the levees. Without the levees,

the flood inundated approximately 50 percent of the floodplain in the reach. Most of

the floodplain inundation occurred in the upstream half of the reach. Higher

floodplain depths were predicted along the eastern edge of the floodplain against the

valley bluff. The results from these flood scenarios indicate that the flood hydrograph

had a very limited volume. The 100-yr flood was only simulated for the case with the

levees. All of the overbank flooding was contained between the levees. Most of the

upstream half of the reach was inundated, but only about one-third of the downstream

half of the reach was flooded. Channel conveyance capacity was greater in the lower

portion of the river reach. The test application of FLO-2D to the Isleta reach proved

successful in several aspects. First, it was ascertained that the model could

successfully identify which reaches might be preferable for overbank flooding.

Secondly, the test demonstrated the importance of routing the flood hydrograph.

Timing and flow duration will be critical to assess overbank. Accurate prediction of

floodplain inundation along the Rio Grande is contingent on three important factors;

adequate DTM mapping (both in topographic accuracy and contour resolution),

appropriate cross section spacing and calibrated roughness parameters.

2.5.2 Case Study in Taiwan

The research conducted in Taiwan utilized a two dimensional model (FLO-2D

software) to simulate a debris flow and flood, and the accuracy of the simulation,
 26

including flow depth, velocity and volumetric sediment, was analyzed using data

collected on the rainfall and terrain. The parameters and processes needed for a

numerical simulation method for debris flow routing and depositions are formulated

to provide a reference for hazard zone mapping. The case study in this research

consists of three phases. In the first phase, debris flow data, including information on

topography and rainfall from typhoon Mindulle in 2004 collected from First River

Basin of Song-Her District in Taiwan, were compiled to establish a database of

factors that influence flood and debris flow. For the second phase, a numerical

simulation was performed using FLO-2D with the results presented as area of debris-

flow inundation, maximum deposit depth, and deposit volume. The simulation results

were then compared with the aerial photos and the micro geomorphological study.

Results from this research determined the area of influence from the First River Basin

of Song-Her District flood and debris flow to provide basic information for the local

evacuation and rescue route planning for flood and debris flows (Lin, Lee, Chang,

2011)

2.5.3 Case Study in Venezuela

The December 1999 3-day storm along the north-central coast of Venezuela

initiated widespread landslides that evolved into mud and debris flows in watersheds

throughout the coastal State of Vargas. One of the many urbanized alluvial fans

impacted by flooding and debris flows was the community of Tanaguarena at the

mouth of the Cerro Grande River canyon. The Institute of Fluid Mechanics,

University of Central Venezuela, is currently designing flood and debris flow

 27

mitigation on this alluvial fan. A three-phase analysis of the replicating the 1999

flood was implemented. First, the December 1999 rainfall distribution, intensity and

runoff were investigated. Then the 3-day flood hydrograph was estimated with the

HEC-1 hydrologic. Finally, a two-dimensional flood routing model FLO-2D with the

capabilities of simulating hyper concentrated sediment flows was applied to route the

flows over the alluvial fan. With this calibrated model, flood mitigation can be

designed for a selected frequency design flood event. Results indicate that the FLO-

2D model can accurately replicate the 1999 flooding on the Cerro Grande fan (Bello

et. al, 2003). A method is proposed to simulate hazard maps for flooding and mud and

debris flow events, based on the application of a two-dimensional flood routing

model FLO-2D. The method defines hazard levels based on flood event frequency

and intensity. The FLO-2D model has been enhanced with pre- and post-processor

programs to automate data input and to generate hazard maps in ArcView GIS

format. The proposed methodology was tested in twenty three sites in the Caracas and

Vargas State region in Venezuela. This paper describes one application of the

proposed method to the community of Tanaguarena on the Cerro Grande alluvial fan.

The model results compare very well to the maximum flow depths and area of

inundation observed during the December 1999 Vargas debris flow disaster. The

hazard maps for the region are being used by local agencies to develop emergency

plans and new land use policies. The methodology is being expanded to other flood

hazard regions in Latin America (Garcia, Rodriguez, Brien, 2004).

 28

2.5.4 Case Study in Maricopa County

The Flood Control District of Maricopa County has supported the

development of spatially and temporally variable rainfall simulation in the FLO-2D

model. FLO-2D is a two-dimensional flood routing model that can simulate rainfall-

runoff. Initially, FLO-2D was designed to simulate uniform rainfall on a finite

difference grid system of a watershed or floodplain. The model system has been

expanded to interpolate ASCII grid file rain data (such as NEXRAD rain data or the

Maricopa County rain gage data) to incorporate spatially and temporally variable

rainfall data. FLO-2D can also simulate a moving storm system. The variable rainfall-

runoff can be simulated with multiple inflow flood hydrographs routed over

urbanized alluvial fans and floodplains. Spatially variable rainfall losses are

computed with the Green-Ampt model. The assignment of the Green-Ampt

parameters is automatically generated by a processor program. Simulating spatially

and temporally variable rainfall enables monitored rain storms to be replicated, design

storms to be predicted, or real-time network rain gages data to be simulated as a

projected flood event. The new rainfall components in the FLO-2D flood routing

model set the stage for integration for a predictive early flood warning system (Brien

and Zhao, 2004).

2.6 Flow Simulation using FLO-2D in the Philippines

In this study, the author conducted simulations of flood and debris flows to assess the

risks in inhabited areas throughout the Philippines and validated the results in the field,

focusing on the provinces of Pangasinan and Aurora as primary examples. Watersheds that
 29

drain in alluvial fan using a 10-m resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-derived Digital

Elevation Model (DEM) was first delineated, and then a 1 in 100-year rain return rainfall

scenario for the watershed was used to simulate flood and debris flows using FLO-2D. The

resulting simulations were used to generate flow hazard maps which are consistent with

danger zones in alluvial fans delineated previously from satellite imagery and available

DEMs. The simulation was further verified with field assessment. Results show that a total of

135 barangays with 252,405 people in Pangasinan and 25 barangays with 34,495 people in

Aurora are at risk of flood and debris flows (Ferrer et. al, 2012).

2.7 Levees as Flood Mitigation Technique

Structural approaches are generally based on engineering intervention to control

floods or protecting human settlements by building levees and other structural mitigation

structures (Brody, Kang, Bernhardt, 2008). Dikes and Levees are often used synonymously.

Dikes are usually an earthen or rock structure built partially across a river for the purpose of

maintaining the depth and location of navigational channel. Levees are earthen embankments

used to protect low-lying land from flooding. Levees are built between the floodway and the

structures to which they are intended to protect (Kreibich, Thieken, Petrow, Muller, Merz,

2002).

A levee is a slope or embankment, typically but not always constructed parallel to the

waterways, that prevents or reduces flooding on the landward side. Levees have been used

for thousands of years to provide flood protection. Levees are used to manage flooding from

some inland rivers in Australia. Large riverine levee systems have also been constructed in

many international locations, including along the Mississippi River in the USA and in Europe
 30

along the Danube and the Rhine. Prominent large coastal levee systems have been

constructed in Canada (Specifically Vancouver), throughout the Netherlands, and in New

Orleans in the USA. Levees can be a valuable flood protection measure and are often seen as

an “obvious” solution to river flooding (Engineering Solution for flood mitigation in

Brisbane 2011).

2.7.1 Levees Freeboard

According Natural Resources Agency Department of Water Resources

California Chapter Levee system means one or more discrete reaches of levee and/or

floodwall and other flood management structures along one or more streams that

together provide flood protection to a common, defined area (i.e., the protected area).

Levee System includes freeboard which is the height of the physical top of levee and

it serves as a factor of safety for containing water in the stream without overtopping

the levee. The freeboard of a channel is typically designated as the vertical distance

from the computed design water surface elevation to the top of the channel levee or

floodwall. According to Pridal and Sing (1991), the design instruction on creating

levee on highly urbanized regions is advancing within the Corps of Engineers.

According to the authors the typical height of freeboard values are often considered

ranges from 2 to 3 feet in height (approximately 1 meter).

 31

2.8 Tropical Storm Ondoy and its Return Period

As stated by Rich Ybanez (2013), it is essential to understand return period also

known as recurrence interval. There are five common recurrence intervals namely 5-, 10-,

25-, 50-, and 100-year rainfall return periods. Generally, the higher the higher the return

period, the larger the accumulated rainfall will be, but it will also be less likely to occur.

According to data from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, & Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) analysed by the National Hydraulic Research Center (NHRC) in

the University of the Philippines Diliman, Tropical Storm Ondoy was a 180-year rainfall

event.

Figure 2.4 Return Period computed with data from TS Ondoy Science Garden Station
 32

From this graph, we can see that the 2-year return period is at 120mm over 6 hours.

This means every 2 years, we can expect this amount of rain to fall in this area. For the 10-

year return period, 225mm of rain can fall over a 6-hour period. This is much more rainfall,

but occurs only around every 10 years. Return periods are usually only determined up to the

100-year frequency (nearly 350mm in this graph), so Ondoy had to be projected using

existing data as well as the fresh data from Ondoy itself. Similar with the number of

typhoons per year, and the rainiest month of the year, the rainfall return period is determined

by statistical means and is not a 100% certainty.

 33

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter discussed the research methods available for the study which is directed

toward the assessment of possible flood mitigation technique in Barangay Del Monte by

utilizing 2D Software. Likewise, this chapter presents the various procedures and strategies

in identifying sources for needed information to be able to use the FLO-2D Software. Thus

this part of the study specifies the method of research used, respondents of the study, data

collection, software used, data representative and reliability, and analysis of the gathered

data.

3.1 Research Local

Quezon City is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila. It is the most populated

city in the country and the largest city by area in Metro Manila. It also rank as the second

largest land area in the country being next to Davao City and it is five times larger than

Manila. It is a region of moderate slopes and it is composed of largely rolling hills with

alternating ridges and lowlands topography. In figure 3.2 and 3.3 shows the Aerial Image and

Elevation Map of the region. The northern portion of the city has an undulating land relief

that culminates at the Novaliches Reservoir while the southern half has a low grade terrain.

Quezon City is served by a series of rivers and creeks that straddles across nearby cities. The

northern segment is drained by the very narrow Tullahan River, while running in the

southern portion of the city is the equally narrow San Juan River. During Typhoon Ketsana

most popularly known as Typhoon “Ondoy”, Quezon City ranked as the highest number of

affected families and individuals in the Metro Manila or the National Capital Region.

33
 34

According to NDCC out of 142 barangays, 23 of those were inundated by flood having a

total of 14,561 families and 72,805 individuals.

3.1.1 Barangay Del Monte.

The figure below shows the vicinity map of Barangay Del Monte, Quezon

City which comprises of 24 streets and bounded in north by Pat Senador street, west

by Dario River, east by Judge Juan Luna street, and south by Del Monte avenue.

Figure 3.1 Map of the Study Area (Courtesy of QC CPDO)

35
36
 37

Table 3.1 (24) Streets of Barangay Del Monte

Streets

Apollo Navarette

Baler Osmeña

Cansenco Pat Senador

Del Monte Avenue Pitimini

Ernest Porto Roosevelt Avenue

Florencia San Antonio

General Wood San Pedro

Judge Juan Luna San Pedro Bautista

Kentucky Santiago

Lincoln Tolentino

Manalo Valencia

Marinduque West Riverside

3.1.2 Interview

The authors interviewed the staffs of Barangay Del Monte, Quezon City about

the past flood events experienced by the residents which is essential to the completion

of this study. According to the staffs, Barangay Del Monte is prone to flooding

especially the region near West River Side. The low lying streets of Barangay Del

Monte are normally inundated during rainy season because of the overflowing of the

Dario River.
 38

The residents of Barangay Del Monte have a high level of preparedness when

it comes to flood. And was alarmed when Ondoy's havoc was unleashed . Ondoy was

considered to be the most devastating tropical cyclone according to the Barangay

staffs of Barangay Del Monte. In just thirty minutes, the floodwaters is nearly 23 feet

(second floor level). Ondoy's rage was forever remembered by the residents of

Barangay Del Monte.

3.2 Data Gathering

The authors collected various data from different departments and institutions which

are crucial to the completion of this study. The list of data collected is shown in Table 3.2.

For more detailed overview of the morphology of Barangay Del Monte topographical data

and other related map have been collected. Additional information was gathered by means of

an interview with residents and local government officials that tackle flooding in general,

past flood events and past flood experience. The researchers also collected various reports

from different department of Quezon City hall about the past and present mitigation projects

that have been implemented in the study area. Moreover different type of dataset was utilized

in flood simulation, these include: Shapefiles, DEM, and Rainfall Intensity Duration

Frequency.

Table 3.2 Data used in the Study

Agencies Data Gathered

City Planning and Development Slope Map and other thematic

Office, Quezon City Hall Maps

City Engineer’s Office, Quezon Quezon City Map

 39

City Hall

Philippine Atmospheric

Geophysical and Astronomical

Annual Rainfall
Services Administration

(PAGASA)

Metro Manila Development Flood History

Authority (MMDA)

National Mapping and Resource

Interferometric Synthetic
Information Authority
Aperture Radar (IfSAR)
(NAMRIA)

National Engineering Center

Quezon City Shapefile
(NEC)

UP National Institute of Stream and Catchment

Geological Sciences (UP Shapefile, Rainfall Intensity

NIGS) Duration Frequency

3.2.1 Thematic Map

3.2.1.1 Flood Prone Area Map

In figure 3.4 shows that the study area is located at the southern half of

the City having a low grade terrain which makes it prone to flooding. Based

on the Flood Prone Area Map given by QC CPDO, the western portion of the

study area is a flood prone zone because it is nearby the San Francisco River

which contributes majority of the inundation.

 40

Figure 3.4 Flood Prone Area Map (Courtesy of QC CPDO)

3.3 Design Model and Analysis

In this study, the historical method was used as a form of analysis in the assessment

of the hazard of Del Monte Quezon City. The data were from past flood occurrence that have

happened from year 2009 which consisted of the data regarding typhoon Ondoy and amount

of rainfall in the area. The data that were used were obtained from University of the

Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences (UP NIGS). The data was focused in

the area of Metro Manila from which the rain activities are affecting the study area. Data

from Manila City Hall were also acquired as to the total area of Del Monte Quezon City. The

Geographical Information System (GIS) ArcGIS was used in the generation of shapefile that

limits the bounds of the Digital Elevation Model. The results were obtained as a product of
 41

the data gathered about the past flood, DEM, and shapefile which resulted to a flood hazard

map. It showed the different levels of flood of the study area. The study’s analyses were

processed through flood simulation using FLO-2D Software.

3.4 ArcMap

The researchers utilized ArcMap which is a main component of Esri’s ArcGIS of

spatial processing programs. The authors used a detailed stream (.shp) file that has been

provided by UP National Institute of Geological Sciences (UP NIGS) and National

Engineering Center (NEC). In figure 3.5 and figure 3.6 shows the large crop of stream

catchment that covers the middle portion of Metro Manila including the area of interest and

the shapefile of the whole Quezon City combined with the large streams features

respectively.

Figure 3.5 (Large Stream Features courtesy of UP NIGS)

 42

Figure 3.6 (Quezon City Shapefile courtesy of NEC)

3.4.1 Shapefile

There was a need recreate and extract the boundary of drainage basin of the

study area from the original shapefile since other parts of the streams are beyond the

scope of the flood modelling simulation. The group clipped out the stream systems

that include the area under study that will limit the bounds of the Digital Terrain

Model (DTM). In Figure 3.7 shows the large streams features and streams to be

extracted. The extracted shapefile combined with QC shapefile in Figure 3.8 includes

other regions beyond the boundary of Quezon City; it is very acceptable in extracting

catchment shapefile since the basis of bounds for catchment is not based on political

bounds but rather on watershed divide. This was to ensure that all of possible streams

that will contribute to the study area will be included in the extraction of DTM and to

certify the accuracy of the result. The extracted shapefile in Figure 3.9 has a dendritic
 43

type of drainage system which complemented with the type of topography of the

region.

Figure 3.7 (Large Stream Features and Study Area Shapefile)

Figure 3.8 (Extracted Shapefile combined with QC Shapefile)

 44

Figure 3.9 (Extracted Shapefile)

3.5 FLO-2D Software

The group utilized FLO-2D for the simulation and design of the flood model. The

software requires Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with an extension of (.PTS) and Rainfall

Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) with a file format of (.DAT).

3.5.1 Digital Elevation Model

The DEM and contour were acquired from National Mapping and Resource

Information Authority (NAMRIA) projected in both UTM – PRS92 and UTM –

WGS84. The generated elevation model was derived from Interferometric Synthetic

Aperture Radar (IfSAR) Data covering Quezon City with a 5 meter resolution. In

figure 3.10 shows the acquired IfSAR DEM with a total perimeter of 86.29 km and

gross area of 463.18 sq. km. The clipped out Terrain Model covered six rivers
 45

namely: Culiat, Dario, San Francisco, Mariblo, San Juan and Diliman River. San

Francisco River was the focused of the design for levee.

3.5.2 Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency

The rainfall data was collected from UP National Institute of Geological

Sciences (UP NIGS). This RIDF was from the rain delivered by Tropical Storm

Ondoy which took place on September 26, 2009. The rainfall was obtained from the

Science Garden rain gauge. Maximum rainfall values for a 24 hour period were

collected to identify the typhoons’ intensity with the area being studied.

Thiessen Polygon was utilized to determine the rain gauge station to be used

in the study. The original DEM fall under two rain gauge locations namely Science

Garden and Port Area but the exported study area falls under SC Garden observation

station. Figure 3.11 shows the study area and the Thiessen Polygon with rain gauge

stations.

3.5.3 Manning Coefficients

The group assigned 0.15 of Manning’s roughness for land masses and 0.03 for

streams. These two values of Manning’s grid element were the standard parameter

utilized in Project NOAH and also the values used for build-up environment. The

Manning’s n factor is an essential part of flood modelling as it controls the velocity of

flood in the simulation.

46
47
 48

3.6 Flood Simulation

3.6.1 DTM Elevation Point

The group loaded the Digital Terrain Model acquired from National Mapping

and Resource Information Authority. This DTM are digitized to easily overlay with

Shapefiles, Geotiff Images, Contours and etc. In Figure 3.10 shows the independent

catchment created using DTM. This study area has a total of 719,498 grids with an

element size of 10x10 meter which is a typical size of grid system used in flood

modelling calibration. It has a maximum elevation of 82.33 meters and a minimum

elevation of 0.159 meters.

Figure 3.12 Catchment of the Study Area

 49

3.6.2 Region Limits

After loading the whole catchment the next procedure is to set up the region

limits which can be obtain from the terrain model. There are four grid corners that

will appear as an icon the lower left and upper right corner X and Y. The group

partnered up the lower left corner X with the upper right corner Y, and lower left

corner Y partnered with the upper right corner X that created the grid that were just

exactly as the elevation format of the drainage basin. In Figure 3.11 shows the four

grid corners.

Figure 3.13 Region Limits

 50

3.6.3 Boundary Grid and Outflow Locations

The group defined the boundary grid to ensure that the whole catchment was

included in the simulation. The researchers determined the location of outflow based

on its elevation in the Digital Terrain Model and also with the help of NOAH GIS

Team. The boundary Grid and Outflow Location is shown in Figure 3.11

Figure 3.14 Boundary and Outflow Grids

 51

3.6.4 Roughness Coefficient and Infiltration

After boundary grids and outflow locations were created, the group assigned

parameters of Manning’s coefficient and Infiltration to grid system. Roughness of

0.15 was set for all the land masses and 0.03 for the entire span of streams. Green

Ampt Model is an approximation to the Infiltration excess process and it is essential

parameter to flood hazard mapping. Figure 3.12 shows the Manning n values created

in the study area

Figure 3.15 Manning’s n Values

 52

3.7 Mapper

FLO-2D Mapper is the post-processor program that creates maps and other plots of

the FLO-2D model results including hydraulic variables, water surface elevations, duration

of inundation, and others.

3.7.1 Flood Hazard Level

Figure 3.10 shows the Hazard Level with the corresponding height of flooding

and the average height for Filipinos, which is 1.68 meters. Red refers to areas with a

high hazard level where flood flow can be more than 1.5 meter depth. Orange

indicates a moderate hazard level where flood flow ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 meter

depth while yellow refers to areas that may be inundated with flood flow ranges from

0.1 to 0.5 meter thick.

Figure 3.16 Depths and Scale of Flood Hazard Map

 53

3.7.2 Flood Hazard Description

It is shown in Table 3.2 The three color of flood hazard level and its

corresponding description of danger on humans and structures.

Table 3.3 Definition of Flood Hazard Map

Hazard Level Map Color Description

Persons are in danger both inside and outside

High Red their houses. Structures are in danger of being

destroyed

Persons are in danger outside their houses.

Building may suffer damage and possible

Medium Orange
destruction depending on construction

characteristics

Danger to person is low or non-existent,

building may suffer little damages, but

Low Yellow
flooding or sedimentation may affect structure

interiors
 54

Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the analyses and interpretation of the results generated using

FLO-2D Software. The results were based from the level of hazard produced by Mapper

which is a post processor of FLO-2D. The levels of hazard have three colors which

correspond to flood depth namely; red, orange and yellow as discussed in Methodology.

4.1 Flood Hazard Map without Levee Scenario

The following figures shows the Flood Hazard Maps generated from the

Tropical Storm Ondoy using the first simulation (no-levee scenario).

Figure 4.1 Simulation of Typhoon Ondoy without Levee

54
 55

It is shown in Figure 4.1 the level of hazard generated in the simulation of Tropical

Storm Ondoy. All of the streams are in flood hazard level 3 including San Francisco River

which signifies extreme flood were experienced during typhoon Ondoy. Flood hazard level 2

is noticeable in the upper region of Dario River, eastern side of Culiat, Diliman, and Mariblo

River and at the western side of San Juan and San Francisco River. Very minimal hazard

level 1 is concentrated at the upper and western regions of Dario River, eastern portion of

Culiat, Mariblo and Diliman River, western regions of San Francisco and eastern side of San

Juan River.

Figure 4.2 Flood Hazard Map of Barangay Del Monte without Levee Scenario
 56

It is shown in Figure 4.2 the level of hazard generated in the simulation of Tropical

Storm Ondoy in Barangay Del Monte Quezon City without the levee scenario. Based on the

flood map simulated by the group only the Streets of San Pedro Bautista, Pitimini and

Roosevelt Avenue were clear from flood. And the remaining 23 Streets were wholly or partly

inundated by Typhoon Ondoy.

The western region of Atty. Pat Senador is under flood hazard level 3, while the

eastern region is under level 2. The Streets of Marinduque, Apollo, Navarette, Del Monte

Avenue, West River Side, San Pedro, Valencia, General Wood, Florencia, Manalo, and

Ernest Porto which are all situated in the western region of Del Monte is heavily flooded

because they are adjacent to San Francisco River; they are all classified as hazard level 3.

There are minimal regions under Flood Hazard Level 2 it started from the eastern part of

Atty. Pat Senador continues to the western part of Barangay Del Monte up to the central

portion of Osmeña and Tolentino and western sides of Canseco and E. Porto. The streets and

their corresponding hazard level are summarized in Table 4.1.

 57

Table 4.1 Streets and Hazard Level (no – levee scenario)

Streets West/North Middle East/South

Apollo Red

Baler Yellow Orange

Cansenco Red

Del Monte Avenue Red

Kentucky Red Red

Ernest Porto Red Orange

Florencia Red Red Red

General Wood Red Red

Judge Juan Luna Yellow

Lincoln Red

Manalo Red Red Red

Marinduque Red

Navarette Red

Osmeña Orange Red Yellow

Pat Senador Red Red Orange

Pitimini

Roosevelt Avenue

San Antonio Yellow

San Pedro Red

San Pedro Bautista

Santiago Orange

Tolentino Orange

Valencia Red Red Red

West Riverside Red Red Red

 58

4.2 Flow Depth Model

Figure 4.3 Flow Depth Map

The flow depth model obtained from the simulation of Typhoon Ondoy using the first

scenario (without levee) is shown in Figure 4.3. The model includes the corresponding height

of flow in meter base unit. The height of flow in San Francisco River ranges from 3.2 to 6.4

meters. The middle third of the river has a minimum depth of 4.8 meters and a maximum of

5.6 meters from which Barangay Del Monte is located. It is almost equivalent to two storey

house.

The researchers utilized the flow depth map to design the height and freeboard of the

levees to be used for the second simulation. Levees were design at a stage of 5m freeboard.
 59

The flow depth result was exported to ArcMap environment to easily visualize its elevation.

Geotiff image was overlaid to ensure the locations of levees are exactly at the same grid in

FLO-2D Software. In figure 4.4 shows the flow depth at cell (left) and designed levee height

(right) in Arcmap and FLO-2D Environment respectively. The locations of levees are display

in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.4 Design of Levee Height

Figure 4.5 Locations of Levees

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4.3 Flood Hazard Map with Levee Scenario

Figure 4.6 Simulation of Typhoon Ondoy with Levee Scenario

It is shown in Figure 4.6 the level of hazard generated in the simulation of Tropical

Storm Ondoy with the levee design scenario. All of the streams are still in flood hazard level

3 but the areas under this level were reduced. The researchers placed the system of levees

with the bottom half of San Francisco River to determine its effect in Barangay Del Monte

Quezon City. There are minimal changes in appearance between the two simulations but it is

evident that there is a certain decrease in flood hazard levels in all the streams. Flood Hazard

Level 3 was greatly reduced in the upstream of San Francisco and also in San Juan River.

Several regions were reduced from Flood Hazard Level 2 to Flood Hazard Level 1 especially

on the tributaries of Culiat, Mariblo, and Diliman River and also on the western and upstream

of Dario, and western of San Francisco and San Juan River.

 61

Figure 4.7 Flood Hazard Map of Barangay Del Monte with Levee Scenario

Figure 4.8 Flood Hazard Map of Barangay Del Monte with Levee Scenario
 62

It is shown in Figure 4.8 the level of hazard generated in the simulation of Tropical

Storm Ondoy in Barangay Del Monte Quezon City with levee scenario.

The western region of Atty. Pat Senador is under flood hazard level 3, while the

central and eastern region is under level 2 and 1 respectively. The Streets of Marinduque,

Apollo, Navarette, Del Monte Avenue, West River Side, San Pedro, northern region of

General Wood, west side of Florencia, Manalo, Valencia and Ernest Porto which are located

at the west side of Barangay Del Monte are all classified as hazard level 3. The central and

eastern region of Valencia and Manalo, and Osmeña are all classified as hazard level 2.

Moreover, the roads of Cansenco, western zone of Ernest Porto and Florencia, including the

barangay hall are all under flood hazard level 2 which are represented by color orange in the

flood hazard map. Central part of Tolentino Street is under flood scale number one including

the eatern side of Baler and Osmeña. The streets and their corresponding hazard level after

the levees have been placed in San Francisco River are summarized in Table 4.2.
 63

Table 4.2 Streets and Hazard Level (levee scenario)

Streets West/North Middle East/South

Apollo Red

Baler

Cansenco Orange

Del Monte Avenue Red

Kentucky Red Orange

Ernest Porto Red Orange

Florencia Red Orange

General Wood Red Orange

Judge Juan Luna

Lincoln

Manalo Red Orange Orange

Marinduque Red

Navarette Red

Osmeña Orange Yellow Orange

Pat Senador Red Orange Yellow

Pitimini

Roosevelt Avenue

San Antonio

San Pedro Red

San Pedro Bautista

Santiago

Tolentino Yellow

Valencia Red Orange Orange

West Riverside Red Red Red

 64

Chapter V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the conclusions drawn by the group from the results obtained

from the research. This study will investigate the effects of levee scenario with the flooding

occurred during typhoon Ondoy.

5.1 Flood Map of Typhoon Ondoy with and without Levee design

Considering the two simulations, huge decrease in flooding was noticed in the

simulations involving terrain with Del Monte. There were some points that showed a

decrease from Flood Hazard Level 3 to Hazard Level 2. And there are regions were

Flood Hazard Level 2 reduced to Flood Hazard Level 1. There is a great change in

central region of Brgy. Del Monte Quezon City after system of levee has been placed.

The Streets of Osmeña, Valencia and Cansenco gives the most obvious change in

flood scale.

5.2 Levee as Structural Mitigation

The researchers concluded that Levee is a suitable flood mitigation technique

in Barangay Del Monte Quezon City because based on the flood hazard map

generated using FLO-2D the flood level was reduced especially on the area under

study. Though the area inundated by flood on San Francisco Rivet is the same but the

flood hazard level is reduced from red flood scale to orange flood hazard level.

64
 65

Chapter VI

RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the recommendations proposed by the researchers to improve

the study. This research will investigate the difference of the resulting flood hazard map with

and without levee scenario.

6.1 Use of Digital Elevation Model derived from LiDAR

This research made use of Digital Terrain Model derived from Interferometric

Synthetic Aperture Radar most commonly known as IfSAR. The researchers acquired a 5

meter resolution of IfSAR DTM from NAMRIA which is an accurate resolution. DREAM

GIS Team of Project NOAH suggests the use of LiDAR DTM because it is more accurate

than IfSAR , however LiDAR DTM is not available due copyright reason.

6.2 Land Use Map

The group incorporated land masses and streams for the values of Manning’s

coefficient which are the typical zones considered when creating Flood Hazard Maps. For

advanced Mapping the authors recommend to acquired Land Use Map to have more

comprehensive results. The Land Use Map can be overlay in FLO-2D Software and can be

easily selected for different values of roughness coefficients.

65
 66

6.3 Smaller Grid Element

The researchers utilized a typical size of grid element used in Flood Mapping which

is a 10x10 meter Grid System. Future researchers could use smaller Grid Element for

advanced flood mapping to have more detailed model.

 67

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alkema, D. (2007). Simulating floods : on the application of a 2D hydraulic model for flood
hazard and risk assessment. ITC Dissertation;147. Enschede, ITC: 198.

Alluvial Fan Floodplain Mapping East Ojai FLO-2D Floodplain Study (technical report
november 2009) A uthor: Yunsheng Su Water Resources Engineering, 2005 Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Bassolé, A., J. Brunner, et al. (2001). "GIS: supporting environmental planning and
management in West Africa. A report of the joint USAID/World Resources Institute
Information Group for Africa.".

Bautista, H. (2011). Resilient Cities 2011 Second World Congress on Citiest and Adaptations
to Climate Change.

Bue, C. D. (1967). Flood Information for Floodplain Planning.

Bell, F. G. (1999). Geological hazards : their assessment, avoidance and mitigation. London,
E&
FN SPON.

Bruijn, K. M. D. and F. Klijn (2005). "Resilient flood risk management strategies." Delft
University of Technology WL Delft Hydraulics.

Bue, C. D. (1967). Flood information for flood plain planning. U.S geological survey
circular, no. 539 United States.

Calver, A., E. Stewart, et al. (2009). "Comparative analysis of statistical and catchment
modeling approaches to river flood frequency estimation." Journal of Flood Risk
Management 2(1): 24-31.

Canadian Geographic . (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cangeoeducation.ca/:

http://www.cangeoeducation.ca/resources/learning_centre/classroom_activities/river_system.
asp
et.al, R. (2011).

Chow, V. T. (1959). "Open channel hydraulics " NewYork, McGraw-Hill.

CSIRO (2000). "Annual report. In: Jennifer North , k. R. (ed.). Campbell: CSIRO.".

Delft ( 2009). "Deltares enabling Deltra life." Delft: Delft Hydraulics (ed 2009).

FEMA.(2010)."FloodHazardMappingWebSite",from
http://www.awra.org/proceedings/www99/w18/index.htm (ed: 2010).
 68

FEMA, Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners, Appendix C:
Guidance for Riverine Flooding Analyses and Mapping, April 2003

Geohazards (2009). "Applied earth Sciences:Geo Hazards,Process Modelling Multi Hazard

risk Assessment. Enschede: ITC.".

Greiving, S. (2006). "Integrated risk assessment of multi-hazards:A new methodology."

Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 42, pp: 75–82.

Klijn, F., M. van Buuren, et al. (2009). "Flood-risk Management Strategies for an Uncertain
Future: Living with Rhine River Floods in The Netherlands?" AMBIO: A Journal of the
Human Environment 33(3): 141-147.

McCall, M. K. (2003). "Seeking good governance in participatory-GIS. Habitat International

27 (2003) 549-573."

Merz, B., A. H. Thieken, et al. (2007). Flood Risk Mapping At The Local Scale: Concepts
and Challenges. Flood Risk Management in Europe. S. Begum, M. J. F. Stive and J. W. Hall,
Springer Netherlands. 25: 231-251.

Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards. Retrieved from blog.noah.dost.gov.ph:

http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/2015/07/21/debris-flow-numerical-modelling-using-high-
resolution-digital-terrain-models-of-ilocos-sur-philippines/
Flood Site. (2008). Retrieved from Floodsite Project:
http://www.floodsite.net/juniorfloodsite/html/en/student/thingstoknow/hydrology/riverfloods.
html

Peters Guarin, G. (2008). Integrating local knowledge into GIS based flood risk assessment,
Naga city, The Philippines. ITC Dissertation;157. Wageningen. Enschede, Wageningen
University, ITC: 352.

Philippines Regional Map: Manila (Map) (Second Edition ed.). Periplus Travel Maps.
Andjelkovic, I. (2001). Guidelines on Non-Structural Measures in Urban Flood Management.
Paris: IRTCUD.

Plate, E. J. (2002). "Flood risk and flood management." Journal of Hydrology 267(1-2): 2-11.

Quezon City Public Library. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/:

http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/brgyprofile.php#delmonte
Ruji, E. M. (March 2007). Floodplain Inundation Simulation Using 2D Hydrodynamic
Modelling Approach.

Reclamation, B. o. (2004). " Glossary. http://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/ (last reviewed:

10.16.09 ).".
 69

"San Juan River - from Quezon City down to Mandaluyong City & Pasig River". Philippines
Today. philippinestoday.net. May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 30,2012.

Tsamalashvili, T. (September 2010). Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measure for
Rioni River.

Wikipedia. (2015, August 19). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)

Wikipedia. (2015, August 22). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Management_Council

Wikipedia. (2015, August 14). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haikui

Whitehouse, G. (2001). "Community involvement in flood and floodplain management: the

Australian Scene. Best practice guidelines for floodplain management in Australia. Draft
report. Canberra."
 70

Final Flow Depth

Final Velocity
 71

Ground Surface Elevation

Impact Force
 72

Maximum Flow Depth

Maximum Velocity
 73

Maximum Water Surface Elevation

Specific Energy
 74

Time to One Foot (From Simulation time 0.0 or initial breach discharge)

Time to Two Feet (From simulation time 0.0 or initial breach discharge)
 75

Static Pressure
 76

NEGATIVE VOLUME CONSERVATION (CUBIC METERS)

INDICATES EXCESS VOLUME (OUTFLOW + STORAGE > INFLOW)

SIMULATION TIME AVERAGE TIMESTEP VOLUME CONSERVATION

(HOURS) (SECONDS) (CU METERS) PERCENT OF INFLOW

SUMMARY.OUT FILE
Pro Model - Build No. 13.02.04

0.100 27.769 -0.000002 0.000000

0.200 30.000 0.000021 0.000000
0.300 30.000 0.000006 0.000000
0.400 30.000 -0.000029 0.000000
0.500 30.000 -0.000021 0.000000
0.600 30.000 0.000070 0.000000
0.700 30.000 0.000162 0.000000
0.800 30.000 0.000252 0.000000
0.900 30.000 0.000340 0.000000
1.000 30.000 0.000435 0.000000
1.100 30.000 0.000528 0.000000
1.200 30.000 0.000624 0.000000
1.300 30.000 0.000712 0.000000
1.400 30.000 0.000796 0.000000
1.500 30.000 0.000882 0.000000
1.600 30.000 0.000974 0.000000
1.700 30.000 0.001077 0.000000
1.800 30.000 0.001170 0.000000
1.900 30.000 0.001255 0.000000
2.000 30.000 0.001342 0.000000
2.100 30.000 0.001434 0.000000
2.200 30.000 0.001521 0.000000
2.300 30.000 0.001625 0.000000
2.400 30.000 0.001715 0.000000
2.500 30.000 0.001799 0.000000
2.600 30.000 0.001884 0.000000
2.700 30.000 0.001972 0.000000
2.800 30.000 0.002073 0.000000
2.900 30.000 0.002155 0.000000
3.000 30.000 0.002242 0.000000
3.100 30.000 0.002326 0.000000
3.200 30.000 0.002445 0.000000
3.300 30.000 0.002546 0.000000
 77

3.400 30.000 0.002634 0.000000

3.500 30.000 0.002718 0.000000
3.600 30.000 0.002803 0.000000
3.700 30.000 0.002886 0.000000
3.800 30.000 0.002976 0.000000
3.900 30.000 0.003059 0.000000
4.000 30.000 0.003158 0.000000
4.100 30.000 0.003239 0.000000
4.200 30.000 0.003370 0.000000
4.300 30.000 0.003446 0.000000
4.400 30.000 0.003542 0.000000
4.500 30.000 0.003621 0.000000
4.600 30.000 0.003722 0.000000
4.700 30.000 0.003824 0.000000
4.800 30.000 0.003893 0.000000
4.900 30.000 0.003994 0.000000
5.000 30.000 0.004060 0.000000
5.100 30.000 0.004175 0.000000
5.200 30.000 0.004239 0.000000
5.300 30.000 0.004347 0.000000
5.400 30.000 0.004436 0.000000
5.500 30.000 0.004548 0.000000
5.600 30.000 0.004612 0.000000
5.700 30.000 0.004725 0.000000
5.800 30.000 0.004780 0.000000
5.900 30.000 0.004894 0.000000
6.000 30.000 0.005061 0.000000
6.100 30.000 0.005730 0.000000
6.200 30.000 0.006398 0.000000
6.300 30.000 0.007034 0.000000
6.400 30.000 0.007702 0.000000
6.500 30.000 0.008374 0.000000
6.600 30.000 0.009044 0.000000
6.700 30.000 0.011244 0.000001
6.800 30.000 0.009069 0.000000
6.900 30.000 0.014682 0.000001
7.000 30.000 0.007580 0.000000
7.100 30.000 0.002402 0.000000
7.200 30.000 0.026797 0.000001
7.300 8.355 0.010508 0.000000
7.400 3.102 0.009537 0.000000
7.501 2.334 -0.006922 0.000000
 78

7.600 2.239 0.030988 0.000001

7.700 2.147 0.029225 0.000001
7.800 1.957 0.037817 0.000001
7.900 1.850 0.045913 0.000001
8.000 1.789 0.009247 0.000000
8.100 1.737 0.030046 0.000001
8.200 1.686 0.006905 0.000000
8.300 1.637 0.031121 0.000001
8.400 1.592 0.014000 0.000000
8.500 1.558 0.011701 0.000000
8.600 1.528 0.051053 0.000001
8.700 1.504 0.007814 0.000000
8.800 1.479 0.032162 0.000001
8.900 1.457 0.034659 0.000001
9.000 1.440 0.032128 0.000001
9.100 1.413 0.043963 0.000001
9.200 1.379 0.058376 0.000001
9.300 1.343 0.020046 0.000000
9.400 1.308 0.028435 0.000001
9.500 1.271 0.020197 0.000000
9.600 1.233 0.084909 0.000002
9.700 1.195 0.014662 0.000000
9.800 1.161 0.003248 0.000000
9.900 1.129 0.084167 0.000001
10.000 1.097 -0.013136 0.000000
10.100 1.071 0.044567 0.000001
10.200 1.048 0.019205 0.000000
10.300 1.029 -0.004280 0.000000
10.400 1.011 0.067232 0.000001
10.500 1.000 0.057184 0.000001
10.600 0.999 0.070931 0.000001
10.700 1.001 0.004508 0.000000
10.800 0.997 0.006393 0.000000
10.900 0.992 -0.030909 0.000000
11.000 0.980 -0.005715 0.000000
11.100 0.962 0.091171 0.000001
11.200 0.948 0.018469 0.000000
11.300 0.933 0.080995 0.000001
11.400 0.919 0.060744 0.000001
11.500 0.907 0.045814 0.000000
11.600 0.892 0.037759 0.000000
11.700 0.880 0.057648 0.000000
 79

11.800 0.866 0.045279 0.000000

11.900 0.851 -0.002676 0.000000
12.000 0.829 0.130823 0.000001
12.100 0.806 0.027047 0.000000
12.200 0.786 0.218382 0.000001
12.300 0.776 0.056489 0.000000
12.400 0.763 0.201466 0.000001
12.500 0.750 0.112061 0.000000
12.600 0.743 0.121714 0.000001
12.700 0.733 0.094662 0.000000
12.800 0.725 -0.038826 0.000000
12.900 0.714 0.063497 0.000000
13.000 0.708 0.006837 0.000000
13.100 0.703 0.247402 0.000001
13.200 0.699 0.287364 0.000001
13.300 0.692 0.166436 0.000001
13.400 0.688 0.149676 0.000001
13.500 0.686 0.125811 0.000000
13.600 0.684 -0.067708 0.000000
13.700 0.682 0.045418 0.000000
13.800 0.682 0.188165 0.000001
13.900 0.680 0.176037 0.000001
14.000 0.678 0.548365 0.000002
14.100 0.679 0.728741 0.000003
14.200 0.678 0.892769 0.000003
14.300 0.676 1.108673 0.000004
14.400 0.676 1.524323 0.000005
14.500 0.674 1.719092 0.000006
14.600 0.672 1.776981 0.000006
14.700 0.671 1.913909 0.000006
14.800 0.669 1.971634 0.000007
14.900 0.671 2.342997 0.000008
15.000 0.667 2.222404 0.000007
15.100 0.668 1.626406 0.000005
15.200 0.665 1.342238 0.000004
15.300 0.663 1.025916 0.000003
15.400 0.660 1.118815 0.000004
15.500 0.657 1.613841 0.000005
15.600 0.652 1.928865 0.000006
15.700 0.652 2.751927 0.000009
15.800 0.650 3.044523 0.000010
15.900 0.647 3.380008 0.000011
 80

16.000 0.649 4.411393 0.000014

16.100 0.649 5.070420 0.000016
16.200 0.649 5.198814 0.000017
16.300 0.649 5.869105 0.000019
16.400 0.651 6.609280 0.000021
16.500 0.653 7.218112 0.000023
16.600 0.653 7.336878 0.000023
16.700 0.654 7.740610 0.000024
16.800 0.655 8.427533 0.000026
16.900 0.656 9.015579 0.000028
17.000 0.658 8.848922 0.000028
17.100 0.660 9.051487 0.000028
17.200 0.658 9.557444 0.000030
17.300 0.659 9.613419 0.000030
17.400 0.659 9.974594 0.000031
17.500 0.658 9.873446 0.000030
17.600 0.659 10.108113 0.000031
17.700 0.658 10.632157 0.000033
17.800 0.659 10.582766 0.000032
17.900 0.659 11.311010 0.000034
18.000 0.658 10.850746 0.000033
18.100 0.657 11.045428 0.000034
18.200 0.655 10.773305 0.000033
18.300 0.656 11.202296 0.000034
18.400 0.648 10.581253 0.000032
18.500 0.638 10.942933 0.000033
18.600 0.636 10.797727 0.000033
18.700 0.629 10.835290 0.000033
18.800 0.613 10.701895 0.000032
18.900 0.599 10.001540 0.000030
19.000 0.568 9.126451 0.000028
19.100 0.580 8.962695 0.000027
19.200 0.571 8.724847 0.000026
19.300 0.564 7.800354 0.000023
19.400 0.586 7.969610 0.000024
19.500 0.592 7.664058 0.000023
19.600 0.594 6.420223 0.000019
19.700 0.580 6.995620 0.000021
19.800 0.567 6.204420 0.000019
19.900 0.566 5.189865 0.000016
20.000 0.574 5.242503 0.000016
20.100 0.569 4.968534 0.000015
 81

20.200 0.569 4.386929 0.000013

20.300 0.562 3.936775 0.000012
20.400 0.567 3.595452 0.000011
20.500 0.588 2.248263 0.000007
20.600 0.599 3.135476 0.000009
20.700 0.592 1.916765 0.000006
20.800 0.602 2.306511 0.000007
20.900 0.595 1.497613 0.000004
21.000 0.575 0.834761 0.000002
21.100 0.571 0.327871 0.000001
21.200 0.583 0.588068 0.000002
21.300 0.580 0.132267 0.000000
21.400 0.598 -0.421377 0.000001
21.500 0.555 -1.126564 0.000003
21.600 0.551 -1.271362 0.000004
21.700 0.577 -1.839267 0.000005
21.800 0.546 -1.940630 0.000006
21.900 0.551 -3.056095 0.000009
22.000 0.547 -3.669714 0.000011
22.100 0.580 -4.451234 0.000013
22.200 0.555 -4.533386 0.000013
22.300 0.562 -5.080688 0.000015
22.400 0.564 -5.922215 0.000017
22.500 0.582 -6.574312 0.000019
22.600 0.585 -6.072813 0.000018
22.700 0.563 -6.832772 0.000020
22.800 0.536 -8.322105 0.000024
22.900 0.567 -7.592341 0.000022
23.000 0.560 -8.466873 0.000025
23.100 0.548 -9.023685 0.000026
23.200 0.583 -9.969536 0.000029
23.300 0.581 -9.613696 0.000028
23.400 0.546 -10.790622 0.000031
23.500 0.527 -11.427766 0.000033
23.600 0.558 -12.015285 0.000035
23.700 0.604 -12.239308 0.000035
23.800 0.589 -12.901804 0.000037
23.900 0.577 -13.044224 0.000038
24.000 0.577 -13.501018 0.000039
24.100 0.602 -13.315184 0.000039
24.200 0.579 -13.421325 0.000039
24.300 0.546 -13.493021 0.000039
 82

24.400 0.519 -12.968452 0.000038

24.500 0.599 -13.841070 0.000040
24.600 0.537 -13.303943 0.000038
24.700 0.571 -13.008162 0.000038
24.800 0.539 -13.835078 0.000040
24.900 0.515 -13.708295 0.000040
25.000 0.530 -13.405651 0.000039
25.100 0.547 -13.949504 0.000040
25.200 0.492 -13.823592 0.000040
25.300 0.526 -13.664370 0.000040
25.400 0.583 -13.686718 0.000040
25.500 0.568 -13.641340 0.000039
25.600 0.569 -13.351809 0.000039
25.700 0.554 -13.406036 0.000039
25.800 0.528 -13.641915 0.000039
25.900 0.500 -13.838542 0.000040
26.000 0.451 -13.609412 0.000039
26.100 0.475 -13.737369 0.000040
26.200 0.527 -13.241243 0.000038
26.300 0.577 -13.707870 0.000040
26.400 0.579 -13.553171 0.000039
26.500 0.521 -13.305785 0.000038
26.600 0.513 -13.344451 0.000039
26.700 0.554 -14.547855 0.000042
26.800 0.544 -12.963032 0.000037
26.900 0.524 -13.854741 0.000040
27.000 0.546 -13.407601 0.000039
27.100 0.537 -13.520881 0.000039
27.200 0.463 -13.313990 0.000039
27.300 0.449 -14.116908 0.000041
27.400 0.572 -14.375683 0.000042
27.500 0.590 -14.156907 0.000041
27.600 0.544 -13.595249 0.000039
27.700 0.613 -13.261137 0.000038
27.800 0.639 -13.454590 0.000039
27.900 0.582 -12.485624 0.000036
28.000 0.609 -14.186772 0.000041
28.100 0.619 -14.381133 0.000042
28.200 0.642 -14.559249 0.000042
28.300 0.634 -13.498692 0.000039
28.400 0.583 -12.808737 0.000037
28.500 0.588 -14.290429 0.000041
 83

28.600 0.595 -12.910913 0.000037

28.700 0.506 -13.119077 0.000038
28.800 0.490 -13.339627 0.000039
28.900 0.475 -13.653092 0.000039
29.000 0.508 -13.704805 0.000040
29.100 0.606 -13.539919 0.000039
29.200 0.644 -14.448346 0.000042
29.300 0.622 -13.580865 0.000039
29.400 0.646 -13.730571 0.000040
29.500 0.621 -13.226402 0.000038
29.600 0.602 -12.561820 0.000036
29.700 0.611 -12.769234 0.000037
29.800 0.594 -13.220092 0.000038
29.900 0.579 -13.908198 0.000040
30.000 0.546 -13.690476 0.000040
30.100 0.544 -14.307032 0.000041
30.200 0.478 -14.009924 0.000041
30.300 0.526 -13.591997 0.000039
30.400 0.549 -12.517509 0.000036
30.500 0.563 -14.347788 0.000042
30.600 0.495 -13.124533 0.000038
30.700 0.512 -12.845947 0.000037
30.800 0.550 -13.207002 0.000038
30.900 0.486 -13.993917 0.000040
31.000 0.509 -13.250667 0.000038
31.100 0.531 -13.452858 0.000039
31.200 0.495 -13.668636 0.000040
31.300 0.540 -14.105364 0.000041
31.400 0.572 -13.354124 0.000039
31.500 0.588 -14.383676 0.000042
31.600 0.587 -13.660384 0.000040
31.700 0.523 -14.136125 0.000041
31.800 0.588 -12.716508 0.000037
31.900 0.596 -12.796963 0.000037
32.000 0.575 -13.299063 0.000038
32.100 0.507 -14.448470 0.000042
32.200 0.560 -13.837537 0.000040
32.300 0.587 -13.745204 0.000040
32.400 0.578 -14.244736 0.000041
32.500 0.559 -14.274921 0.000041
32.600 0.534 -12.769166 0.000037
32.700 0.565 -14.340330 0.000041
 84

32.800 0.506 -14.115517 0.000041

32.900 0.551 -12.479569 0.000036
33.000 0.507 -12.895994 0.000037
33.100 0.554 -12.511042 0.000036
33.200 0.632 -13.498702 0.000039
33.300 0.651 -13.125771 0.000038
33.400 0.633 -13.158512 0.000038
33.500 0.539 -13.978449 0.000040
33.600 0.521 -14.145988 0.000041
33.700 0.560 -12.567559 0.000036
33.800 0.522 -13.292075 0.000038
33.900 0.552 -14.151970 0.000041
34.000 0.640 -12.832118 0.000037
34.100 0.658 -12.707291 0.000037
34.200 0.661 -12.987502 0.000038
34.300 0.637 -13.691227 0.000040
34.400 0.643 -12.835127 0.000037
34.500 0.643 -13.081834 0.000038
34.600 0.618 -13.822276 0.000040
34.700 0.656 -14.533269 0.000042
34.800 0.673 -12.824627 0.000037
34.900 0.626 -12.965001 0.000038
35.000 0.576 -13.191541 0.000038
35.100 0.578 -13.191084 0.000038
35.200 0.598 -14.358864 0.000042
35.300 0.613 -13.964457 0.000040
35.400 0.559 -13.396574 0.000039
35.500 0.544 -14.125785 0.000041
35.600 0.607 -13.870107 0.000040
35.700 0.642 -14.261214 0.000041
35.800 0.568 -13.542234 0.000039
35.900 0.551 -13.656187 0.000040
36.000 0.565 -14.105946 0.000041
==================================================================================
================================================
MASS BALANCE INFLOW - OUTFLOW VOLUME
==================================================================================
================================================
*** INFLOW (CU METERS) ***

TOTAL POINT RAINFALL: 481.1994 MM

 85

WATER

RAINFALL VOLUME 34571226.70

INFLOW HYDROGRAPH 0.00

---------
INFLOW HYDROGRAPHS + RAINFALL 34571226.70

==================================================================================
================================================
*** OUTFLOW (CU METERS) ***

OVERLAND INFILTRATED AND INTERCEPTED WATER 109.84 MM

OVERLAND FLOW WATER

WATER LOST TO INFILTRATION & INTERCEPTION 7870232.50

FLOODPLAIN STORAGE 5969100.31

FLOODPLAIN OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH 20731907.55

---------

FLOODPLAIN OUTFLOW, INFILTRATION & STORAGE 34571240.00

==================================================================================
================================================
*** TOTALS ***

TOTAL OUTFLOW FROM GRID SYSTEM 20731907.55

TOTAL VOLUME OF OUTFLOW AND STORAGE 34571240.00

 86

SURFACE AREA OF INUNDATION REGARDLESS OF THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE:

(FOR FLOW DEPTHS GREATER THAN THE "TOL" VALUE TYPICALLY 0.1 FT OR 0.03 M)

THE MAXIMUM INUNDATED AREA IS: 71756160.00 SQ. METERS

==================================================================================
================================================

COMPUTER RUN TIME IS : 22.69629 HRS

THIS OUTPUT FILE WAS TERMINATED ON: 9/22/2015 AT: 22: 4:44
 87

NEGATIVE VOLUME CONSERVATION (CUBIC METERS)

INDICATES EXCESS VOLUME (OUTFLOW + STORAGE > INFLOW)

SIMULATION TIME AVERAGE TIMESTEP VOLUME CONSERVATION

(HOURS) (SECONDS) (CU METERS) PERCENT OF INFLOW

SUMMARY.OUT FILE
Pro Model - Build No. 13.02.04

0.100 27.769 -0.000002 0.000000

0.200 30.000 0.000021 0.000000
0.300 30.000 0.000006 0.000000
0.400 30.000 -0.000029 0.000000
0.500 30.000 -0.000021 0.000000
0.600 30.000 0.000070 0.000000
0.700 30.000 0.000162 0.000000
0.800 30.000 0.000252 0.000000
0.900 30.000 0.000340 0.000000
1.000 30.000 0.000435 0.000000
1.100 30.000 0.000528 0.000000
1.200 30.000 0.000624 0.000000
1.300 30.000 0.000712 0.000000
1.400 30.000 0.000796 0.000000
1.500 30.000 0.000882 0.000000
1.600 30.000 0.000974 0.000000
1.700 30.000 0.001077 0.000000
1.800 30.000 0.001170 0.000000
1.900 30.000 0.001255 0.000000
2.000 30.000 0.001342 0.000000
2.100 30.000 0.001434 0.000000
2.200 30.000 0.001521 0.000000
2.300 30.000 0.001625 0.000000
2.400 30.000 0.001715 0.000000
2.500 30.000 0.001799 0.000000
2.600 30.000 0.001884 0.000000
2.700 30.000 0.001972 0.000000
2.800 30.000 0.002073 0.000000
2.900 30.000 0.002155 0.000000
3.000 30.000 0.002242 0.000000
3.100 30.000 0.002326 0.000000
3.200 30.000 0.002445 0.000000
3.300 30.000 0.002546 0.000000
3.400 30.000 0.002634 0.000000
3.500 30.000 0.002718 0.000000
3.600 30.000 0.002803 0.000000
3.700 30.000 0.002886 0.000000
3.800 30.000 0.002976 0.000000
3.900 30.000 0.003059 0.000000
 88

4.000 30.000 0.003158 0.000000

4.100 30.000 0.003239 0.000000
4.200 30.000 0.003370 0.000000
4.300 30.000 0.003446 0.000000
4.400 30.000 0.003542 0.000000
4.500 30.000 0.003621 0.000000
4.600 30.000 0.003722 0.000000
4.700 30.000 0.003824 0.000000
4.800 30.000 0.003893 0.000000
4.900 30.000 0.003994 0.000000
5.000 30.000 0.004060 0.000000
5.100 30.000 0.004175 0.000000
5.200 30.000 0.004239 0.000000
5.300 30.000 0.004347 0.000000
5.400 30.000 0.004436 0.000000
5.500 30.000 0.004548 0.000000
5.600 30.000 0.004612 0.000000
5.700 30.000 0.004725 0.000000
5.800 30.000 0.004780 0.000000
5.900 30.000 0.004894 0.000000
6.000 30.000 0.005061 0.000000
6.100 30.000 0.005730 0.000000
6.200 30.000 0.006398 0.000000
6.300 30.000 0.007034 0.000000
6.400 30.000 0.007702 0.000000
6.500 30.000 0.008374 0.000000
6.600 30.000 0.009044 0.000000
6.700 30.000 0.011244 0.000001
6.800 30.000 0.009069 0.000000
6.900 30.000 0.014682 0.000001
7.000 30.000 0.007580 0.000000
7.100 30.000 0.002402 0.000000
7.200 30.000 0.026797 0.000001
7.300 8.352 0.001165 0.000000
7.400 3.064 0.008748 0.000000
7.500 2.344 -0.008084 0.000000
7.600 2.239 0.023019 0.000001
7.700 2.154 0.040854 0.000001
7.800 1.978 0.029142 0.000001
7.900 1.862 0.028080 0.000001
8.000 1.800 0.013360 0.000000
8.100 1.747 0.004239 0.000000
8.200 1.691 0.049852 0.000001
8.300 1.637 0.021532 0.000001
8.400 1.595 0.018451 0.000001
8.500 1.561 0.035655 0.000001
8.600 1.531 0.051577 0.000001
8.700 1.506 0.004730 0.000000
 89

8.800 1.480 0.026785 0.000001

8.900 1.460 0.057853 0.000001
9.000 1.442 0.028516 0.000001
9.100 1.415 0.022279 0.000001
9.200 1.377 0.030508 0.000001
9.300 1.341 0.028061 0.000001
9.400 1.305 0.029775 0.000001
9.500 1.273 0.085212 0.000002
9.600 1.232 0.033365 0.000001
9.700 1.194 -0.018381 0.000000
9.800 1.161 0.048730 0.000001
9.900 1.128 0.056575 0.000001
10.000 1.097 0.000559 0.000000
10.100 1.072 0.060280 0.000001
10.200 1.048 0.086603 0.000001
10.300 1.028 0.042386 0.000001
10.400 1.009 0.010966 0.000000
10.500 0.999 0.027556 0.000000
10.600 0.998 0.082024 0.000001
10.700 0.998 0.033136 0.000000
10.800 0.998 0.091654 0.000001
10.900 0.992 -0.013230 0.000000
11.000 0.977 0.046978 0.000000
11.100 0.959 0.069979 0.000001
11.200 0.948 0.009606 0.000000
11.300 0.930 0.070752 0.000001
11.400 0.918 0.113566 0.000001
11.500 0.903 0.112373 0.000001
11.600 0.894 0.087918 0.000001
11.700 0.880 0.038034 0.000000
11.800 0.867 0.117751 0.000001
11.900 0.851 0.060181 0.000000
12.000 0.828 0.025167 0.000000
12.100 0.808 0.142695 0.000001
12.200 0.791 0.028017 0.000000
12.300 0.776 -0.007696 0.000000
12.400 0.766 -0.006842 0.000000
12.500 0.753 0.026396 0.000000
12.600 0.746 -0.056554 0.000000
12.700 0.730 -0.155660 0.000001
12.800 0.723 -0.149920 0.000001
12.900 0.717 -0.070249 0.000000
13.000 0.709 0.041091 0.000000
13.100 0.704 0.011976 0.000000
13.200 0.696 0.058270 0.000000
13.300 0.691 0.097176 0.000000
13.400 0.688 -0.095988 0.000000
13.500 0.686 -0.401248 0.000002
 90

13.600 0.685 -0.363417 0.000001

13.700 0.681 -0.285170 0.000001
13.800 0.678 -0.141162 0.000001
13.900 0.677 0.115332 0.000000
14.000 0.678 0.223130 0.000001
14.100 0.676 0.478955 0.000002
14.200 0.675 0.915688 0.000003
14.300 0.674 1.181678 0.000004
14.400 0.675 1.283198 0.000004
14.500 0.674 1.601793 0.000005
14.600 0.672 1.828979 0.000006
14.700 0.670 1.915615 0.000006
14.800 0.670 1.984659 0.000007
14.900 0.667 1.887770 0.000006
15.000 0.667 1.831207 0.000006
15.100 0.665 1.583797 0.000005
15.200 0.666 1.029676 0.000003
15.300 0.663 0.889920 0.000003
15.400 0.660 0.937943 0.000003
15.500 0.656 1.383435 0.000004
15.600 0.653 1.831722 0.000006
15.700 0.651 2.377245 0.000008
15.800 0.650 3.173543 0.000010
15.900 0.650 3.411929 0.000011
16.000 0.648 3.903142 0.000012
16.100 0.648 4.418389 0.000014
16.200 0.649 4.965989 0.000016
16.300 0.651 5.662005 0.000018
16.400 0.651 6.555645 0.000021
16.500 0.653 6.792738 0.000021
16.600 0.654 7.247416 0.000023
16.700 0.654 7.604839 0.000024
16.800 0.652 8.429428 0.000026
16.900 0.653 8.882182 0.000028
17.000 0.652 9.211903 0.000029
17.100 0.649 9.831088 0.000031
17.200 0.646 10.519578 0.000033
17.300 0.648 11.456227 0.000035
17.400 0.649 11.915627 0.000037
17.500 0.649 12.239730 0.000038
17.600 0.647 12.579905 0.000039
17.700 0.645 12.921238 0.000040
17.800 0.645 14.011539 0.000043
17.900 0.646 13.972748 0.000043
18.000 0.648 15.104939 0.000046
18.100 0.645 14.739780 0.000045
18.200 0.642 14.564338 0.000044
18.300 0.644 14.466425 0.000044
 91

18.400 0.644 14.397185 0.000044

18.500 0.632 14.511732 0.000044
18.600 0.590 14.059168 0.000043
18.700 0.561 13.540031 0.000041
18.800 0.560 12.824791 0.000039
18.900 0.449 13.783978 0.000042
19.000 0.445 14.490669 0.000044
19.100 0.449 14.979280 0.000045
19.200 0.450 15.831929 0.000048
19.300 0.450 16.747164 0.000050
19.400 0.438 17.257526 0.000052
19.500 0.453 18.304781 0.000055
19.600 0.453 19.335247 0.000058
19.700 0.455 19.368710 0.000058
19.800 0.455 20.530470 0.000061
19.900 0.456 21.013786 0.000063
20.000 0.457 21.912333 0.000066
20.100 0.459 22.674185 0.000068
20.200 0.459 24.077026 0.000072
20.300 0.460 25.004877 0.000075
20.400 0.461 24.881327 0.000074
20.500 0.463 23.960541 0.000071
20.600 0.462 21.589893 0.000064
20.700 0.451 20.933941 0.000062
20.800 0.464 19.534420 0.000058
20.900 0.468 18.169352 0.000054
21.000 0.470 16.965708 0.000050
21.100 0.471 16.477594 0.000049
21.200 0.471 15.408382 0.000046
21.300 0.475 13.113080 0.000039
21.400 0.476 12.508369 0.000037
21.500 0.475 11.371886 0.000034
21.600 0.455 9.895510 0.000029
21.700 0.468 9.373296 0.000028
21.800 0.472 7.298814 0.000021
21.900 0.485 7.141294 0.000021
22.000 0.485 5.486648 0.000016
22.100 0.486 4.082929 0.000012
22.200 0.488 3.249640 0.000010
22.300 0.492 2.220217 0.000007
22.400 0.493 1.892658 0.000006
22.500 0.494 -0.043264 0.000000
22.600 0.498 -0.961188 0.000003
22.700 0.499 -1.749337 0.000005
22.800 0.501 -2.802387 0.000008
22.900 0.502 -2.828035 0.000008
23.000 0.505 -4.398270 0.000013
23.100 0.505 -5.634509 0.000016
 92

23.200 0.504 -5.724871 0.000017

23.300 0.510 -6.506614 0.000019
23.400 0.513 -7.985831 0.000023
23.500 0.514 -9.020579 0.000026
23.600 0.515 -9.542852 0.000028
23.700 0.517 -9.938285 0.000029
23.800 0.518 -11.454449 0.000033
23.900 0.519 -12.403883 0.000036
24.000 0.521 -12.322330 0.000036
24.100 0.525 -12.925694 0.000037
24.200 0.526 -12.850428 0.000037
24.300 0.529 -13.101152 0.000038
24.400 0.532 -12.119997 0.000035
24.500 0.533 -12.136609 0.000035
24.600 0.535 -12.560044 0.000036
24.700 0.536 -12.513595 0.000036
24.800 0.531 -12.727453 0.000037
24.900 0.520 -12.533837 0.000036
25.000 0.435 -12.569713 0.000036
25.100 0.462 -12.603132 0.000036
25.200 0.543 -12.322289 0.000036
25.300 0.539 -12.324455 0.000036
25.400 0.515 -12.636640 0.000037
25.500 0.550 -12.230921 0.000035
25.600 0.535 -13.042335 0.000038
25.700 0.469 -12.619328 0.000037
25.800 0.473 -12.238612 0.000035
25.900 0.510 -12.615694 0.000036
26.000 0.546 -12.156162 0.000035
26.100 0.562 -12.863297 0.000037
26.200 0.565 -12.334979 0.000036
26.300 0.566 -12.876182 0.000037
26.400 0.568 -13.161107 0.000038
26.500 0.571 -12.737722 0.000037
26.600 0.573 -12.319376 0.000036
26.700 0.573 -11.793175 0.000034
26.800 0.572 -12.225840 0.000035
26.900 0.577 -12.051060 0.000035
27.000 0.578 -13.112291 0.000038
27.100 0.579 -12.768034 0.000037
27.200 0.581 -13.088559 0.000038
27.300 0.582 -12.660258 0.000037
27.400 0.583 -13.458691 0.000039
27.500 0.585 -13.492627 0.000039
27.600 0.589 -12.650736 0.000037
27.700 0.592 -12.902306 0.000037
27.800 0.589 -11.898044 0.000034
27.900 0.595 -12.047230 0.000035
 93

28.000 0.597 -13.340190 0.000039

28.100 0.600 -12.011467 0.000035
28.200 0.602 -12.496564 0.000036
28.300 0.605 -12.507542 0.000036
28.400 0.605 -13.559583 0.000039
28.500 0.606 -12.963260 0.000037
28.600 0.608 -11.990200 0.000035
28.700 0.611 -11.767138 0.000034
28.800 0.606 -12.251312 0.000035
28.900 0.609 -12.627958 0.000037
29.000 0.615 -13.156594 0.000038
29.100 0.618 -12.515697 0.000036
29.200 0.619 -12.105136 0.000035
29.300 0.604 -13.507902 0.000039
29.400 0.571 -12.807713 0.000037
29.500 0.588 -11.751646 0.000034
29.600 0.522 -13.598081 0.000039
29.700 0.502 -12.967945 0.000038
29.800 0.535 -13.254728 0.000038
29.900 0.512 -13.558060 0.000039
30.000 0.509 -12.428318 0.000036
30.100 0.534 -13.111553 0.000038
30.200 0.536 -12.684703 0.000037
30.300 0.580 -13.305776 0.000038
30.400 0.521 -13.252436 0.000038
30.500 0.545 -13.264963 0.000038
30.600 0.569 -13.357161 0.000039
30.700 0.505 -12.756369 0.000037
30.800 0.523 -12.311059 0.000036
30.900 0.605 -12.270885 0.000035
31.000 0.621 -11.730364 0.000034
31.100 0.559 -13.247425 0.000038
31.200 0.507 -11.830371 0.000034
31.300 0.543 -12.017110 0.000035
31.400 0.505 -12.508368 0.000036
31.500 0.562 -12.747486 0.000037
31.600 0.613 -13.228562 0.000038
31.700 0.584 -11.903152 0.000034
31.800 0.593 -12.219030 0.000035
31.900 0.599 -13.272264 0.000038
32.000 0.570 -13.658074 0.000040
32.100 0.557 -12.890946 0.000037
32.200 0.633 -13.203361 0.000038
32.300 0.662 -12.508194 0.000036
32.400 0.683 -12.276658 0.000036
32.500 0.677 -13.307540 0.000038
32.600 0.655 -12.316055 0.000036
32.700 0.539 -12.164491 0.000035
 94

32.800 0.577 -12.700058 0.000037

32.900 0.644 -11.869624 0.000034
33.000 0.563 -11.967160 0.000035
33.100 0.537 -12.515618 0.000036
33.200 0.529 -12.448502 0.000036
33.300 0.526 -12.108450 0.000035
33.400 0.522 -11.765828 0.000034
33.500 0.571 -12.675718 0.000037
33.600 0.580 -12.723149 0.000037
33.700 0.533 -11.575500 0.000033
33.800 0.618 -11.742867 0.000034
33.900 0.603 -12.696578 0.000037
34.000 0.565 -13.084110 0.000038
34.100 0.614 -12.778883 0.000037
34.200 0.626 -11.957185 0.000035
34.300 0.633 -11.875804 0.000034
34.400 0.585 -12.888835 0.000037
34.500 0.603 -13.294060 0.000038
34.600 0.609 -11.544156 0.000033
34.700 0.558 -12.894590 0.000037
34.800 0.543 -12.427953 0.000036
34.900 0.557 -11.613933 0.000034
35.000 0.562 -11.870020 0.000034
35.100 0.551 -12.895473 0.000037
35.200 0.541 -13.064164 0.000038
35.300 0.628 -12.540875 0.000036
35.400 0.665 -13.469413 0.000039
35.500 0.659 -12.273100 0.000036
35.600 0.685 -12.834760 0.000037
35.700 0.647 -12.578052 0.000036
35.800 0.578 -12.464274 0.000036
35.900 0.647 -12.603247 0.000036
36.000 0.688 -13.510292 0.000039
==================================================================================
================================================
MASS BALANCE INFLOW - OUTFLOW VOLUME
==================================================================================
================================================
*** INFLOW (CU METERS) ***

TOTAL POINT RAINFALL: 481.1997 MM

WATER

RAINFALL VOLUME 34571248.21

INFLOW HYDROGRAPH 0.00

 95

---------
INFLOW HYDROGRAPHS + RAINFALL 34571248.21

==================================================================================
================================================
*** OUTFLOW (CU METERS) ***

OVERLAND INFILTRATED AND INTERCEPTED WATER 109.66 MM

OVERLAND FLOW WATER

WATER LOST TO INFILTRATION & INTERCEPTION 7857299.50

FLOODPLAIN STORAGE 5880334.22

FLOODPLAIN OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH 20833627.18

---------

FLOODPLAIN OUTFLOW, INFILTRATION & STORAGE 34571260.00

==================================================================================
================================================
*** TOTALS ***

TOTAL OUTFLOW FROM GRID SYSTEM 20833627.18

TOTAL VOLUME OF OUTFLOW AND STORAGE 34571260.00

SURFACE AREA OF INUNDATION REGARDLESS OF THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE:

(FOR FLOW DEPTHS GREATER THAN THE "TOL" VALUE TYPICALLY 0.1 FT OR 0.03 M)

THE MAXIMUM INUNDATED AREA IS: 71756160.00 SQ. METERS

==================================================================================
================================================
 96

COMPUTER RUN TIME IS : 41.94336 HRS

THIS OUTPUT FILE WAS TERMINATED ON: 10/ 2/2015 AT: 8: 4:47
 97

LEVEE OVERTOPPING DISCHARGE (CFS OR CMS): POSITIVE DISCHARGE REPRESENTS INFLOW TO

NODE

LEVEE ELEMENTS WITH NO OVERTOP DISCHARGE ARE NOT REPORTED

DISCHARGE IS REPORTED BY DIRECTION

GRID ELEMENT TIME TOTAL DISCHARGE N E S W NE SE SW

NW 275708

14.20 -0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.27 0.00 0.00

14.30 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00

14.40 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00

14.50 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.00

14.60 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00

14.70 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00

14.80 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00

14.90 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.00

15.00 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.00

15.10 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00

15.20 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00

15.30 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00

15.40 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00

15.50 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00

15.60 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00

15.70 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.00 0.00

15.90 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00

16.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00

16.10 -0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.36 0.00 0.00
 98

16.20 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00

16.30 -0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.27 0.00 0.00

16.40 -1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.35 0.00 0.00

16.50 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00

16.60 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00

16.70 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00

16.80 -0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.52 0.00 0.00

16.90 -0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 0.00 0.00

17.00 -0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.29 0.00 0.00

17.10 -0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00

17.20 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.17 0.00 0.00

17.30 -0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.22 0.00 0.00

17.40 -0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.72 0.00 0.00

17.50 -2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.01 0.00 0.00

17.60 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00

17.70 -0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.49 0.00 0.00

17.80 -1.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.86 0.00 0.00

17.90 -2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.08 0.00 0.00

18.00 -1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.73 0.00 0.00

18.10 -0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.53 0.00 0.00

18.20 -2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.13 0.00 0.00

18.30 -1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.50 0.00 0.00

18.40 -1.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.66 0.00 0.00

18.50 -1.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.85 0.00 0.00

PEAK Q 18.58 -5.72

 99

18.60 -1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.94 0.00 0.00

18.70 -2.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.28 0.00 0.00

18.80 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00

18.90 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00

19.00 -0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.44 0.00 0.00

19.10 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00

19.20 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00

19.30 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00

19.40 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00

19.50 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00

19.60 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00

19.70 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00 0.00

19.80 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.00

19.90 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00

20.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00

20.10 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00

20.20 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00

20.30 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00

20.40 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00

20.50 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00

20.60 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00

20.90 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00

21.00 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00 0.00

21.10 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00

21.20 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00 0.00
 100

21.30 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.00

21.40 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00

21.50 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00

21.60 -0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.00

21.70 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00

21.80 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00

21.90 -0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.21 0.00 0.00

22.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00

22.10 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00

22.20 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00

22.30 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00

22.40 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00

22.50 -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.11 0.00 0.00

22.60 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00

22.70 -0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.20 0.00 0.00

22.80 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00

22.90 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00

23.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00

23.10 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00

23.20 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00

23.30 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.00

23.40 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00

23.50 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00

23.60 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00

23.70 -0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.37 0.00 0.00
 101

23.80 -0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.24 0.00 0.00

24.00 -1.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.37 0.00 0.00

24.10 -1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.28 0.00 0.00

274754 13.80 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
0.04

13.90 -0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.51

14.00 -0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.93

14.10 -1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.57

PEAK Q 14.17 -2.52

23.90 -1.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.81

24.20 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33

24.30 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49

24.40 -0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.67

24.50 -0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.44

24.60 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54

24.70 -0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.28

24.80 -0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.20

24.90 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26

25.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13

25.10 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07
102
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Courtesy of UP NIGS
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