10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

(Admixtures)

CE-803
CONCRETE MATERIALS
AND TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Rao Arsalan Khushnood

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Admixtures

1
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

ASTM C 125 defines an admixtures a material other than water,

aggregates, hydraulic cements, and fiber reinforcement that is
used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the
batch immediately before or during mixing.

 Added in small quantity either in powder or liquid form

 Combination is used when more than one property to be
altered.

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

PURPOSE
 To modify fresh property
 Increase the workability without increasing the water
cement ratio or decrease the water content at the same
workability.
 Retard or accelerate the time of initial setting.
 Reduce or prevent the settlement or create slight
expansion.
 Modify the rate or capacity of bleeding.

2
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

PURPOSE

 To modify harden property

 Reduce the heat of evolution.
 Accelerate the rate of strength development at early
stages.
 Increase the durability
 Decrease the permeability of concrete.

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Types of Admixtures
1. Mineral Admixtures
2. Chemical Admixtures
 Surface-active chemicals
 Set-controlling chemicals

3
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Mineral Admixtures:
Mineral admixtures are the fine ground solid materials I.e. Fly ash, slag
and silica fume.
Added to the concrete generally in larger amount than any other type
Utilized as a replacement of cement and often called as supplementary
cementing materials. In fact more than 50% replacement of FA is present,
it may be more appropriate to use complementary cementing
materials
Have an ability to enhance workability as well as finish-ability of
concrete
Mineral admixtures are the waste products of industries and can
improve resistance against alkali aggregate expansions and sulfate attacks
It also supports in reducing thermal cracking in concrete by reducing
heat of hydration

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Chemical Admixture:
 Soluble salts and polymers, both surface-active agents and
others are added to concrete in a very small amount for a
specific function to concrete
 If chemical admixtures are added more than the defined than it
has a very wide range of negative effects on the properties of
fresh as well as hardened concrete
 Chemical admixtures are more likely to be added as a water
reducing admixtures, as a retarding setting time, accelerating
setting time, as a super plasticizer or added as an air-
entrainment

4
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Mineral Admixture:
Fly Ash:
It is a residue derived from the combustion of pulverized coal in
furnaces of thermal power plants.
The Characteristics of FA vary according to combustion operation
system as well as coal composition.
Coals are mainly anthracite(hard coal with carbon content more
than 80% and burns with little smoke.
Bituminous coal(contains carbon and volatile matter in similar
proportions, burns with great smoke)
Sub-bituminous coal (or lignite which is similar to it) having
composition similar to bituminous coal with more moisture.
The first two types of coals produce type F FA(low calcium)
whereas the last two produce high calcium FA
9

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash:
CLASSIFICATION
ASTM C 618 states that for class F FA, the sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3 should be ≥ 70% while for class C FA< it should be ≥ 50%
The pulverized coal combustion temperature is high (≈1200ᴼC) and
ash in finely divided form of size less than 100 μm is carried along in the
air stream , collected by electrical or mechanical precipitators while it is
quickly cooled.
The coarser portion of coal ash(≈15-20% by mass) falls to the bottom
of the furnace and is called bottom ash while 85% of residue is FA.

10

5
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Classes of Fly Ash

ASTM C-618 covers the following three classes of mineral admixtures:

 Class N, raw or calcined pozzolans such as diatomaceous earths, opaline
cherts and shales, tuffs, and volcanic ashes or pumicite, and calcined
materials such as clays and shales
 Class F, fly ash normally produced from the burning of anthracite or
bituminous coal
 Class C, fly ash which is normally produced from the burning of lignite or
subbituminous coal (in addition to being pozzolanic, this fly ash is also
cementitious)

Note: This specification sets the limits on fineness, water requirement,

pozzolanic activity, soundness, and chemical constituents.

11

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

ASTM REQUIREMENTS FOR FA CLASSIFICATION

6
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Chemical Composition-Different Types of FAs

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Types of Fly Ash

7
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash:
Morphology of FA

15

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash
PARTICLE SIZE
 Generally more than 70% of the ash can pass through 45 microns
sieve.
 Chemical composition of FA varies from particle to particle and
from batch to batch Unburnt coal particles can be larger than
100 microns.
 Smaller particles cool fast and are more glassy and have higher
reactivity. ASTM C 618 requires that more than 67% of FA
should pass through 45 microns
 Particles smaller than 10 microns are highly pozzolanic while
others(10-50 microns) are just fillers in the initial phase.
 The FA density is between 2-2.5 g/cm3 ,the average being 2.3.

8
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

W/C INCREASES WITH FA REPLACEMENT

Keeping water-binder ratio same, increase in FA increases

the W/C ratio.
When water to binder ratio is same, the concrete with more
FA has a higher w/c ratio.
Although FA particles provide the nucleation sites for
precipitation and hence hydration products, lower heat is
evolved due to governing dilution at the high dose.
At higher w/c ratio. There is less heat source material
(cement) but more heat sink(water, fly ash)

9
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

BLEEDING AND SEGREGATION IN FA BASED SYSTEMS

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

TEMPERATURE RISE DUE TO FA

10
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash

POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY
When FA is used as cement replacement, the pozzolanic activity
of FA will depend upon its type, particle size, age of sample.

Usually FA (type F) based cementitious formulations tend to

show reduced strengths compared with control upto age of 28
days (say) but after words the pozzolanic activity gets
accelerated and late age strengths will be higher than control
even in replacement mode.

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT WITH DIFFERENT FA PER CENTAGES

11
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash
FA Contributions to Formulations

 FA offers sites for nucleation of hydration products mostly CH.

Encapsulation of FA particles.
 In the absence of FA in cement formulation, CH forms
preferentially on aggregate surfaces
 Replacement of cement with class F FA leads to low freeze-thaw
resistance while alkali aggregate reaction is remarkably reduced by
the incorporation of class F FA.
 FA containing concrete is more susceptible to carbonation due to
consumption of CH by FA as a result of pozzolanic reactivity

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Fly Ash:
Environmental Benefits of FA
Increase the life of concrete roads and structure by
improving concrete durability
Reduction in energy use and green house gas and other
adverse air emissions when fly ash is used to replace or
displace manufactured cement
Reduction in amount of coal combustion products that
must be disposed in landfills
Conservation of natural resources

24

12
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

HYDRATION KINETICS- CAN BE

CHANGED WHEN REQUIRED

Dormant Period

10/2/2019 25

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

10/2/2019 26

13
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Mineral Admixture:

Ground Iron Blast-Furnace Slag

ASTM C 989, Standard Specification for Ground Iron Blast-
Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars
Slag activity is evaluated by determining the compressive
strength of both Portland cement mortars and corresponding
mortars made with the same amount of a 50-50 weight
combination of slag and Portland cement
Strength index is calculated as the percentage strength of the
slag-Portland cement mortar divided by the strength of the
reference Portland cement mortar
Grades of Slags are 80, 100, and 120 correspond to a
minimum strength index of 75, 95, and 115 percent in the 28-day
cured mortars
27

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

EFFECTS OF SF IN CONCRETE

14
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Silica Content of SF in Different Alloy Making
Industries
Silica fume particles are extremely small, with more than 95%
of the particles finer than 1 micron.

Alloy Type SiO2 Content of SF

50% ferrosilicium 61-64%
75% ferrosilicium 84-91%
98% silicon metal 87-98%
SF comes in various forms including powder SF, slurried SF, densified
SF and pelletized SF. SF generally produces filler and pozzolanic effects
when added into cement based materials. The pozzolanic activity is due to
the reaction between silica of SF and the CH produced due to cement
hydration.

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Some Points
Silica fume is amorphous in nature and may contain some
crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite.
 The higher surface area and amorphous nature of silica fume
make it highly reactive. The hydration of C3S, C2S, and C4AF
are accelerated in the presence of silica fume.
Additionally silica fume reduces bleeding by physically
blocking the pores in the fresh concrete(physical filler effect)

15
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

SEM Image of SF

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

PARTICLE SIZE OF SF

16
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

PARTICLE SIZE OF SF

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

CARBON PARTICLES IN SF

17
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Carbon Content in SF

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

STRENGTH OF SF CONCRETE AND SF PASTE SYSTEMS

18
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

NATURE OF SF

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

19
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Shrinkage and calorimetric Response of SCP with SF

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

20
 10/2/2019

42

21
 10/2/2019

43

44

22
 10/2/2019

45

46

23
 10/2/2019

47

48

24
 10/2/2019

49

50

25
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Classification of mineral admixtures

Some mineral admixtures are pozzolanic (e.g., low-calcium fly
ash), some are cementitious (e.g., granulated iron blast-
furnace slag), whereas others are both cementitious and
pozzolanic (e.g., high-calcium fly ash).

51

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

52

26
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Flowable concrete with high slump

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Is easily placed

27
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Even in areas of heavy reinforcing steel congestion

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Low water to cement

ratio concrete with
low chloride
permeability--- easily
made with high-range
water reducers- is
ideal for bridge decks

28
 10/2/2019

NUSTInstitute of Civil Engineering

Plasticized, flowing
concrete is easily placed
in thin sections

58

29