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Version Number: 2004
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Related Documentation
In addition to online help systems available via the product applications, a
number of printable documents are provided to help users learn and use the
HTFS family of products:
Title Content
HTFS Installation Guide.pdf Describes the installation routine
Introduction
Table of Contents
1 Introduction................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Overview..............................................................................1-3
1.2 MUSE, MULE, MUSC and PFIN .........................................1-4
1.3 Exchanger Geometries........................................................1-5
1.4 Design Calculations.............................................................1-6
1.5 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop .......................................1-6
1.6 Property Data Sources ........................................................1-7
1.7 Thermosyphons...................................................................1-7
1.8 Output Options ....................................................................1-8
1.9 Documentation ....................................................................1-8
iii
4 Output......................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Overview..............................................................................4-3
4.2 Output Views .......................................................................4-3
4.3 Output Files .........................................................................4-6
4.4 Error / Warning Message Log..............................................4-8
4.5 Other Output........................................................................4-8
Index............................................................................I-1
iv
Introduction 1-1
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
1.7 Thermosyphons...............................................................................7
1.9 Documentation.................................................................................8
1-1
1-2 Introduction
1-2
Introduction 1-3
1.1 Overview
MUSE can perform a range of calculations on plate-fin heat exchangers,
either simple two-stream exchangers, or complex ones with multiple
streams. The basic calculation options are:
1-3
1-4 MUSE, MULE, MUSC and PFIN
Program Use
MUSE For general purpose performance simulation and thermosyphons.
MULE For general purpose performance simulation and thermosyphons.
MUSC For simulating special crossflow designs of plate fin exchangers
(including crossflow reboilers).
PFIN For ‘first-shot’ design.
These programs are now termed Calculation Engines and are gathered
together under the generic title MUSE, which is used throughout this
manual. There is one User Interface, with the individual programs
appearing as calculation options. The input data required for these
options varies slightly, but there are no incompatibilities. The output
formats are all very similar. The initial release of MUSE for Windows
(1997) contained only the original MUSE. The design option (PFIN) and
layer-by-layer option (MULE) were incorporated in version 3.00, the first
release with this User Guide. The crossflow option (MUSC) was
incorporated in version 3.10.
The Help Text for MUSE often refers to individual program names. For
example it refers to “the design option (PFIN)”, or “crossflow exchangers
(MUSC)” to help distinguish between the various calculation options.
1-4
Introduction 1-5
Exchanger Geometries
Overall Stream entry and exit at any point along the exchanger.
Geometry Inlet and outlet distributors.
Internal re-distribution into otherwise empty layers.
Partial draw-off of a stream.
Nozzles.
Change of main fin type at points along the exchanger length.
Exchangers in parallel.
Exchangers in series (in Design, if needed).
Internal and external thermosyphon reboilers.
Layer patterns, including allowance for double or triple banking.
Empty layers.
Performance evaluation with some streams switched off.
Distributors End entry/exit - Full end, central end, at side.
Side entry/exit - Diagonal, mitred, indirect.
Hardway.
Single- or twin-headed distributors.
Finning Plain.
Perforated.
Serrated (lanced or multi-entry).
Wavy (herringbone).
Unfinned.
Correlations for fin performance.
Option to supply manufacturer’s performance data.
1-5
1-6 Design Calculations
While this ‘first shot’ approach should in many cases give a reasonable
approximation to what a plate fin manufacturer might suggest, you
should be aware that sometimes there may be significant differences.
For a more realistic design, you would need to select proprietary fins
and use proprietary fin performance data from a manufacturer. For
complex multi-stream exchangers, specifying the distributor types and
constraining the number of layers for certain streams can also lead to
improvements on the design produced by PFIN unaided.
Facilities are provided whereby you can modify the heat transfer
coefficients and pressure gradients calculated by MUSE, either by
scaling them, or replacing them with specified values.
1-6
Introduction 1-7
1.7 Thermosyphons
For thermosyphons, MUSE has methods for calculating both frictional
and gravitational pressure changes in the inlet and outlet pipework
connecting the exchanger to the column. You can simplify each line to
an equivalent length, allowing for bends, diameter changes, and
generalised flow restrictions.
1-7
1-8 Output Options
1.9 Documentation
HTFS supplies the following manuals on the Software CD:
• HTFS User Guide
• HTFS Installation Guide
(these two are generic to all programs)
• MUSE Getting Started
• MUSE Reference Guide
When appropriate, this manual includes the MUSE input and output
views to help with explanations. Since MUSE is being continuously
developed, there may be minor discrepancies between what you see on
1-8
Introduction 1-9
your computer, and the views shown in this manual. The discrepancies
may relate to layout, or to numerical values, but should not be taken as
indicating any problem.
See the MUSE Getting Started for information on the set of QA data that
is included with the program. The QA data are input data sets to help
ensure that MUSE is functioning properly. These sets should be run in
MUSE and then checked that the results are the same (within the limits
of computer accuracy) as the corresponding output files, which are also
provided.
The Help Text is the most extensive documentation available for MUSE.
It is available whenever you are running the program, or can be loaded
separately. There are direct links to appropriate Help topics for every
To load the Help Text when input item, and from many other places in the program.
you are not running MUSE,
double-click on MUSE.HLP in
the main MUSE directory. The technical methods used in MUSE are proprietary, and full details
are available only to companies who are members of HTFS. These
methods are described in HTFS Design Reports DR50, DR62 and in a
range of HTFS Research Reports. These are produced each year, and
compare method predictions with the results of the continuing HTFS
experimental program on plate-fin heat exchangers.
1-9
1-10 Documentation
1-10
Using MUSE 2-1
2 Using MUSE
2.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
2-1
2-2 Using MUSE
2-2
Using MUSE 2-3
2.1 Overview
The normal procedure when running MUSE is to set up input data
representing a particular case, to run the case, and to examine the
results. If you come back to a case, which you have run previously, you
can examine the results without needing to run the program again. You
can very easily make changes to a case and re-run it. After making
changes, you can decide whether to save them for future reference, or
simply to Run the changed case, see what the results are, and then
decide whether to save it. You can also save a case part way through
providing input, so you can come back later and complete it.
Facilities are provided for you to provide a descriptive title for each run,
to number a run, and to add a number of lines of comments giving
further information.
Figure 2.1
2-3
2-4 Overview
The Welcome view appears, which contains a list of recently used input
files, and gives you the option of opening an Existing file, or starting a
New one. Select the New button, and you will be taken to the Start up
view where you can begin inputting data for a new example.
You can save an example at any point during data input, or after you
have run it. When you next start MUSE, you will see it in the list of
recently used files, and can double-click on it to select it. If you want to
find a previous input file which does not appear in the recently used list,
click on Open. When you open an input file, MUSE will also open all the
associated output files, if any, produced by a previous run.
When you have your MUSE file loaded, you can start a (different) new
case, using the New command under the File menu. Selecting New will
clear any existing data and set up default data. Return to a different
existing case by using the Open command under the File menu.
Regardless of the method you choose to begin a new case, the view
You can also use the key SHIFT
F1 to return to the Start up available is the Start up view, shown in Figure 2.2. You can return to that
view. view at any point by selecting Start up under the Input menu.
When you start an existing case, you will not be taken to the Start up
view, but for a simulation case you will be shown the Exchanger
Diagram, (Geometry Preview view), if available, while for a design case
you will be shown the Process Data input views. You will also see the
Run Title, to remind you of the case you have selected. The Exchanger
Diagram can also be access at any time from the View menu or by
clicking on the appropriate toolbar icon. For the diagram to be available,
you must have provided the basic information on where each stream
enters and leaves the exchanger. It will also show information on main
View Geometry Diagram icon fin number and distributor and nozzle layout, provided you have
supplied the relevant input information.
2-4
Using MUSE 2-5
The Start up view is important because it ensures that you are shown a
set of input options consistent with what you want to do. You must set
the items on the Start up view, or accept the defaults, and click on OK
before you can enter any other data.
The Number of Fins to be Directly Input should be set if you are going to
provide information on fin geometry or performance in the input. It can
be left blank if you are doing a simple design (when MUSE will select all
the fin information), or if you are going to get all your fin data from a fin
databank.
Basic Input Mode is a facility which limits the number of input items
you can see. If you are a new user, setting it may help you get an
overview of the most important items and options in the MUSE input. If
2-5
2-6 Running MUSE
you set it, you can return to the Start up view at any time and unset it, to
gain access to the full range of input. If you save your data while using
Basic Mode and then reopen the case later, it will again be displayed in
Basic Mode.
The Equipment Item Number and the Job Title are optional input, but it
is recommended that you provide them for future reference.
Click on OK to gain access to the input views for your new case.
A view will appear detailing the progress made as the calculation is run.
See Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3
2-6
Using MUSE 2-7
Sometimes this will be too rapid to follow in detail, but it can be useful
for MUSE cases that take more than a few seconds to run. A message
appears when the calculation is complete, and the Results Summary
view, and/or the Error/Warning Log appears. See the Chapter 4 -
Output for more details.
MUSE 3.30 and subsequent releases will work with Windows 2000 and
XP.
The Run Progress view records the file that is being run. If the extension
is .MUI, you are running the case you just opened, without having made
any changes to it. If the file extension is .MUA, you are running the
edited copy of your original input file, having made changes to it.
2-7
2-8 MUSE Icons
2-8
Data Input 3-1
3 Data Input
3.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
3-1
3-2 Data Input
3-2
Data Input 3-3
3.1 Overview
MUSE has a number of data input forms (views), each comprising
several tabbed pages. These are found under the Input menu. The
contents of each page vary slightly according to the Calculation Type
(Design, Simulation or Thermosyphon etc.) you have specified.
If you are unsure what a data item means, position the cursor on that
item and press F1. You will be shown the Help Text on that item, which
can show diagrams, define defaults, and let you explore other relevant
information. It can point you to assumptions made by the program, and
to what use is made of an input item during MUSE calculations.
For a full description of each item, and a listing of all possible items, use
the Help Text. For more information on Physical Properties, both input
and output, see Chapter 5 - Physical Properties.
Some input items have checks on them to prevent you from inputting
inappropriate values. For simulation cases, use the Exchanger Diagram
(View menu) to ensure you have specified the exchanger layout
correctly. A complete and systematic check on input is made when you
run MUSE calculations. You will be shown a list of any errors and
warnings produced.
3-3
3-4 Input Views
3-4
Data Input 3-5
Figure 3.1
Some views/tabbed pages are only used for certain Calculation Modes.
They sometimes have a different set of items on them, depending on the
Calculation Mode. In the Basic Input option, a reduced set of views,
with a reduced set of input items on them appears. This may make it
easier for you to find your way around the input, if you are unfamiliar
with the program.
3-5
3-6 Process Data Input
Figure 3.2
3-6
Data Input 3-7
The Process Constraints and Process - Exchanger views only need input
Process data can also be if you want to make special modifications to the calculations performed.
imported, along with
Properties data, from a PSF
file. See Chapter 5 - Physical
Properties.
3.4 Geometry Data Input
A significant number of input views relate to the geometric
configuration of the exchanger and related equipment. Several are only
required in special circumstances. The Thermosyphon view is only
required for thermosyphon calculations. Distributor information is
usually only needed in performance modes if you want distributor
pressure losses to be calculated.
In Design mode, all the geometry information can be omitted. You can,
however, supply partial geometry information, and the program will
determine the remainder, consistent with the part you have supplied.
For example, you could specify distributor types and orientations,
leaving the program to determine their size and location. You could
3-7
3-8 Other Data Input
specify that certain fin types be used (plain, serrated etc.) or even that
certain specific fins be used, for some or all of the streams.
Options input can normally be left set to default values, unless you want
to modify the basis of the calculations, or suppress or switch on certain
outputs. A special option in Design mode lets you ignore some or all of
the geometry data input. This can be useful if you have an exchanger
geometry defined, but want to explore the effects of a redesign to new
process conditions
There are then variants on the SI and Metric sets, in which absolute
temperatures (K) are used instead of °C.
The units can be defined separately for the Geometry, Process and Fin
data. Properties data can be defined separately for every individual
stream.
3-8
Data Input 3-9
When a new file is created, it uses a single unit set for all data, which you
can preset (the default setting is SI units). You can change the units via
the Preferences option under the File menu. Alternatively, you can click
on the Units field at the bottom of any input view, to get to the
Preferences (Units) view. If you click on the Change Input Units
Together checkbox, a single change sets the units of all components of
the input to a consistent set. There is also an option to define the
Default units for any New file you subsequently initiate.
Figure 3.3
When you change the units, you can decide whether or not any values
you have already input should have their units converted to the new
system. None of the pre-set input defaults have units, so you do not
need to select the Convert option if you have not yet supplied any data.
If you are using a default input file set up by your company, however,
this may contain pre-set values which need converting, should you
change the units.
The units of the program output will be deduced from the input units,
though you can explicitly specify one of the various sets under the
Options input.
3-9
3-10 Using Help
MUSE Help can be access at any point using the Help menu, or during
input, you can press F1 to go directly to help on the item where the
cursor currently points.
The Help Text provides information on data input, how to use the User
Interface, the program output, and on errors and warnings. There is also
general information on plate-fin heat exchangers, and the reasons for
choosing particular design features.
Figure 3.4
3-10
Data Input 3-11
You will also find information on MUSE capabilities, new features in the
latest version, and contact points for user support.
When you have found the Help Text relevant to the particular input
item, you will see that there is an input item identifier at the bottom of
the Help view. This takes the form of a Line number and Item number in
the input file. For example Inlet Temperature is 204.1, meaning item 1
one line 204 (there can be up to 6 items on a line). See Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5
To find a particular item, use the Find Item command under the View
menu. When you type in a line number, you will be shown the list of
items on that line. If you click on a particular item, you will either be
taken to the input view where it occurs, or get an indication that it is
only visible with some other Calculation Type setting. For Physical
Properties input, you will just be taken to the main properties view, and
may need to investigate subsidiary views yourself.
Some Error and Warning messages give line and item numbers. You can
use the Find Item facility to identify the item more fully, and go to the
input view where you can amend it.
3-11
3-12 The Input File
The data lines are gathered together into ‘blocks’, with a related set of
line numbers. The following table lists the data type and their respective
number ranges.
The first line in each block identifies the block, and the units of the input
data. Some data blocks are repeated, for example there is a Process
block, and at least one Properties block, for each stream.
A full listing of all possible input data items is given in the Help Text. The
Help Text on individual items indicates the line number (and position
on the line).
You can preview the Input data file, before it is run, under the View
menu.
The User Interface normally holds an internal version of the input file,
which is modified in response to changes you make in the input, and
which is used when you ask for MUSE calculations to be Run. You have
the option of saving this internal version of the input file, at any stage.
You will be explicitly offered the option of saving it, for example on Exit
from the program. If you do not save it, any initial version of your input
file will be left unaltered.
3-12
Data Input 3-13
Both the saved input file and the current internal version may contain
data which is not relevant to the current calculation mode. No data are
lost when you change the Calculation Mode.
To set up such a default file, create a partial input data file in the usual
way, and save it with an appropriate name. Then select Preferences,
under the File menu, and select the Files tabbed page. Select your
default file under the Default File option.
When you use such a default input file, you should be careful to do a
Save As (under the File menu) to give an appropriate name to your new
datafile, different from the name of your default file. To select a different
default input data file, go the File menu, then Preferences and Files and
make your selection. Then select File menu, then New, to initiate a new
data file based on your new default.
3-13
3-14 Input Errors and Warnings
Figure 3.6
It should be emphasised that this facility does not affect the more
stringent checks performed when you Run the MUSE calculations.
Error and Warning messages on running cannot be suppressed, and are
always sent to a special message log, as well as being incorporated in the
main lineprinter output. Chapter 4 - Output.
3-14
Output 4-1
4 Output
4.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
4-1
4-2 Output
4-2
Output 4-3
4.1 Overview
Running the MUSE calculations produces a number of different types of
output. These can be viewed using the Output menu. When you stop
working on an example, all the key output files remain in place, so you
can view the output again, once you re-enter a case you have previously
worked on.
This chapter gives an overview of the various outputs you can inspect, to
help you find particular details you may be interested in. A more
detailed description of all the outputs is available in the Help Text. See
Output in the Help Text contents view.
Not all these outputs will be available. For example the Zig-zag is only
produced if you have supplied a layer pattern input, Alternative Designs
and Specified Duty are only shown in Design mode.
4-3
4-4 Output Views
There are also views where you can review, in tabular or graphical form,
the physical property data used for each stream.
• Stream Properties.
• T-h-x.
• Stream Compositions.
Figure 4.1
The Results Summary view also records the number of error and
warning messages, and most importantly, whether a design met various
design constraints, or whether a simulation calculation converged.
4-4
Output 4-5
Figure 4.2
4-5
4-6 Output Files
Figure 4.3
4-6
Output 4-7
If you would like a more limited version, go to the Input menu, then
Options, then Output Options to switch off any parts you do not want.
Then re-run the program to generate the reduced file.
In some cases, there are also Output Options for various output tables to
be extended, or repeated, but these are rarely of interest after a
successful run.
For each of the above, you will see an option for printing out the file. You
can also select part of a file - click and drag with the mouse - and then
copy this to the clipboard. You can paste the clipboard contents into a
text viewer/editor such as Notepad, or a word processor application,
and then print the selected text from there.
One of the most useful features of the File View facility is a Find button.
If you want more information on some aspect of an exchanger, for
example, nozzles, vibration checks, clearances, baffles, just click on
Find, then type the relevant word. Use Find Next if the first occurrence is
not what you want. The Find is not case sensitive.
4-7
4-8 Error / Warning Message Log
With any such warnings, you should check the input data, to confirm
that it is as you intended, and amend it if necessary.
After a Design calculation, you can go to the File menu, and click on
Create Simulation Case, to be given the option of creating a MUSE input
file for a Stream-by Stream Simulation. You will be asked for a name for
the new file (by default based on the current name, but terminating in
‘s’) and have the option of selecting from the Alternative Designs table
for the design of interest.
4-8
Physical Properties 5-1
5 Physical Properties
5.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
5.1.1 Properties Data Input ...............................................................4
5.1.2 Properties Used .......................................................................5
5-1
5-2 Physical
5-2
Physical Properties 5-3
5.1 Overview
A wide range of options are provided for providing the physical property
data needed by this program. The user interface contains the HTFS
COMThermo package, which contains data for over 1000 substances
and a range of methods for determining vapour liquid equilibrium and
mixture properties, and can be used to set up tables of property data for
each stream.
5-3
5-4 Overview
Physical Properties
This lets you define a stream data source (components and methods) for
the COMThermo databank, and then calculate a table of stream
properties, which can be used as program input. It also lets you directly
input property data tables, or modify those just calculated. Section 5.2 -
Properties Input gives more details.
Use of the newer style input, with the COMThermo package gives you
more control. This lets you set up, check and if necessary revise
properties data before running the program. Except for the special case
when you provide direct input, the old style input only sets up the
properties data tables data when the program is run.
5-4
Physical Properties 5-5
Property Data
Liquid Temperature for liquid properties.
Liquid Density.
Liquid Specific Heat.
Liquid Viscosity.
Liquid Thermal Conductivity.
Surface Tension (for two-phase streams, optional).
Vapour Temperature for vapour properties.
Vapour Density.
Vapour Specific Heat.
Vapour Viscosity.
Vapour Thermal Conductivity.
T-h-x Data Temperature for T-h-x.
Specific Enthalpy [h].
Quality (vapour mass fraction) [x].
Sets of 1-24 liquid data points, 1-24 vapour data points and 2-26 T-h-x
points are used. Although separate sets of temperatures can in principle
be used for each of the three subsets, when COMThermo is used the
liquid and vapour temperatures are identical with the relevant ones for
T-h-x.
The properties need not relate explicitly to the process conditions in the
equipment through which the system flows in any way. Data can be
extrapolated as well as interpolated if necessary. It is, however, clearly
sensible that the properties cover a broadly similar temperature range to
that in the equipment, as major extrapolations are likely to be less
accurate than interpolations.
5-5
5-6 Properties Input
The data source options, and calculated property tables are shown in
the main Physical properties view.
Figure 5.1
5-6
Physical Properties 5-7
Figure 5.2
If you selected a Stream Type on the main properties input form, then a
default Property Package will be selected. You can, however, change the
package used, from a selection including Peng Robinson, SRK, NRTL,
and variants on these. A brief description of each is given on screen.
5-7
5-8 Properties Input
When both components and Property Package are set, the status bar at
the bottom right turns green and reads Ready. You can then close this
view, and on the main Properties input view, the new Data Source is
available to be selected for any stream.
After properties have been calculated you can delete individual data
points (data columns). You can explore the effect of changing the
Property Package, used using Edit to revise the Data Source.
Once data has been generated, you can change the Data Source to
Direct Input and edit individual property values, though this is not
recommended.
5-8
Physical Properties 5-9
For Single Phase streams data need only be input for one phase. Specific
enthalpy data are optional, as they can be found by integrating specific
heats.
A set of Stream Properties data you specify should all relate to the same
pressure, typically some mean pressure within the exchanger. You can
supply a second set of stream data at a different pressure, permitting the
program to allow for the pressure dependence of properties. Such
dependence is sometimes significant, particularly for thermosyphons,
or if there is a very close temperature approach between streams. For
the PIPE program, pressure dependence is mandatory. See Section 5.10
- Pressure Dependence for more information.
5-9
5-10 Properties Data Input (Old Style)
The Old Style physical properties input gives access to all the facilities
that were present before HTFS programs included the COMThermo.
Many of these facilities are associated with the fact that, unlike
COMThermo options, with many old-style options you cannot see the
properties until you have run the Calculation Engine.
The master view for old style input is shown in Figure 5.3. Using this,
Physical Property information can be supplied in a number of ways.
You can:
• Input Stream Properties directly. You can either type them, or
import them from a PSF file. See Section 5.6 - Importing
Properties & Process Data.
• Identify data from a User Databank. The calculation engine will
read data from this databank when it runs.
• For a single component stream, get the data directly from the
NEL40 Databank supplied with the program.
• Tell the program the stream components and composition, and
get it to calculate the properties.
5-10
Physical Properties 5-11
The Data Source item on the main Physical Properties input view
allows you to select the various options. You should also set the Phase
before supplying further data. A two-phase stream means that it can be
either single phase or two phase, depending on the temperature.
Figure 5.4
If you have previously imported data from a PSF file, you will be able to
see what you have imported.
5-11
5-12 Properties Data Input (Old Style)
You need to specify the properties indicated above for one or both
phases. For Two-phase streams you also supply T-h-x data. Although
you can supply data at up to 24 temperature points, this is potentially
tedious if you are typing the data in, and you are most likely to use this
method when you have only one or two data points available, for
example at an exchanger inlet and outlet.
You can use different sets of temperatures for the Liquid, Two-phase
(Enthalpy + Quality) and Vapour Properties. You should normally fill in
the data tables from the left, without leaving gaps, though this is not
strictly necessary.
For Single Phase streams, T-h-x data are not usually input, as they can
be found by integrating specific heats. If, however, you do want to input
Enthalpies for a Single Phase stream, click on Show T-h-x, and that T-h-
x part of the input table will become available.
Heat Load data, rather than Specific Enthalpies, can be specified. If you
supply a heat load, you must also specify the flowrate to which it relates.
The rules for direct property input are as defined in Section 5.2.3 - Rules
for Direct Property Input. The additional facilities available under Old
Style input are as follows.
5-12
Physical Properties 5-13
5-13
5-14 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)
With the Old Style input, mixture calculations are performed when the
calculation engines run.
From the main Properties input view, set the Data Source for the stream
concerned to Components, and then click on the Specify Mixture
button. The Specify Mixture view, Figure 5.7, lets you define the
temperature range over which mixture properties should be calculated,
or amend the calculation methods or results.
Figure 5.5
5-14
Physical Properties 5-15
For a Two Phase stream, you can select the method to be used for VLE
calculations, SRK or Ideal. There is also a facility called T-h-x Override,
whereby you can control the results of the VLE calculations. At the basic
level, you can simply specify all the temperatures at which you want the
calculations performed. You can also request that any calculated bubble
and dew points (temperatures and optionally enthalpies), be modified
to conform to pre-set values. More information on all these options is
given in the Help Text, accessible by using the Help button at the bottom
of the page.
All the inputs on the Specify Mixture view are optional, but you must
use it to access the Define Components and Define Compositions
views, via the appropriate buttons.
From the Define Components view, Figure 5.6, you can identify each
component, and where data for it is to be obtained. Click on Add
Component until the correct number are identified. The number should
be the total number of components in all such mixtures. If the same
component occurs in more than one stream, it need only be counted
once. There is no need to include those components which only occur in
pure component streams.
Figure 5.6
5-15
5-16 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)
You can also select from a User Databank of component data (if you
have set one up previously), or you can choose to Input Directly.
Selecting Input Directly as the Data Source enables the Property Table
button. If clicked the view for direct input of component properties is
opened. The properties needed for each component are similar to those
required for a stream, but the Liquid Properties are saturation line
values, and the Vapour Properties are ideal gas values, that is values in
the low pressure limit.
Figure 5.7
5-16
Physical Properties 5-17
The COMThermo databank contains data for over 1000 substances, and
is accessible via the User Interface to set up tables of Physical Properties
data as part of the program input. To see the list of substances in
COMThermo, go to the Physical Properties input view, and click on Add
in the Data Source box.
The NEL40 databank does not in itself contain any methods for VLE
calculations, though it does do mixture calculations when phase
compositions are known. A VLE facility for use with NEL40 is provided
within the HTFS Physical Properties Package (PPP), but it is not as
extensive as the facilities offered with COMThermo.
5-17
5-18 Property Databanks
One case where NEL40 may be more reliable than COMThermo is for
water, since NEL40 contains an accurate water/steam package.
Differences are only likely to be significant at high pressures. The HTFS
interface to COMThermo therefore contains a facility for Water from
NEL40, which may be used instead of setting a Data Source for water
from COMThermo itself.
There is a similar facility for air, which appears in NEL40, but is not
conveniently available in COMThermo.
You can set up a User Databank with the properties of any components,
which you may frequently need to access, but which are not in NEL40.
The structure of the databank is very similar to that of the Component
blocks of an Input file. The Help Text gives full details.
The User Databanks of stream and component data are files. Specify
their location by selecting Preferences, under the File menu on the Files
tab, specify the appropriate tab.
5-18
Physical Properties 5-19
The data from a PSF file go directly into your input file. The import
facility can be access via either the Input or the File menus. The first step
is to identify the particular PSF file from which you want to import data.
You will then be taken to the Import PSF Data view.
Figure 5.8
5-19
5-20 Importing Properties & Process Data
If the PSF file has been prepared specifically for the exchanger you are
interested in, you may simply be able to click on OK. You can, however,
use the Import PSF Data view to direct only part of the information
from a PSF file into the input file.
You can:
• View the stream Names, Number and Inlet/Outlet
Temperatures in the file.
• Import data for some streams but not others.
• Import Process data, or only Property data, or both.
• Import data at any selection of pressure levels (PSF files often
contain properties data at the Inlet, Outlet and Mean Pressures in
the exchanger).
• Change the stream Number when you import data.
The Import facility shows you the stream names and inlet/outlet
temperatures in the PSF file. The temperature units of the display can be
reset by clicking on the Units field in the top right corner.
The PSF file itself is largely in basic SI units, and when imported to the
input file the data can be viewed in whatever units have been set for
process and property data.
The Import To column shows the Stream Number to which data will be
imported. This is initially set to the Stream Number from the PSF file,
but you can reset it to a different number if you want, or if it is necessary
for the program. You can set it to ignore, enabling you to import data for
only one stream (or fewer than all the streams for multi-stream
exchangers). You cannot set two stream numbers to be the same.
The Use Properties column lets you select which pressure levels in a PSF
file to use for Properties data. If there are data for three pressure levels,
you can select two (upper and lower), one (middle level), or you can opt
for a special selection.
If you want to import the properties data but not the process data, click
on Separate Process and Properties, and you will see that the Import To
column is divided in two. The left part relates to Process data, the right
part to Properties. You can set either one to Ignore, so that only the
other is imported.
5-20
Physical Properties 5-21
Normally, when you import Process and/or Properties data for a stream,
PSF file layout and contents
are defined in the Help Text. any data you have already entered for that stream is overwritten. You
can however, cause the Properties data to be added to any data
currently present, provided that it relates to a different pressure. Use the
Merge with Existing Data checkbox.
Select Import from HYSYS under either the Input or File menu and you
will be presented with a view to select an existing HYSYS case.
HYSYS will then be started, load the chosen case and the import
interface will generate a list of all heat exchangers within that case. You
can select an exchanger, and for each stream in that exchanger, the
temperatures and pressures will be shown.
5-21
5-22 Importing from HYSYS
Figure 5.9
You can revise the temperatures and pressures. If you then select OK,
HYSYS will perform the flashes needed to generate the data for a PSF
file. You can then review and select from the data as for a normal PSF
import.
5-22
Physical Properties 5-23
When you select this option, you are asked to provide input on stream
inlet/outlet conditions, stream compositions and components, and
possibly also on the methods to be used, and the temperature/pressure
range of data to be set up. When you have supplied the necessary
information, a PSF file will be generated, and you will be taken to the
PSF import facility, where you can opt to import the data you have
created into the input file of your HTFS program.
5-23
5-24 Properties Output
The first type of output can be either held in a separate file, or directed
to the main Lineprinter file. The separate file is the default. If you want it
in the main Lineprinter output, or turned off, select this on the Output
Options view, using the Options command under the Input menu.
The contents of the file format Physical Properties output can be set via
the Properties Output Options view, accessible from the main Physical
Properties (old style) input view. The output is in four parts:
• Input data for each stream/pressure level.
• Table of properties for each stream/pressure level.
• Stream/phase compositions for each stream/pressure level.
• Table of properties for each component.
For more information The third and fourth items are only relevant where mixture calculations
regarding properties
databank, refer to Section have been performed. Only the second item is produced by default. See
5.5 - Property Databanks. the Help Text for more information on the contents of the various parts
of the output. A further option, accessible via Output, lets you output
stream data to a stream properties databank ().
5-24
Physical Properties 5-25
If you are using the program to calculate stream properties for a mixture
of known composition, then it is very simple to define two pressure
levels in the properties input. This normally happens by default when
you are using COMThermo. If you are using Physical Properties (old
style) input you will need to use the Add Pressure key. You must then
specify the pressure for each level (if you only have one level, you can
use a default pressure). You should select the pressures to span the range
expected in the exchanger.
You can specify data at more than two pressure levels for a stream if you
want. This is unlikely to be necessary if the stream pressure change is
less than 30% of the (absolute) inlet pressure.
When data are available at only one pressure, the PPP can, if specified,
estimate an allowance for pressure dependence, using the Clausius
Clapeyron equation. This will be less accurate for wide boiling range
mixtures. To allow for pressure dependence in such cases, use the
checkbox on the main Physical Properties (old style) input view.
5-25
5-26 Pressure Dependence
If the properties data you have available are not isobaric data, but
contain some inherent pressure dependence, for example from inlet to
outlet, then in many cases you can use this data with relatively minor
inaccuracies. You should not select Pressure Dependence in such cases.
Data with an inherent pressure dependence are, however, not
acceptable for two-phase streams that are pure substances, or
azeotropes, or for which the change in saturation temperature due to
pressure changes is comparable with, or larger than, the isobaric boiling
range.
5-26
Other Facilities 6-1
6 Other Facilities
6.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
6-1
6-2 Other Facilities
6-2
Other Facilities 6-3
6.1 Overview
This chapter introduces you to some of the other facilities, which are
available with MUSE.
The Fin Databank is a text file. Its layout is essentially the same as that of
the fin data within the input data file. The Help Text gives more
information. When you create a fin databank file, you should name it
FINDAT, without any file extension, and place it in the program
directory
6-3
6-4 Project File Structure
When you run calculations from the User Interface, all these output files
are set up by default. You can switch off most of the other files if
required. Click on the Input menu, select Options, then the Output
Options tabbed page, and you will see drop-down lists controlling these
outputs.
You cannot switch off the .MUF file, which is needed for the main output
views, or the Error/Warning Log.
The file extension .MUA is used for an edited copy of the input data. This
is the version stored internally by the User Interface, which you can run
without saving. If you save the file, the main input, name.MUI is
updated. The .MUA file is not preserved when MUSE is shut down.
6-4
Examples 7-1
7 Examples
7.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
7-1
7-2 Examples
7-2
Examples 7-3
7.1 Overview
The following examples will guide you through the various ways in
which MUSE can help you with assessing or designing plate fin heat
exchangers. The examples concentrate on a relatively simple case for a
notional cryogenic duty with three streams. Plate-fin exchangers, of
course, very often have a much larger number of streams, but once you
understand what is needed for each stream, it is no more difficult to
supply it for many streams. You are shown first how to produce a ‘first
shot’ design, then how to undertake a basic MUSE Simulation, and
finally how to perform a more detailed layer by layer calculation.
7-3
7-4 Case 1 Design
Figure 7.1
7-4
Examples 7-5
7.2.1 Start Up
1. Set the Calculation Mode to Design-PFIN, and set the Number of
Streams to 3. Leave the fins set to 0, since you do not need to specify
any input about fins in simple design cases.
2. Click on the Basic Mode checkbox, since this is a simple example,
with no need for any less common inputs.
3. Fill in a Job Title, such as Simple Example Number One, and an
Equipment Item Number such as Ex1, then click on OK.
When you change units, you are offered the option of converting the
existing inputs. Since no data have yet been provided, answering either
Yes or No is acceptable.
3. Clicking on OK on the units takes you back to the Process data view.
4. Enter the information for the streams 1 to 3, using the values in the
table at the beginning of the example.
The flow of air has not been specified, but this is not a problem, since it
will be evaluated via a heat balance when the program is run. Similarly,
no heat loads need be input, since they will be evaluated from flowrates
and input and outlet temperatures.
7-5
7-6 Case 1 Design
You will see that there is a Phase drop-down list, which is by default set
to Two-phase. You could set this to Single Phase Vapour, but it is not
necessary, as the program knows that the streams concerned are
vapours over the temperature range of interest.
7-6
Examples 7-7
6. You should see the status bar at the lower right of the view turn
green and display Ready. If you click on the Property Package tab,
you will see that a default has been set appropriate to the stream
type you entered. Close the Data Source view.
7. On the main Properties view, click on the data source Gas 1 that you
have just set. You will see that a composition of 1.0 is set
automatically, as this is a single component view.
8. Click on Get Properties. Pressure Level and Temperature Range
information is required before properties can be calculated. These
should have been set by default. You could set/revise them if
required. They should cover the range relevant to the stream, but
need not match inlet or outlet conditions exactly. You should see the
Properties Table filled with data for stream 2. You should see that
two pressure levels have been set up by default. Clicking on either
one shows the data at that level.
9. Click on the table for stream 3. Select the same data source as for
stream 2 (both streams are nitrogen). Check the pressure levels and
temperature range (click on Options) are correct for stream 3. Revise
them if necessary. Click on Get Properties to generate tables of
property data as before.
10. Close the Physical Properties view, retaining the property data you
have generated.
7-7
7-8 Case 1 Design
You will be asked to save the changes to the input file, and will need to
give a filename, for example EXCH1. The file extension .MUI will be
Run icon
added automatically to show that it is a MUSE input file.
As the program runs, you will see a Status view, which initially says
Preparing Input File, and then records the various stages of the
calculation. When the calculation is complete, the Results view appears.
If any problems or unusual features had been encountered, a messages
file would be displayed as well.
Figure 7.2
7-8
Examples 7-9
For a slightly more detailed record of the exchanger that has been
designed, select Brief Output under the Output menu. This summarises
the process conditions (including a value for the air stream flowrate that
has now been evaluated) and also gives details of the internal structure
of the exchanger for example:
• The number of layers for each stream.
• The fins used.
• The type and size of inlet and outlet distributors.
There is also a record of how much of the available pressure drop has
been used for each stream, and how much margin there is on the design.
A target overall design margin of 1.1 (that is ten percent oversurface) is
used by default.
To see what the exchanger looks like, click on Output menu and select
Exchanger Diagram. Alternatively, you can click on the View Geometry
icon.
7-9
7-10 Case 1 Design
You will see that in this simple example, stream 1 is cooled by stream 2 in
the top part of the exchanger, and by stream 3 in the bottom part. In the
middle of the exchanger is a distributor region, where stream 3 exits, and
stream 2 enters.
Figure 7.3
7-10
Examples 7-11
You will first be required to provide a filename for the Simulation case,
and by default will be offered your current filename (or a contraction of
it) with an S on the end.
2. Click on Save, and you will be shown the table of Alternative
Designs to select from. In this case, and very often, there is only one
design shown, so click on OK, and your current case will be closed,
and the Simulation Case opened.
3. Go to the Start up view, under the Input menu, and you will see that
the Calculation Type is set to Simulation-MUSE. Check also that the
Basic Mode checkbox is not checked, unset it if it is. This will ensure
that you can see all the possible input items.
7-11
7-12 Case 1 Simulation
Figure 7.4
7-12
Examples 7-13
Finally, look at the Fins data under the Input menu. You will see data for
just two fins are required for this simple example, a serrated fin for the
heat transfer region and a low frequency perforated fin for the
distributor region. If you are simulating an existing exchanger, Fin
Geometry information must be supplied. Fin Performance information
is optional, since the MUSE calculation engines contain correlations,
which are used by default.
7-13
7-14 Case 1 Simulation
Figure 7.5
7-14
Examples 7-15
If you select Brief Output, under the Output menu, you will find similar
information, but accompanied by a record, in parentheses (…), of any
initial estimates you provided for outlet conditions, heat loads or
pressure changes. From this, you can rapidly compare whether key
aspects of the exchanger performance are as required.
Figure 7.6
7-15
7-16 Case 1 Simulation
7-16
Examples 7-17
The guiding principle for determining layer patterns is that the various
types of hot and cold layer should be distributed as evenly as possible
throughout the pattern, so that there is no local excess of either hot duty
or cold duty in any part of the pattern. One way of doing this is to gather
sets of layers together into groups, each of which either have a balanced
set of hot and cold layers, or are close to balance. These groups can then
be uniformly distributed across the exchanger. Having symmetry about
the centre of the pattern is also desirable, since this will minimise any
thermal stresses across the exchanger.
In this example, there are 18 hot layers, containing stream 1 and 31 cold
layers, containing stream 2 at one end, and stream 3 at the other. There
are thus two types of layer, which can be desingated A (hot) and B (cold).
Layer Type A will be identified as containing stream 1 and Layer Type B
as containing streams 2 and 3.
Since there are significantly more cold layers than hot, it is clear that
there must be some pairs of adjacent cold layers in the layer pattern.
Looking at the numbers of layers, it can be seen that they could be
divided into six groups, each with three hot layers and five cold layers.
7-17
7-18 Case 1, Layer by Layer Calculations
This would leave one cold layer over, which could go in the middle of the
pattern. The groups of three plus five could be BABBABBA.
(BABABBA/3) B M.
or
Specifying the full pattern, rather than identifying the symmetry will
approximately double the number of calculations performed by MULE,
but should not affect the results. Spaces may be left at any point. They
are ignored by the program input, but can be useful in checking that
your input is correct.
The Layer Pattern and Layer Types are the only additional inputs
required by MULE. For MUSE they are optional. In either case, if you
supply both the number of layers per stream, and the layer pattern, a
check for consistency will be performed when the program is run, and a
warning message produced if necessary.
1. Enter the Layer Pattern in either of the first two forms.
2. Go to Layer Types and set Type A with stream 1 and Type B with
streams 2 and 3.
3. Go to the Start up view under the Input menu, and change the
Calculation type to Layer-by-layer - MULE.
4. Click on the Run icon.
Run icon
7-18
Examples 7-19
When MULE runs, you will see the Status view followed by a Results
view, in a very similar way to the MUSE Simulation, but you will notice
two differences:
• The MULE run takes longer because it is doing more
calculations.
• Two warning messages about double banking are produced.
7-19
7-20 Case 1, Layer by Layer Calculations
were to Run MUSE now you have supplied a layer pattern (try it later)
you might find warnings after checks that your values corresponded to
the true values from the pattern.
To see the differences between the outputs from MUSE Simulation and
MULE Layer-by-Layer calculations, you will have to look in the detail,
using Full Results, under the Output menu. There are sections in which
the temperature variation along the exchanger, and the pressure change
in every layer is identified. There is also a lineprinter graphic showing
the variation of metal temperatures throughout the stacking pattern, at
three points, end A, end B and the middle (M) of the exchanger. The
more uniform these temperatures the better, because the smaller the
temperature range at each point, the smaller the lateral thermal stresses.
7-20
Examples 7-21
Figure 7.7
7-21
7-22 The Zig-zag
Figure 7.8
The basic zig-zag is determined on the assumption that the total heat
load for a stream is spread evenly among its layers. A good layer pattern
will produce a zig-zag which oscillates uniformly about zero. A bad
pattern will be significantly displaced from zero, because of local
excesses of hot or cold load.
7-22
Examples 7-23
This displays an alternative zig-zag based on the actual heat loads per
layer, rather than the mean heat loads per layer. You will usually see that
the zig-zag is slightly less pronounced, showing that the exchanger is
compensating for imperfections in the layer pattern by conducting heat
through the fins between non-adjacent layers.
7-23
7-24 The Zig-zag
You should in any case remember that the Zig-Zag is a simple facility
developed before the capability of Layer by Layer calculations was
widely available. The results of the Layer by Layer calculation should
give a better basis for judging a layer pattern than a zig-zag.
7-24
Index
Numerics Fin Performance 4-3
Find 1-8
80-column Output 4-6
Finding Input Items 3-11
A Finning 1-5
Fins 3-4
Advanced Geometry 3-4 Full Results 4-3
Alternative Designs 4-3
G
B
Geometry 3-4
Basic Input Mode 2-5 Geometry - Distributors 4-3
Brief Output 4-6 Geometry - Overall 4-3
C Geometry - Streams 4-3
Geometry Data Input 3-7
Calculation Engines
MULE 1-4 H
MUSC 1-4 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 1-6
MUSE 1-4 Help Text 1-9, 3-10
PFIN 1-4 HYSYS 5-21
Calculation Modes
Design 1-3 I
Layer by Layer Simulation 1-3
Importing from a Properties Package 5-23
Simulation 1-3
Importing from HYSYS 5-21
Thermosyphon 1-3
Importing Properties and Process Data 5-19
Components
Importing PSF Files 5-19
Calculation of the Properties of a Mixture 5-13
Input Directly 5-11
D Input Errors and Warnings 3-14
Input File 3-12
Data Input 3-1, 3-8 Input Items - Finding 3-11
Databank 5-12 Input Units 3-8
Default Input Data File 3-13 Input Views
Design 1-3 Advanced Geometry 3-4
Design Calculations 1-6 Exchanger Geometry 3-4
DIPPR 5-18 Fins 3-4
Distributors 1-5 Options 3-4
Documentation 1-8 Physical Properties Data 3-4
E Process 3-4
Introduction 1-1
Equipment Item Number 2-6
Error / Warning Message Log 4-8 J
Errors and Warnings 3-14 Job Title 2-6
Examples 7-1
Exchanger Diagram 1-3, 4-3 L
Exchanger Geometries 1-5
Layer by Layer Simulation 1-3
Distributors 1-5
Lineprinter Output 4-6
Finning 1-5
Overall Geometry 1-5 M
F Mixture Calculations 5-14
Mixture Calculations (Old Style) 5-14
Fin Geometry 4-3
I-1
I-2 Index
I-2