RATE OF

EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank the almighty for giving me a chance to put foward my
project.I would also like to thank our respected and beloved chemistry teacher
Ms.veena.I should thank god again for giving me such a helpful and caring
teacher.She has given valuable helpful points and amazing techniques for me
to complete my project.I would also like to thank my parents and all my friends
who encouraged and supported me to put forward my project.
 INDEX

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO:

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AIM

3. MATERIALS REQUIRED

4. THEORY

5. METHODS AND DISCUSSION

6. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the
terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules
happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not
have same kinetic energy.

There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to

overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase. 3 4 Chemistry
project Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the
molecules which undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy therefore the
kinetic energy of the molecules which are left behind is less. Since the
remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will
kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an
open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives

evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other
sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves
evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration.
Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules
turn into water vapour which rises up and forms clouds.
 AIM

In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of liquid,

surface of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with the rate of
evaporation of different liquids.
 THEORY

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface,
be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the
molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the
kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation
proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules
escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the
temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.
Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapour
pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more
rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are
heat, humidity and air movement.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

EXPERIMENT 1.1 : Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.
pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

EXPERIMENT 1.2: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with
cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch

EXPERIMENT 1.3: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10
ml. pipette, thermometer and thermostat

EXPERIMENT 1.4 : Two Petri dishes acetone

 METHODS AND DISCUSSION

EXPERIMENT NO: 1.1

Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:
1.Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.

2.Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette
out 10ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".

3.Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4.Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the
Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1.2

Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Procedure:
1.Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.

2.Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and
cover them immediately.

3.Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4.Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from
each Petri dish
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1.3

Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
.

Procedure:
1.Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2.Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover
them.

3.Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.

4.Note the reading.

`

EXPERIMENT NO: 1.4

Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
.

Procedure:
1.Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.

2.Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.

3.Note the reading.

 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

EXPERIMENT NO. 1.1

Results:

1. Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.

2. Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.

3. Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.

Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 1.2

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1.3

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

Room Temperature ----- Heating

Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1.4

Observation:
•Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

With fan ------ Without Fan.

Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of
air
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Internet

2. Laboratary manual of chemistry