Energy can be transferred mechanicallly, electrically, by heating or by radiation.

When energy is transferred to an object, the energy is stores in one of the objects energy stored.
- Nuclear
- Electrostatic
- Work can be done when current flows or by a force moving an object
- Magnetic
- Work Done is the same as saying energy transferred
- Chemical
Doing Work:
- Elastic Potential
the kettles heating element, which transfers energy by heating to the waters thermal energy store.
- Example: when you boil a kettle energy is transferred electrically to the thermal energy store of - Gravitational Potential
- Energy can be transferred by heating - Kinetic
Heating: - Thermal
Ways energy can be transferred Types of Energy Stores
3 of 19 1 of 19
4 of 19 2 of 19
Examples of energy being transferred Systems
Initial Force: The initial force exerted by a person to throw a ball upwards does work. A system is another word for a single of a group of objects
- It causes an energy transfer from the chemical energy store of the persons arm to the kinetic When a system changes, energy is transfereed - It can be transferred to or away from the system,
energy store of the ball and arm. between different objects or between different types of energy stores.
Gravitational Potential Force: A ball dropped from a height is accelerated by gravity - the Closed System:
gravitational force does the work.
- a system where neither energy nor matter can enter or leave
- It causes It cases energy to transferred from the balls grav pot energy store to its kinetic energy
store. - the net charge in the total energy of a closed system will always be 0
Friction: The friction between a car's brakes and its wheels does work as it slows down.
- It causes an energy transfer from the whells' kinetic energy stores to the thermal energy store
of the surroundings.
Stationary Object: In a collision between a car and a stationary object, the normal force between
the car and the object does work.
-It causes the energy to be transferred from the cars kinetic energy store to other energy stores
e.g. elastic potential energy
 kinetic energy = 1/2 * mass * speed^2
change in thermal energy - mass * shc * temperature change Formula:
Formula: mass and speed the more energy will be in its kinetic store.
- The energy in the kinetic energy store depends on the objects mass and speed, the greater the
substance by 1^c
- Specific Heat Capactity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1KG of a - Energy is transferred away from this store when an obejct slows down.
the temperature than others. store when an object speeds up.
- More energy needs to be transferred to the thermal energy store of some materials to increases - Anything that is moving has energy in its kinetic energy store - energy is being transferred to this
Specific Heat Capacity Kinetic Energy Store
7 of 19 5 of 19
8 of 19 6 of 19
Specific Heat Capacity Practical Gravitational Potential Energy Store
1 - for a solid you need a block (e.eg. copper) with 2 holes in Raised Obejcts:
2 - measure the mass of the block and wrap it in a layer of insulation - insert the thermometer - Lifting an object in a gravitational field requires work - this causes a transfer of energy to the
and heater gravitational potential energy store of the raised object.
3 - Measure the initial temp and set the potential difference to 10v - turn on power supply and The amount of energy in this store depends on the objects mass, height and strength of he
start stopwatch gravitaional field the object is in
4 - current does work on the heater transferrign energy elecrically from the power supply to the Formula:
heaters thermal energy store.
GPE = mass * grav field strength * height
5 - take readings of the termperature and current every minute for 10 minutes
Falling Objects:
6 - current shouldn't change turn off power supply using current find the power supplied and energy
transferred. - When something falls energy is transferred from its grav pot energy store to its kinetic energy
store.
7 - plot graph of time against energy transferred - find the gradient - shc = 1/gradient*mass of block
- If there is air resistance (there almost always is) Some will be transferred to other store e.g.
thermal (friction)
this way. Materials with a high thermal conductivity transfer energy between their particles quickly.
4 - Thermal conductivity is a measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material in
the onject then its usually transferred to the surroundings.
3 - This process continues throughout the object until the energy is transferred to the other side of
These collisions cause energy to be transferred between particles kinetic energy stores Dissipated energy can also be called wasted energy
2 - the particles in the part of the onject being heated vibrate more and collide with each other.
energy is always dissipated (lost to the surroundings)
object - this energy is shared across the kinetci energy stores of the particles in the object. When energy is transferred between stores not all of the energy is transferred usefully - some
1 - energy transferred to an object by heating is transferred to the thermal energy store of the
destroyed
Conduction is the process where vibrating particles transer energy to neighbouring particles Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or disspiated but can never be created or
Conduction Conservation of Energy Principle
11 of 19 9 of 19
12 of 19 10 of 19
Convection Power
Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions - Power is the rate of doing work / rate of energy transfer
1 - convection can happen in gases and liquids. Energy is transferred by heating to the thermal - Power is measured in watts
store of the liquid or gas - this energy is shared across the kinetic energy stores of the gas or
liquids particles. - A powerful machine is one which transfers a lot of energy in a short space of time
Formula:
2 - Unlike solids, the particles in liquids and gases are able to move - when you heat the particles
they move faster and the space between individual particles increases - this causes the density - energy transferred/time
to decrease
- workd done/time
3 - because liquids and gases can flow, the warmer and less dense region will rise above denser
cooler regions. If there is a constant heat source, a convection current can be created.
Radiators: energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles by conduction, the air
by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense and rises above being replaced by cooler air.
At the same time the previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings therefore cooling
and sinking. The cycle repeats = convection current.

5 - when there is no wind or the wind is too strong there can be problems
4 - high initial costs but no fuel costs and minimal running fees
3 - they can be noisy
2 - there is no pollution
electricity
1 - each turbine has a generator inside it - the rotating blades turn the generator and produce
Wind Power
15 of 19
16 of 19
Solar Cells and Geothermal Power
Solar Cells: Solar cells generate electric currents directly from sunlight - usually best source of
energy to charge batteries in calculators and watches - dont use a lot of electricty
Often used in remote places to power electric road signs and satellites - no pollution and in sunny
countries.
You can't increase the power output when ther is extra demand - high initial costs but small scale
Geothermal Power:
This is only possible in volcanic areas where hot rocks lie close to the surface - the source of much
of the energy is the slow decay of various radioactive elements such as uranium.
It is free, reliable energy that does very little damage to the earth
Geothermal Energy can be used to gnerate electricity or to directly heat buildings
However there aren't many suitable locations and the cost of building a plant is high in comparison
to the amount of energy it produces.
- draught exculders
- double-glazed windows
- loft insulation
the lower their thermla conductivity, the slower the rate of energy trasnfer will be.
- thick wall that are made from a material with a low thermal conductivity, the thicker the walls and
Insulation: Insulation helps prevent energy losses through heating.
liquids so they can flow easily and coat the object)
Lubricants can be used to reduce the friction between objects surfaces when they move (usually
Air resistance can transfer energy froma falling objects kinetic energy store to its thermal e store
it - this causes some energy to be dissipated
Lubrication: Whenever something moves, there is usually at least on rictional force acting against
Lubrication and Insulation
13 of 19
14 of 19
Thermal Insulators Practical
1 - Boil water in a kettle - pour some of it into a sealable container and measure mass of water
2 - Use a themometer to measure the initial temperature of the water
3 - Seal the container and leave it for 5 minutes - use a stopwatch
4 - remove lid and measure final temperature of the water
5 - Pour away the water and allow the container to cool and room temperature
6 - Repeat the experiment but wrap the container in a different material but use the same mass
of water.
- The lower the temperature difference the better the material is as a thermal insulator
- You could also investigate how the thickness of the material affects the thermal insulator it is.
 3 - High initial costs but no fuel costs and minimal running costs, can't provide lots of energy
2 - No pollution but can be very unreliable, waves die out when winds drop
1- You need lots of small wave powered turbines located around the coast like wind turbines
Wave:
droughts - high initial costs
3 - can provide an immediate response to an increased demand for electricity - only unreliable in
are destroyed, also look very unsightly
2 - There is a big impact on the enviroment due to the flooding of a valley - many animals homes
turbines (it doesn't create pollution)
1 - usually requires the flooding of a valley by building a big dam - water is allowed out through
Hydro-electric:
Hydro-electric and Wave Power
17 of 19
19 of 19 18 of 19
Bio-fuels Tidal Barrages
1 - Bio-fuels are renewable energy resources created from plant products or animal dung - they Tidal Barrages:
can be solid liquid or gas and can be burnt to produce electricity (like fossil fuels)
1 - Tidal barrages are big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in them - the water is
2 - They are supposedly carbon neutral - but in order for this to be true you have to be planting allowed out through turbines at a controlled speed
things at the same rate you are burning them
2 - Tides are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun
3 - fairly reliable only take a short time to grow - but cannot respond to immediate energy demands.
3 - No pollution but can destroy the habitas of animals and destroy the view
4 - the cost to refine bio-fuels is very high and there are worries that there isnt enough space to
grow crops for food as well as bio-fuels. 4 - They are fairly reliable they are regular however the height is varied
Non-Renewables: Fossil fuels and nuclear energy are reliable however whilst there are plenty 5 - High initial start up costs but no fuel costs
available at the moment they are slowly runnign out.
They have serious enviromental effects - they release co2 into the atmosphere, this adds to the
greenhouse effect which contributes to global warming. Also releases sulfur dioxide which causes
acid rain (harmful to trees and soils). Coal mining makes a mess of the landscape, oil spillages
damage enviroments, nuclear waste is very dangerous and difficult to dispose of.