CONCRETE

High Strength Concrete

•Strength Proper quality control have to be assured at

•Long Term Performance the all the production stages

Mechanical Properties of Hardened Concrete

Compressive
Strength Long Term
Properties
Short Term Tensile
Properties Strength
Shrinkage Creep

Shear
Strength

Modulus of
Elasticity
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

•Type of mix
•Properties of aggregate Compressive strength ≥ 20,000 psi (138 MPa)
•Curing time
Common concrete strength using ordinary aggregate falls in
6000 psi (40 MPa) level

The standard specification for compressive strength is taken from

ASTM C-39.
According to ACI, average of two cylinders at 28 days age is taken
No individual test value falls below f’c by 500 psi
The design strength should mot be the average value of
cylinders, but the minimum value of cylinder strength.
 TENSILE STRENGTH

•The concrete is weak in tension

Tensile strength is taken approximately as
0.1 f’c ≤ fct ≤0.2 f’c
Tensile strength can be measured using :
Splitting strength test f’t, cylinders
Modulus of Rupture fr for members subjected to bending, Prisms
according to ASTM C-78.

fr ≤7.5 √f’c
f’c in psi
SHEAR STRENGTH

• The shear strength can not be determined

experimentally, because it is difficult to isolate shear
from other stresses.
• There is a large variation in shear strength values ranges
from 20% to 85% of concrete compressive strength.
• Lower value is adopted in design to avoid diagonal
cracks.
 STRESS STRAIN CURVE

Stress- strain relationship is an important factor in the analysis and design of

the concrete structures.
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity can be applied only to the tangent of the curve
at the origin.

Secant modulus of elasticity: is

determined as the slope of the straight Stress
line constructed from the origin of the ent
tang s
curve to a given value of stress. ulu
mo d
It describes the stiffness in the inelastic f’c

us nt
ul ge
od n
range.

m l ta
a
Secant

iti
In
modulus
Tangent modulus of elasticity: is
determined as the slope of a line tangent
to the stress-strain curve at a point of
Strain
interest.
It describes the stiffness in the plastic Typical Stress-Strain Curve
range.
 STRESS STRAIN CURVE

ACI Equation for Ec:

90 > wc >155 lb/ft3

Ec=57,000 √f’c ,psi

Ec=4,700 √f’c ,MPa

 STRESS STRAIN CURVE

High Strength Concrete

According to ACI, the concrete is considered high strength when its
compressive strength exceeds 6000 psi (41.4MPa).

The expression for Ec is given as:

 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

The general form to determine the compressive strength

as a function of time is:
CREEP

Creep (lateral material flow) : is increase in strain with time due to

sustained load.
-It is affected by concrete composition, environmental conditions and
specimen size.
• Creep rate decreases with time.
• It cannot be observed, so it is deducted the elastic strain and shrinkage
strain from the total deformation.
Total strain (et) = elastic strain (ee) + creep (ec) + shrinkage (esh)

Where:
:unit creep coeff. (specific creep)
:stress intensity corresponding to unit strain
: ultimate creep coeff. ~ 2.35
Ct :creep coeff. At any time
t : time in days
CREEP

When conditions are not standard, corrections should be applie dto

the creep coeff. Eq. as follows:
For moist cured concrete loaded at an age of 7 days or more,
Ka=1.25 t -0.118

For steam cured concrete loaded at an age of 1-3 days or more,

Ka=1.13 t -0.095

For relative humidity greater than 40%, further correction

is applied as:

Kc1=1.27 -0.0067H
SHRINKAGE

There are two types of shrinkage:

Plastic shrinkage: it occurs during the first hours after placing fresh
concrete in the form.
Dry shrinkage: it occurs when concrete is subjected to drying conditions
and a good portion of hydrated chemical hydration process in the cement
gel has been accomplished.
the first hours after placing fresh concrete in the form.
Depends on:
Aggregate
W/C Ratio
Member Size
Admixtures
Amount of reinforcement
Ambient temperature and humidity
Type of cement
Carbonation
SHRINKAGE

For moist cured concrete loaded at an age of 7 days or more,

For steam cured concrete loaded at an age of 1-3 days or more,

For relative humidity greater than 40%, further correction is applied as:

For 40% < H ≤ 80% KSH=1.4 -0.01H

For 80% < H ≤ 100% KSH=3.0 -0.03H

 NON PRESTRESSING STEEL

The most important properties of the reinforcement are:

1. Young Modulus, Es
2. Yield Strength, fy
3. Ultimate Strength, fu
4. Steel Grade Designation
5. Diameter or Size of the Bare or Wire
NON PRESTRESSING STEEL
NON PRESTRESSING STEEL
PRESTRESSING STEEL

High Creep and Shrinkage Losses in Concrete Require:

• High strength steels in the range of 270 ksi
• Normal prestress losses can be 35 – 60 ksi
• Initial prestress needs to be high (180 – 220 ksi)
• 60 ksi steels will not work

Common Types of Prestressing Reinforcement

 Uncoated stress-relieved or low-relaxation wires

 Uncoated stress-relieved strands and low-relaxation strands
 Uncoated high-strength steel bars

Wires or strands not stress relieved have higher relaxation losses than
stress-relieved wires or strands
PRESTRESSING STEEL

Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strands

•Stress-relieved wires – cold drawn single wires ASTM A421

•Stress-relieved strands – ASTM A 416
•Strands – one central wire with six other twisted at a pitch of 12 to
16 wire diameter
•Stress relieving done after twisting into a strand
PRESTRESSING STEEL

Seven Wire Standard Strand

 PRESTRESSING STEEL

Seven Wire Standard and Compacted Strand

• Smooth or deformed ASTM A722 (high strength alloy bars)
•¾ inch (19 mm) to 1⅜ inch (35mm) diameter
•Cold drawn and stress relieved (< 500 degree C)
•Tensile strength of minimum 150 ksi (1034 MPa)

Standard Strand Compacted Strand

PRESTRESSING STEEL

Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel

PRESTRESSING STEEL

Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Strand in

Comparison with Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement
PRESTRESSING STEEL

Stress Relaxation

Stress relaxation in prestressing steel is the loss of prestress due to

constant strain

For stress-relieved wires and strands:

t is time in hours
PRESTRESSING STEEL
PRESTRESSING STEEL

Stress relaxation loss can be reduced by subjecting strands that are

initially stressed at 70% of their ultimate strength fpu to temperatures
of 20 to 100 oC for an extended time in order to produce permanent
elongation – “Stabilization”.

For such low relaxation steels:

t is time in hours
 PRESTRESSING STEEL

Corrosion and Deterioration of Strands

Corrosion is more critical for prestressing steels than for reinforced concrete
due to sustained high stress. The nominal moment capacity of the prestressed
member can be highly reduced because of the reduction in prestressing tendon
area.

Protection against corrosion :

Pretensioned members – adequate concrete cover

Post-tensioned members – full grouting or grease

Stress Corrosion
•Microscopic cracks under very high stresses
•Brittle failure
 PRESTRESSING STEEL

ACI Maximum Permissible Stresses

Concrete Stresses in Flexure
Stress limits at release (transfer) of prestress (before time-dependent losses)
a. Extreme fiber stress in compression...................................................................0.60f’ci
b. Extreme fiber stress in Tension (except at ends) ................................................ 3 √f’ci
c. Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply supported members ............ 6 √f’ci
Concrete compressive stress limits at service loads (after allowance for all prestress losses)
shall not exceed the following:
a. Extreme fiber stress in compression due to
prestress plus sustained load………………………............................………..…….…….0.45fc′
b. Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus total load ……………0.60fc′
c. Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed tensile zone……………………….6 √ fc′
d. Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed tensile zone of
members (except two way slab system), where analaysis based
on transformed cracked section and on bilinear moment-
deflection relationships shows that immediate and long time
deflections comply with the ACI definition requirements and
minimum concrete cover requirements ………………………………….……….12 √ fc′
 PRESTRESSING STEEL

ACI Maximum Permissible Stresses

Prestressing Steel Stresses
Tensile stresses in prestressing tendons shall not exceed the following:

PCI Handbook allows tension after prestress transfer

for low-relaxation strand = 0.74 fpu
 PRESTRESSING STEEL

ACI Maximum Permissible Stresses

Prestressing Steel Stresses

Notations:
fc′ = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
fci′ = specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, psi
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing reinforcement, psi
fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing reinforcement, psi
fy = specified yield strength for nonprestressed reinforcement, psi
 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
Pretensioning
 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
Post-tensioning

• Jacking System
Hydraulic jacks are required
(20 ton capacity with stroke
6 to 48 inches )

•Grouting of Post-tensioned
Tendons Permanent protection and
for bond between prestressing steel
and concrete Ducts filled under
pressure with cement grout in an
injection process.