Tissue fluid Bio Factsbeet

..
Practice Questions Answers
L (a) ref to very thin pavement epithelium (of wall);
Remember - recommended unitsfor measuringpressure are now the
ref to fenestrations/cell gaps in wall;
pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa). In physiology and medical practice
ref to differentially permeable capillary walls (so that proteins
the units 'mms of mercury' are still commonly used, simply because cannot cross it); max 2
nearly all the instruments usedfor measuring pressures are calibrated
in 'mms of mercury' and it would cost vast sums of money to replace
(b) taken up into lymph vessels (as lymph);
them., Also, having two types of unit in use could result in serious
aided by a positive tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure/pressure of 1
medical errors occuring. mm of mercury;
l mm of mercury = 133.3 Pa.
returned to blood system (at subclavian veins)
BHP = 3999 Pa. IFOP = 799.8 Pa. BOP = 3732.4 Pa. bacteria filtered out of lymph by phagocytes in lymph nodes;
Data interpretation questions may use mms of mercury or pascals.
lymph nodes release lymphocytes into the lymph; max 3

(c) arterial end contains higher concentration of oxygen than venous

1. (a) State two features of capillaries that enable tissue fluid to be formed. end;
2 arterial end contains a higher concentration of glucose/amino acids/
any correct named nutrient than venous end;
(b) About 85% ofthe tissue fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end of arterial end contains a lower concentration of waste products/
the capillary. Describe what happens to the tissue fluid that is not correct named product than venous end; (only allow urea ifliver is
reabsorbed. 3 specified) 3

(c) List three differences in the composition of tissue fluid at the (d) raised blood hydrostatic pressure/possible causes of this;
arterial end of the capillaries to the tissue fluid at the venous end of decreased plasma protein concentrationipossible causes of this;
the capillaries, 3 raised capillary wall permeability/possible causes of this;
fluidretention/possible causes of this; max 2
(d) When tissue fluid is inadequately reabsorbed, it accumulates in the Total 10
tissues causing swelling (oedema). Suggest two possible causes for
oedema. 2 2. (a) (i) tissue fluid is present between cells/in tissues but lymph is
Total 10 within the lymph vessels;
lymph tends to contain more lymphocytes than tissue fluid;
2. (a) Distinguishbetween: maxl
(i) TIssue fluid ana lymph, 1
(ii) tissue fluid and plasma, 2 (ii) tissue fluid contains very little protein but plasma contains a lot;
(iii}extracellular fluid and intercellular fluid. 2 tissue fluid is between the cells/in tissues but plasma is within
the blood vessels;
(b) The equation below for effective filtration pressure relates the tissue fluid does not contain red cells but plasma does; max 2
different pressures involved in forming tissue fluid. The table gives
some actual values for some of these pressures and also some (iii) extracellular refers to all body fluids outside cells;
I16tfi1alvalues bracketed in italics. intercellular fluid refers only to tissue fluid between the cells;
Peff = forces moving fluid ~ forces moving fluid blood plasma/lymphJtissue fluid/cerebrospinal fluid/synovial
out of capillaries into capillaries fluid/aqueous humour are all examples of extracellular fluid;
(look for two examples for one mark) max 2
Thus Peff == (BlIP + IFOP) - (lFHP + BOP)
(b) (i) Peff = (BHP + IFOP) ~ (IFHP + BOP)
pressures in mm arteria! end of venous end of 10 = (BHP + 6) - (0 + 28);
of mercury capillary bed capillary bed BHP= 32mm;
Peff= (16+6)~(-1+28);
blood hydrostatic ? 16 (15) Peff = -5 mm; 4
pressure (BHP)
(ii) the effective filtration pressure forming tissue fluid is higher
interstitial fluid osmotic 6 6 than the norm;
pressure (IFOP) the effective filtration pressure reabsorbing tissue fluid is less
than the norm;
interstitial fluid hydrostatic 0 -1(0) thus oedema may occur/tissue fluid may accumulate between
pressure (IFHP) cells; 3
Total 12
blood osmotic
pressure(BO P) 28 28

effective filtration
pressure (Peff] 10 (8) ? (-7)
Acknowledgements;
This Factsheet was researched and written ~y Martin Griffin
CurriculumPress, Unit305E, The Big Peg,
(i) Use the equation to calculate the missing values on the table. 120 J1!seStreet, Birmingham. BI8 6NF
Bio Factslzeets may be copied free of-charge by teaching staff or students, provided -that-their school -is a
Show your working. Only use the actual values. 4 registered subscriber.
(ii) Comment on the values shown in the table. 3 No part of these Factsheeie may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any other/arm
or by any other means, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Total 12 ISSN 1351-5136 -