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Abstract-Harmonic currents generated by non-linear loads can cause problems in the power systems and particularly the
distribution transformers as they are vulnerable to overheating and premature failure. Normally designers recommend an oversized
transformer to protect transformer from overheating. K-factor transformers are specifically designed to accommodate harmonic
currents. K-transformers are preferred because they have additional thermal capacity of known limits, design features that minimize
harmonic current losses, and neutral and terminal connections sized at 200% of normal. K-factor transformers allow operation up to
nameplate capacity without derating.
Index Terms- Additional thermal capacity, Derating, Distribution transformers, Harmonic currents, K- Factor, Nameplate capacity,
Neutral and Terminal connections, Non-linear loads, Overheating.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today's modem offices and plants are dominated by nonlinear
loads, desktop computers, solid state ballasts, PID lighting,
programmable controllers, and variable speed drives to name a
few. Due to these electronic loads, significant harmonic loads
have been added to the building's distribution systems. The
result is premature failure ofthe transformer due to
overheating. Till recent times, the only solution to this problem
was to derate the transformer. This solution is no longer
acceptable.
U) 1! ~
(1)
Load K~acto'
Where Ih is the load current at the harmonic h, expressed in a
per-unit basis such that the total RMS current equals one Fig. 2.Typical Transformer derating for
ampere, i.e. Nonlinear loads
t-
The RMS value of the total current is the square root of the
RMS value of the individual currents squared.
IX. The UL Approach to Transformers Relatively small DC components (up to the RMS magnitude
of the transformer excitation current at rated voltage) are
A. A transformer intended for use with loads drawing expected to have no significant effects on the load carrying
non-sinusoidal currents shall be marked "Suitable for of the transformer excitation current at rated voltage) are
non-sinusoidal current load with K-Factor not to expected to have no significant effect on the load carrying
exceed x. (x= 4, 9, 13, 20, 30, 40 or 50). capability of a transformer determined by this recommended
B. Formulas to determine eddy losses and total losses practice. Higher DC load components may adversely affect
where the transformer load losses (PLL) are to be transformer capability and must be corrected by the user.
determined as follows:
Harmonic currents flowing through transformer leakage
PLL = PDC(l + K(PEC)) (4) Impedance and through system impedance may also produce
some small harmonic distortion in the voltage waveform at the
Where, PDC = Total 12Rlosses transformer terminals. Such voltage harmonics may cause
extra harmonic losses in the transformer core. However,
K = the K-Factor rating at the transformer (4, 9, 13, 20, 30, operating experience has indicated that core temperature rise
40 or 50). usually will not be the limiting parameter for determination of
safe magnitudes of non-sinusoidal load currents.
PEC = assumed eddy current losses calculated as follows:
The Noise Isolation Transformer suppresses common mode
For Transformers rated 300 KVA or less, and for transformers noise by introducing a ground shield between its primary and
Rated 300 KVA and above, in which; secondary windings. The ground shield provides a low
impedance path to ground by capacitive coupling which
PAC = Impedance loss prevents unwanted high frequency signals contained in the
source voltage from reaching the transformer secondary.
C= 0.7 for transformers having a turn ratio greater than 4:1
and having one or more winding with a current rating greater The grounded shield between primary and secondary windings
than 1000 amperes., or C= 0.6 for all other transformers. is called an electrostatic shield. This shield does not perform
any function with regard to harmonic current or voltage
PDC-I = the fR losses for the inner winding. distortion wave forms. However this shield is extremely
valuable in protecting sensitive equipments from common
The impedance losses and the fR losses shall be determined mode electrical noise and transients generated on the line side
in accordance with the test code for Dry Type Distribution and of the transformer. The shielded and unshielded transformers
Power Transformers, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.91-1979. [4] are shown in fig, 4.
As stated in ANSI/IEEE C57.1 10-1986, harmonic load The ratio of common mode noise attenuation (CMA) on the
currents may be accompanied by DC components in the load input to that of the output of the transformer is expressed in
current which are frequently caused by the loss of a diode in a decibels as shown in equation shown here below:
rectifier circuit. A DC component of load current will increase
the transformer core loss slightly, and may increase the CMA = 20 10glo [Vin]
Vout
dB (5)
magnetizing current and audible sound level. [3].
Table No.1.Calculations for a typical nonlinear load Table No.2. K- Factors for various types of Loads
feeder costs. power systems increasing as more electronic loads are added.
3. The transformers designed specifically for nonlinear Whether this will provide sufficient impetus for new rating
loads minimize losses due to harmonic currents. They system for other power system components is problematical.
operate with the nonlinear loads more efficiently and One thing is sure, though, until the day that harmonic currents
generate less heat that need to be dissipated. actually diminish, K-Factor Transformers will play an
important role in coping with the problems harmonics create.
Xl. Using a K-Factor Transformer
References
Once the harmonic current of the total load is known, and a K-
Factor is specified (K4, K13 etc.), the appropriate type K- [I] The Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers,
Factor transformer can be fully loaded up to 100% or "Recommended Practice for establishing Transformer
nameplate KVA. All other optional feature that the industry is capabilities when supplying Non-sinusoidal Load
accustomed to can be specified. Currents", ANSIIIEEE C57.110-1986, New York, 1986.
I. Copper or Aluminum. [2] Gruzs, T.M. "A survey of Neutral Currents in Three-
2. 80° C, 115°C, 150°C. phase Computer Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on
3. Electro-static shield. Industry Application, Vo1.26, No.4, July/August 1990.
XII. What should be remembered when using a [3] IEEE P-l100 Working Group. Recommended Practice
K-Factor Transformer? for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic
Equipments. Draft 1992.
I). Harmonic loads do cause premature failure when
standard transformers are used. [4] Underwriters Laboratory. Proposed Requirements and
Proposed Effective Dates for the First Edition of the
2) Average reading RMS meters do not measure Standard for Dry Type General Purpose and Power
harmonic currents. True reading RMS meters should Transformers, UL 156. Santa Clara CA, 1991.
be used.
[5] Computer Business Equipment Association (CBEMA).
3) Insist on a K-Factor transformer that has been 3rd Three Phase Power Source Overloading Caused by Small
party tested. Accept no verbal claims. The proof must Computers and Electronic Office Equipment. ESC-3
be on the label. Information Letter, 1987.