Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399

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Composites: Part B
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Simulating RC beams with unbonded FRP and steel prestressing tendons

D. Knight, P. Visintin ⇑, D.J. Oehlers, M.S. Mohamed Ali
School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A partial interaction based analysis to simulate the behaviour of RC beams with prestressed unbonded
Received 11 September 2013 tendons is proposed. Unlike bonded reinforcement, the strain developed in unbonded reinforcing tendons
Received in revised form 6 November 2013 under bending is uniform along the length of the member and is thus member dependant. Conventional
Accepted 22 December 2013
analysis techniques incorporate correction factors and empirical components in defining the strain
Available online 6 January 2014
developed in both the unbonded and bonded reinforcement. Being semi-empirical, the post-cracking
analysis cannot directly simulate the effects of tension-stiffening on the untensioned bonded reinforce-
Keywords:
ment. Accordingly, this paper presents a segmental moment–rotation approach for simulating the
A. Aramid Fibre
A. Carbon Fibre
behaviour of RC beams with unbonded prestressed reinforcement, such that the mechanics of the
B. Creep approach removes the reliance on empiricisms in defining the reinforcement and unbonded tendon
C. Numerical Analysis behaviour. Validated against experimental results, the approach is shown to accommodate concrete
creep, shrinkage and reinforcement relaxation, thus enabling prestressing losses to be quantified.
Crown Copyright Ó 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction empiricisms to define the mechanics of member behaviour means

The use of unbonded prestressed reinforcement in conventional
reinforced concrete (RC) construction is attracting increased atten-
tion, as compared to traditional bonded prestressed [1] construc-
tion as the process is simplified by removing the need for tendon
grouting [2–4].
The absence of bond between the prestressed reinforcement
and the surrounding concrete violates the condition of strain com-
patibility, which is the basis of traditional full-interaction mo-
ment–curvature (M/v) analysis techniques. This is because the
strains in the unbonded reinforcement are dependent on the total
deformation of the tendon along the total length of the member.
Hence, the behaviour of an RC member with unbonded reinforce-
ment is dependent on both: the deformation of the member; as
well as the cross section.
Conventional analysis techniques resolve the stress increment
fps in the unbonded prestressing steel using a bond-reduction
method [5–8]. Using this approach an empirically derived correc-
tion factor is applied to the M/v analysis in an attempt to reduce
the cross-section to an equivalent cross-section with bonded rein-
forcements. Being empirically defined and reliant on firstly quanti-
fying the behaviour of an equivalent bonded member, this
approach is unable to be generically applied to any member type
and any loading scenario and notable differences between the var-
ious empirical derivations exists [8]. Moreover, the reliance on
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 8 8313 3710.
E-mail address: phillip.visintin@adelaide.edu.au (P. Visintin).
the bond-reduction approach cannot simulate the behaviour ob-
served in practice, that is, it cannot simulate the mechanisms of
crack formation and widening and the mechanism of concrete
softening.
In this paper, a new approach for the analysis of members with
unbonded prestressed reinforcement is presented. The proposed
approach is an extension of the segmental moment–rotation (M/h)
approach which has been developed for the analysis of both con-
ventional RC beams and columns under instantaneous and long
term loading [10–15] and extended for the analysis of members
with bonded prestressed reinforcement under instantaneous and
sustained loading [16,17]
The segmental M/h approach uses the mechanics of partial
interaction (PI) theory [12,18–26] to directly simulate the slip of
bonded reinforcement relative to the concrete encasing it and,
hence, describes crack formation, crack widening and tension stiff-
ening, including that which is influenced by the residual strains
associated with concrete creep, shrinkage and pre-stressed rein-
forcement [15–17]. Furthermore, the approach also uses the
mechanics of shear friction theory [12,15]and [27,28] to describe
a size dependent stress strain relationship [29] which can, through
mechanics, simulate the formation of wedges associated with con-
crete softening [10]. Hence, using the segmental M/h approach, the
mechanics of partial interaction and shear friction directly simu-
late the mechanisms of concrete cracking and softening such that
the only empiricisms required for analysis are those associated
with defining material properties.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.039
 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399 393

In this paper, having described the segmental M/h approach, it

will be shown how it can be applied at a member level to deter-
mine the deflection of an RC member with unbonded prestressed
reinforcement, including the deflections associated with concrete
creep and shrinkage. The approach is then validated against a ser-
ies of tests conducted by Harajli and Kanjim [9], Tao and Du [30]
and Saafi and Toutanjli [31] and a parametric study is carried out
to show how the approach can be used to directly quantify the
strain in the unbonded reinforcement at all loading stages. Hence,
it is shown how the M/h approach can be used to determine strain
reduction coefficients which can be used in existing analysis tech-
niques without the need for experiments.

2. Moment–rotation of segment

Consider a segment of length 2Ldef in Fig. 1(b), where 2Ldef cor-
responds to the crack spacing, to which a constant prestressing
moment Mpr0 is applied. The segment is extracted from a rein-
forced concrete RC member with unbonded prestressed reinforce-
ment and is of a cross section as in Fig. 1(a). In order to
accommodate the deformations due to both concrete shrinkage
and the application of prestress, let us first establish the total
deformation which results in the development of stress within
the segment [15]. That is, if unrestrained, shrinkage will cause a
deformation of the concrete in Fig. 1(b) from A–A to C–C by eshLdef
without inducing a stress. Hence the deformation profile C–C may
be used as a baseline whereby any movement of the concrete from
C–C to B–B relative to datum F–F results in a strain to cause a stress
in the concrete. Similarly, any movement of the reinforcement
from the initial position A–A relative to F–F will result in a strain
to cause a stress in the reinforcement. Let us now consider how
the deformation of the segment can be used to determine the seg-
mental M/h relationship.
2.1. Prestress application
The application of prestress in a member with unbonded rein-
forcement is identical to that for a prestressed member with
bonded tendons [16,17] which are initially tensioned prior to gro-
uting and is summarised in the flow chart in Fig. 2.
A tendon prestressing force Fpr0 is applied to the segment in
Fig. 1(a) at an eccentricity e causing the ends of the segment A–A
in Fig. 1(b) to both contract and rotate to B–B; it is, therefore, a
matter of determining the location of profile B–B such that both
force and rotational equilibrium are obtained. For analysis as de-
scribed in Fig. 2 using Fig. 1, a rotation of the segment end hpr0
is assumed and a deformation of the concrete due to the combina-
tion of concrete shrinkage and prestress application at the extreme
compression face dtop0 is guessed, thereby, defining the deforma-
tion profile B–B in Fig. 1(b). The strain profile E–E which results in a
stress in the concrete is, therefore, given by
Fig. 2. M/h procedure at application of pre-stress.
d
ec ¼  esh ð1Þ
Ldef
where d is the deformation between A–A and B–B at a specific level.
The strain profile G–G in Fig. 1(c) resulting in a stress in the
reinforcement, due to the deformation form A–A to B–B, is given by
d
er ¼ ð2Þ
Ldef
Having defined a strain profile for both the concrete and the rein-
forcement in Fig. 1(c), the internal stresses and forces as in
Fig. 1(d) and (e) are also known through the application of standard
material stress strain relationships. It is then a matter of iterating as
in the flow diagram in Fig. 2 until both force and rotational equilib-
rium are achieved, that is the resultant force in the section FRC in
Fig. 1(e) is equal to and in line with the prestressing force Fpr0 as
shown. This gives the rotation hpr0 for a specific prestressing mo-
ment Mpr0 as plotted in Fig. 3(a). An equivalent curvature vpr0
in Fig. 3(b) can also be obtained knowing v = h/Ldef. Finally, the rela-
tionship between the constant member moment Mpr0 and the con-
traction of the RC segment at the level of the tendon dext0 is known
such that dext0/Ldef in Fig. 3(c) is an effective strain elvtd in the seg-
ment at tendon level and which is uniform along the member
length.
2.2. Moment application
Let us now determine the behaviour of the segment upon appli-
cation of an applied moment M1 as in Fig. 4(a).
The analysis technique upon the application of a moment is
summarised in the flow chart in Fig. 5 where the analysis is carried
out for a given rotation h at the segment end in Fig. 4(a). As the
force in the tendon Fpr depends on the deformation of the whole
member and not just that of a segment, Fpr is unknown at this stage

Fig. 1. Moment rotation analysis of a segment at prestress application.

394 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399
(a)
Fig. 3. (a) M/h, (b) M/v and (c) M/elvtd relationships.
Fig. 4. Cracked segment analysis.
Fig. 5. Moment–rotation procedure for segment.
of the analysis. A family of curves with varying Fpr is therefore gen-
erated here for use in the ensuing member analysis.
For a given tendon force Fpr1 in Fig. 4, a change in rotation Dh1
from the initial rotation hpr0 is set and the applied moment M1 to
cause this total rotation h is sought. A total deformation dtop1 due
to time effects, prestress and M1 is set at the top fibre, thereby,
defining the deformation profile D–D.
The concrete strain profile E–E in Fig. 4(b) can then be deter-
mined using Eq. (1) and using a size dependent stress–strain
relationship [29] to determine the stress profile in Fig. 4(c), the
force profile in Fig. 4(d) is determined. The use of a size depen-
(b) (c)
dent stress strain relationship, derived using shear friction the-
ory where the length of the prism from which the concrete
material properties should be extracted corresponds to 2Ldef in
Fig. 4, allows for concrete softening through the formation of a
wedge as in Fig. 4(a) without the need for an empirical hinge
length [10,29].
For bonded reinforcement located in the uncracked region, the
stress developed can be determined from the strain profile deter-
mined using Eq. (2) and, hence, the internal forces can be obtained
from material stress–strain relationships. For reinforcement lo-
cated in the cracked region, the load developed is a function of
the slip of the reinforcement Dreinf in Fig. 4 relative to the concrete
in which it is encased; a behaviour which is commonly referred to
as tension stiffening.
The uncracked analysis in Fig. 1 can be used to determine when
the segment first cracks and this will be referred to as the initial
crack. Furthermore, each of the bars in Fig. 1(a) is encased by con-
crete and this will be referred to as a tension stiffening prism. Con-
sider a tension stiffening prism as in Fig. 6(d) with an initial crack
on the left hand side. The reinforcement load Freinf in Fig. 6(d)
causes a slip d between the reinforcement and the adjacent con-
crete as in Fig. 6(c). The accumulation of the interface slip along
the length of the bonded interface results in a total slip at the crack
face of Dreinf. To quantify this slip and the forces it induces requires
the mechanics of partial-interaction theory that incorporates the
bond–slip (s–d) relationship. There are numerous closed form
[25,26] or numerical solutions [12–14,17,18,20,22,32–36] readily
available that can quantify the variation in interface slip d or inter-
face slip–strain dd/dx along the member and the only difference in
 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399
Fig. 6. Partial-interaction tension-stiffening procedure.
the solutions are the required boundary conditions. Moreover, the
effects of concrete creep and shrinkage are accommodated through
a residual strain approach as suggested by [15,17].
Let us first consider the behaviour at the initial crack shown in
Fig. 6(d) [10,12,24]. Partial-interaction theory, which requires the
bond–slip properties (s–d) can be used to: quantify the variation
in the slip–strain dd/dx in Fig. 6(a) in which dd/dx is the difference
in strain across the bond interface, that is er–ec in Fig. 6(d); the var-
iation in the bond shear stress s along the prism as in Fig. 6(b); and
the variation in slip d as in Fig. 6(c).
For a long length of reinforcing bar, the boundary condition re-
quired for the single crack analysis is that at some point located
Lprim from the crack face, both dd/dx and d tend to zero. The par-
tial-interaction analysis in Fig. 6(d) can predict the minimum posi-
tion at which the next crack could occur and hence provide the
segment length Ldef in Fig. 4(a) where the primary crack spacing
Lprim = 2Ldef, should the concrete stresses be large enough. Once pri-
mary cracks occur, the partial-interaction analysis is that of a sym-
metrically loaded prism in Fig. 6(e) of length Lprim where by
symmetry the slip at Lprim/2 is zero which is the new boundary con-
dition. The analysis of this prism can be used to predict when
cracking could occur at the mid-length Lprim/2 and should these
secondary cracks occur the analysis is that shown in Fig. 6(f).
Hence the relationship between Freinf and reinf required in the anal-
ysis in Fig. 4 when cracking occurs can be derived from the partial-
interaction analyses depicted in Fig. 6.
Having now defined all the forces in Fig. 4(d), whether the seg-
ment is cracked or not, dtop can be adjusted until equilibrium of
internal forces is obtained that is the algebraic sum of forces in
Fig. 4(d) is zero after which moments can be taken to determine
the applied moment M1.
395
The above analysis provides the remaining component of M/h in
Fig. 3(a), that is after the initial prestress, and the corresponding
M/v and M/dext relationship for a given tendon pre-stressing force
Fpr. This can be used to determine the relationship for a family of
pre-stressing forces for use in the following member analyses.
3. Member analysis
The segmental M/h relationships extracted from a segment can
now be applied at a member level to determine member deflection.
Consider the beam in Fig. 7 where the un-bonded pre-stressed
reinforcement is anchored at the ends such that it can be assumed
that no slip of the anchorages occurs.
To determine the load deflection behaviour of the member an
iterative approach as outlined in Fig. 8 is applied.
Having defined a M/h and corresponding M/v and M/elvtd
relationship as shown in Fig. 3 for a given applied moment Mapplied,
it is now a matter of determining the corresponding unbonded ten-
don force in Fig. 7(a).
Using the M/elvtd relationship in Fig. 3(c), the strain variation
over the member length is known, hence, integration of this strain
gives the total extension of the tendon. Through knowing the ten-
don material properties the calculated tendon force Fprcalc can
then be determined as Fprcalc = fn(dlvtd). If the calculated tendon
force is not equal to the initially applied tendon force Fpr the mo-
ment distribution must be adjusted until it does so.
Having obtained the correct moment distribution, the distribu-
tion of curvature along the member can be determined using the
M/v relationship shown in Fig. 3(b) and the deflection determined
by integration using standard analysis techniques. The analysis can
then be repeated for an increasing applied moment Mapplied in order
to produce the full member load–deflection relationship.
It should be noted that any frictional resistance between the
unbonded reinforcement and adjacent concrete is deemed to be
negligible as suggested by Alkhairi and Naaman [37] for straight
tendons. Furthermore, we may also consider the partial-interaction
behaviour of the end anchorages, commonly referred to as wedge
seating [38–40] which results in a loss of prestressing force due
to unbonded reinforcement shortening over length Lmember in
Fig. 7(a). Displacement due to wedge seating is typically defined
by the manufacturer and is specific to the anchorage type. The gen-
eral analysis procedure applies, as previously outlined, with the
addition of a change in tendon length due to an anchorage move-
ment, such that Fprcalc is recalculated based on further iterations.
4. Comparison to test results
Having defined the behaviour of an RC member with unbonded
prestressing reinforcement using the segmental M/h approach, it is
now applied to simulate the load deflection response of tests car-
ried out by Harajli and Kanj [9], Tao and Du [30] and Saafi and
Toutanji [31].
Beam FRP-1 tested by Saafi and Toutanji [31] and illustrated in
Fig. 9(a) is of length 2500 mm with cross-section dimensions
300  150 mm prestressed with 4 unbonded AFRP tendons with
cross-sectional area 30 mm2, ultimate strength 1330 MPa and an
elastic modulus of 50 GPa. The beam with a concrete strength of
41 MPa is loaded under 4 point bending with the applied loads lo-
cated 700 mm from the end supports. It was reported that the ulti-
mate load capacity of member is governed by the rupture of a
single tendon, allowing for further developments in load carrying
capabilities due to additional stress increments in the 3 remaining
un-bonded tendons. It can be seen that despite slight discrepancies
between predicted and experimental behaviour in the post-yield
396 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. (a) Member analysis and (b) curvature distribution.

157 mm2. Beam Steel-2 is constructed form concrete of strength

Fig. 8. Unbonded member load–deflection response procedure.
region, the general predicted trend from the presented approach is
very good.
Beams Steel-1 and Steel-2 in Fig. 9(b) and (c) were tested by Tao
and Du [30] under 2 point loads and had a length of 4200 mm with
cross-sectional dimensions 280  160 mm. Beam Steel-1 is con-
structed from concrete of strength of 30.6-MPa, prestressed with
a single unbonded steel tendon with cross-sectional areas
58.8 mm2 and reinforced with bonded steel reinforcement of
33.1 MPa, is prestressed with a total area of tendon of 156.8 mm2
and with bonded steel reinforcement of total cross-sectional area
of 804 mm2.
It is reported that the beam Steel-1 in Fig. 9(b) had a low com-
bined reinforcement ratio resulting in the internal bonded rein-
forcement yielding followed by ultimate failure due to concrete
crushing; represented by the descending region in the load–
deflection response. The model predicts well the ultimate load
carrying capacity of beam Steel-1 in Fig. 9(b) with only slight dis-
crepancies between predicted and experimental results. Similarly,
the predicted behaviour of beam Steel-2 correlates well to the
experimental data through the entire loading range.
Finally it can be seen that the presented approach provides a
reasonable prediction of beam Steel-3 as tested by Harajli and Kanj
[9]. Beam Steel-3 is tested under 2 point loads and has cross-sec-
tional dimensions 127  228 mm with length 3048 mm and a con-
crete strength of 44 MPa. The beam is reinforced with 2 No. 6 mm
reinforcing bars with a yield strength of 275 MPa while the pre-
stressed reinforcement consists of a single 5 mm steel tendon with
an effective prestress of 1606 MPa. Fig. 9(d) shows that the pre-
dicted model tends to under estimate the behaviour of the member

FRP-1 Steel-1
(a) 50 (b)
40

40
30
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

30
20

20 10
Experimental Experimental
Predicted Predicted
10 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Steel-2 Steel-3
(c)150 (d)
8

100 6
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

4
50
2 data1
Experimental Experimental
Predicted Predicted
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Fig. 9. Comparisons to unbonded steel and FRP members.

 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399 397

Table 1
Predicted and experimental fps,u for Steel-1 and Steel-3.
Method fps,u (Predicted)/fps,u (Experimental)
Beam Steel-1
ACI 318 [8] 1.31
BS8110 [41] 1.06
Harajli and Kanj [9] 1.23
Tao and Du [30] 0.86
M/h Approach 0.92
throughout loading; however the general trend of the load–deflec-
tion relationship is very good.
4.1. Unbonded tendon stress
In order to determine the capacity of a member with un-bonded
pre-stressed tendons it is common practice to only define the ten-
don stress increment (fps,u) at the nominal flexural strength of the
unbonded prestressed member through the application of empiri-
cally derived equations [5,8,9,30,41]. While there is no doubt that
the empirically derived equations provide a reasonable estimate of
fps,u when applied within the bounds of the data set from which
they were extracted, as shown in Table 1, when applied to a more
generalised data set correlations are poor and the range of predic-
tions implies that the full range of physical behaviour occurring in
practice is not captured in all empirical equations. While the reli-
ance on first defining these empirical equations to account for ten-
don type, beam dimensions, loading types and member materials
mean that they cannot be generically applied to any member type
[9].
Furthermore, understanding the tendon stress increment (Dfps)
at varying loading stages is important for the serviceability design
of unbonded prestressed members, particular in quantifying time-
effects. Conventionally, in order to quantify Dfps throughout load-
ing and prior to ultimate, the unbonded section is reduced to a
bonded analysis through the use of a bond-reduction coefficient
such that strain compatibility applies. This bond-reduction coeffi-
cient is determined in the uncracked state and subsequently ad-
justed based on the flexural rigidity (EIeff) of the member in a
cracked state, thus being reliant on firstly quantifying Ieff, which
is typically based on the well-known equation derived by Branson
and Trost [42] which itself is empirical. Despite Branson’s equation
being generally accepted as providing a reasonable estimate of the
effective flexural rigidity for members which are reinforced to lev-
els within the bounds of the experimental tests from which it was
calibrated, when used outside of the test bounds discrepancies be-
Beam Steel-3 tween observed and predicted deflections result, particularly for
members with low levels of reinforcement [43].
0.83
0.91
Now consider Fig. 10(a and b) which show a comparison of
0.81 measured tendon stress increments (Dfps) for beam Steel-1 as
1.01 tested by Tao and Du [30] and beam Steel-3 as tested by Harajli
1.04 and Kanj [9] and the tendon stress increment which is directly
determined through the M/h approach. It can be seen how, despite
some deviations, the predicted results trend well to the measured
stress values throughout all loading stages. The final point of the
predicted stress increments in Fig. 10(a and b) represent the ten-
don stress (fps,u) at ultimate and can therefore be compared to the-
oretical approaches as presented in Table 1, whereby fps,u is
comprised of the initial stress (fpre) due to prestressing plus the fi-
nal stress increment (Dfps). The approach presented in this paper
may therefore be applied to the calibration empirical factors for
use in the codified bond-reduction approach without the reliance
on extensive experimental testing.
Furthermore, being able to quantify the tendon stress incre-
ment (Dfps) at varying loading stages is useful in determining the
long-term loading behaviour of the unbonded prestressed beam,
notably in quantifying the time-effects associated tendon
relaxation.
5. Time-Effects
We can now consider time-dependent effects on the behaviour
of unbonded prestressed member by accounting for concrete
creep, shrinkage and tendon relaxation. Consider member with
cross-sectional dimensions 250 mm  150 mm of length 3500 mm
prestressed with 2 unbonded CFRP tendons with an ultimate
strength of 1590 MPa combined with 4 bonded steel reinforcing
bars with a yield strength of 450 MPa. It can be seen that the con-
tribution of creep in Fig. 11(a) tends to increase with the applied
load, whereas for shrinkage the increase in deflection remains
relatively constant over the loading as shown in Fig. 11(b).
Fig. 11(c) represents the load–deflection response for the member
with a combination of creep, shrinkage and tendon relaxation. A
loss of prestressing force results in a lower ultimate load carrying
capacity, while the deflection throughout loading increases at
every load increment. Hence, the approach is able to quantify the
prestress loss at specific time increments which can be used to

Steel-1 Steel-3
(a) 45 (b) 9
40 8

35 7
Applied Load (kN)

Applied Load (kN)

30 6

25 5

20 4

15 3

10 2

5 Experimental 1 Experimental
Predicted Predicted
0 0
0 200 400 600 0 100 200 300
Tendon Stress Increment (Δfps) MPa Tendon Stress Increment (Δfps) MPa

Fig. 10. Comparisons of unbonded tendon stress increment Dfps.

398 D. Knight et al. / Composites: Part B 60 (2014) 392–399
25 25
(a)
20 20
15 15
Load (kN)
10 10
5 5
φ =0
φ =1
φ =2
0 0
0 50 100 150
Fig. 11. Influence of creep, shrinkage and relaxation on member defection.
determine if re-stressing of the tendons or additional tendons is re-
quired to maintain flexural strength or deflection control.
6. Summary
A mechanics based partial-interaction (PI) moment–rotation
(M/h) approach developed to simulate the behaviour of reinforced
(RC) beams with unbonded prestressing FRP and steel is presented
in this paper. It is shown that the approach can allow for both the
instantaneous and sustained loading of RC beams with unbonded
prestressed tendons through the application of a residual strain
PI analysis to quantify local segmental behaviour, which is then
used in a global approach in quantifying entire member behaviour.
Importantly, the approach eliminates the need for empiricisms and
additional bond-reduction coefficients that are typically relied
upon in the current analysis techniques, this should greatly reduce
the cost of developing new types of FRP by reducing the amount of
experimental testing required. Moreover the approach is generic in
that it can be applied to the analysis of members with either pre-
stressed steel or FRP reinforcement. The presented approach is
compared to published experimental results showing good correla-
tion. It is also suggested that the approach can be a useful tool in
practice for determining the developed unbonded reinforcement
stress at any loading stage, thus enabling for the time-dependent
effects on member behaviour to be quantified.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Aus-
tralian Research Council ARC Discovery Project DP0985828 ‘A uni-
fied reinforced concrete model for flexure and shear’.
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5
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