ANSlllEEE Std 310-1969

tisiEE9
(Reaffirmed 1975)

IEEE Standard for

Reference-Standard Electrical Resistors

Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
5Hti2287

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Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on November 07,2010 at 05:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 IEEE Standard
for Reference-Standard Electrical Resistors
1. Scope
1.1 This standard applies to precision electrical
resistors exhibiting a high degree of stability
and intended for use as reference standards
in accurate direct-current resistance measure-
ments.
1.2 The standard does not apply to resistors,
however excellent, which are intended for use
solely as circuit components.
2. Mechanical Requirements
2.1 Construction
2.1.1 The resistor must be designed so that
it can be measured conveniently with standard
precision resistance-measuring devices, either
directly or with the use of a simple jig. Re-
sistors to which leads must be soldered do not
come within the purview of this specification.
2.1.2 In order to permit accurate temper-
ature measurement of the resistor during cali-
bration it should be constructed to withstand
oil immersion, or be provided with an internal
temperature sensor.
2.1.3 Other details of the mechanical con-
figuration are left to the individual specifica-
tions of various users and manufacturers in
order to avoid unnecessary restriclions on new
designs of standard resistors and resistance-
measuring systems.
2.2 Marking. Each resistor shall be marked
in a permanent fashion with the following in-
forma tion :
(1) Design resistance value of the standard.
Nominal value may be suhstituted if space is
limited. (See 3.1).
(2) The item name: “Standard Resistor’’
(3) Serial number
(4) Maker’s name or initials
(5) Model or catalog number
(6) Unique identification of all connection
terminals
7
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3. Electrica1 Requirements
3.1 Nominal Value. The design value of a
standard resistor may be any value required
by a user and may depart substantially from
simple multiples and sub-multiples of 10. I n
such cases the requirement (1) above shall be
considered to be met if the value adopted as
nominal is within 0.5 percent of the design
value. This limit of 0.5 percent for marking
purposes only is separate and distinct from
adjustment limits specified in 3.2. It shall be
considered preferable to use the design value
for marking purposes if space permits.
3.2 Accuracy of Adjustment (when ini-
tially delivered to customer)
3.2.1 Standard resistors having design values
in the range 0.01 ohm to 1 megohm, inclusive,
shall be adjusted within 0.005 percent of the
design value.
3.2.2 Standard resistors having design values
less than 0.01 ohm shall be adjusted within
5 x 10-7 ohm of the design value.
3.2.3 Standard resistors having design values
greater than 1megohm shall be adjusted within
0.05 percent of the design value.
3.3 Adjustment Devices. Trimmers or other
accessible adjustment devices, if provided, must
be sealed in a distinctive manner so as to make
it apparent if the adjustment of the standard
has been disturbed.
3.4 Resistance-Temperature Relationship
3.4.1 Reference-standard electrical resistors
are normally used under controlled environ-
mental conditions where temperature lies in the
range 20°C to 30°C. Within this range of
temperature the value of any resistor coming
within the scope of this specification is ade-
quately given by a quadratic equation having
the form
 I n this equation T is the temperature of the
resistor in degrees Celsius, R,, is the value of
the resistor at 25"C, RT is the value at T "C,
and a?-)and d are constants for a given re-
sistor.
3.4.2 For standard resistors having values
from 0.01 ohm to 1 megohm inclusive the value
of a ? , shall not exceed lo-" per "C.
3.4.3 For standard resistors outside the range
0.01 ohm to 1 megohm the value of a ? , shall
not exceed 3 x 10-5 per "C.
3.4.4 The magnitude of the constant p should
be small; in no case should it exceed 10-6 per
("C)?.
3.5 P o w e r Coefficient. The proportional
change in resistance due to heating of the re-
sistor by the test current shall not exceed 10-6
(otherwise expressed as 1 part per million, ab-
breviated 1 ppm) when the continuous power
dissipation does not exceed that specified by
the manufacturer. The stated power dissipation
shall be accompanied by a description of the
thermal environmental conditions under which
the herein-specified limit for resistance change
will be met.
3.6 Thermal emf. The thermal emf gener-
ated by the resistor when connected to the
measuring circuit with copper connections shall
not be excessive. If the resistor is reversed
with respect to the circuit (null indicator cir-
cuit closed, battery circuit open) the resultant
change in indicator rest point should not ex-
ceed the change in indicator deflection pro-
duced by a 5 ppm change in bridge balance
when operating the resistor a t a power level
not exceeding that sufficient to resolve 0.5 ppm
change in resistance.
3.7 Time Constant. Inasmuch as standard
resistors are often calibrated using interrupted
or reversed direct current, it is necessary that
transient disturbances affecting the null indi-
cator be minimized. These disturbances fre-
quently act as if the resistor had a large appar-
ent time constant. The cause of these dis-
turbances may be residual reactance in the re-
sistor, absorption effects in faulty dielectric
material, or spurious emf's of electrochemical
origin. When the current is reversed through
a nearly-balanced circuit involving a resistor
(nominal value less than 1 megohm) suspected
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of having a large apparent time constant the
null indicator should come to a new position of
equilibrium within a period of time not ex-
ceeding 5 seconds, when a null indicator having
a response time of 3 seconds or less is used.
This test should be repeated using a similar
resistor known to be satisfactory in order to
eliminate disturbances caused by other ques-
tionable circuit components. This specification
makes no attempt to impose limits on apparent
time constant applicable to resistors having
nominal values of 1 megohm or more.
3.8 Terminals. Resistors having a nominal
value of 50 ohms or less shall be provided with
both current and potential terminals. The
potential terminals shall be of a material, such
as copper, which will meet the requirement of
3.6. The connection surface shall be so nearly
equipotential as to cause no variation in four-
terminal resistance value amounting to as much
as 0.5 ppm when a potential lead is shifted
from any point on the connection surface to
any other point on the same surface.
3.9 Stability. Resistors coming within the
scope of this specification shall not drift in
value by more than 10 ppm during the first
year after final adjustment when they are used
with proper care. Manufacturers shall be pre-
pared to furnish stability data typical of cur-
rent production on each model or catalog num-
ber of resistor marketed by them.
4. Calibration Information
Requirements
4.1 C a l i b r a t i o n D a t a . The maker shall sup-
ply the following information with each stand-
ard resistor:
(1) The calibrated value expressed in terms
of the United States Legal Ohm, including the
uncertainty of the calibration and temperature
of the resistor during calibration. Standard
resistors manufactured outside the United
States may be calibrated in terms of appro-
priate legal standards of the country of origin.
( 2 ) Data on temperature coefficient for the
resistor when used in the range 20°C to 30°C.
( 3 ) Data on power coefficient.
(4) Information pertinent to the proper use
of the standard resistor, maximum safe current,
proper terminal connections, and voltage co-
efficient.