Hydrostatics

9(ii). A plant has water tank mounted on the top of a 27 m platform. The tank is 10 m high.
The height of the water in the tank if a pressure gauge on the second floor at a height of 5 m from
the ground reads 2.7 bar is,
(A) Full
(B) 5.12 m
(C) 3.12 m
(D) 7.18 m
(1991)
13. (b). A piece of wood floats of an interface between layers of oil and water as shown in Fig.19
(b). the specific gravity of wood and oil are 0.95and 0.75 respectively. Determine the volume
fraction of wood in the water

(1993)
4(h). For a sphere of density ρs and volume V placed in a fluid of density ρ.
(I). Weight. (A). (ρs –ρ)Vg
(II). Buoyancy force (B). ρVg
(C) ρsVg
(D) (ρs +ρ)Vg
(1994)
6. A tank full of water is open at the top with a hole near the bottom, the area of which is 0.25 m2
and the cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2. If the height of the water above the hole is
maintained at 10 m, what is the volumetric flow rate out of the hole ?
(1996)
1.9 The hydraulic diameter of an annulus of inner and outer radii R1 and R0 respectively is
A) 4 (R0 – R1), B) (R0 R1)1/2
C) 2 (R0 – R1), D) R0 + R1
 (1997)
15. A rectangular piece of wood (density = 650 kg/m3) 75 mm x 75 mm x 2000 mm in size floats
on water (density = 1000 kg/m3). How many kilograms of lead of density 11.200 kg/m3 must be
put on the top of the wooden piece so that it will float upright with 300 mm of its length above
the water surface ?
(1997)
12. What is the force required (in Newtons) to hold a spherical balloon stationary in water at
a depth of H from the air-water interface? The balloon is of radius 0.1 m and is filled with air.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(2004)
50. For the manometer setup shown in the figure, the pressure difference PA – PB is given by

(A) (ρH – ρ air ) gH (C) (ρH – ρ L ) gH + (ρL – ρ air ) g (L – H)

(B) (ρH – ρ L ) gH (D) (ρH – ρ L ) gL + (ρL – ρ air ) gH
(2004)
51. A conical tank with a bottom opening of cross-sectional area A is filled with water and is
mounted on supports, as shown in the figure. What is the force F with which plate X must be
pushed up to prevent water from leaking? Assume that the density of air is negligible as
compared to the density of water ρL.
(A) ρL Vg (B) ρL Ahg
(C) ρL Vg / 2 (D) ρL Vg / 3
(2004)
51. A dam of width 50 m is used to hold water in a reservoir. If the water height is 10 m from
the bottom of the dam, what is the total force F acting on the dam due to the water ? Assume g =
10 m/s2, and the fluid density is 1000 hg/m3.
(a) F = 12.5 x 106 N (b) F = 25 x 106 N
(c) F = 50 x 106 N (d) F = 5 x 106 N
(2005)
Question 53 – 54 are based on the data provided below :
Two tanks, A and B, of cross sectional area 1 m2 each, contain a fluid of density 1000 kg/m3
and viscosity 1 kg/(m.s). The tanks are connected by a pipe of diameter 0.02 m and length 1 m,
and a check valve, at the bottom. Assume that the flow is laminar, and there is no friction in the
check valve. In the initial state, the height of the fluid in the tank A and 6m and the height of the
fluid in tank B is 2 m (as shown in the figure below). The check valve is opened, and the fluid
flows from tank A to tank B till the levels in the two tanks are equal in the final state. Assume g
= 10 m/s2 in the calculations.

Note : Figure not to scale.

53. What is the average fluid velocity in the pipe as soon as the valve is opened ?
(a) 0.25 m/s (b) 0.5 m/s
(c) 1 m/s (d) 2 m/s
54. What is the total energy loss between the initial and final stats due to the fluid flow ?
(a) 2 x 104 J (b) 16 x 104 J
(c) 8 x 104 J (d) 4 x 104 J
(2005)
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 82a & 82b
A balloon of mass 0.01 kg is charged with hydrogen to a pressure of 102kPa and released from
the ground level. During its rise the hydrogen is permitted to escape from the balloon in order to
maintain a constant differential pressure of 2 kPa under which condition the diameter of the
balloon remains at 0.4 m. As this balloon rises it is assumed that the temperature in and around
the balloon remains constant at 273 K. Further, the inertia of the balloon and the air resistance
due to the rising balloon may be neglected.
Assume that the density of air at 273 K is 1.2733 kg/m3, the average molecular weight of air is
28.9, the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.

82a. Select the correct value of the upward thrust (in N) expressed in terms of the outside
pressure P which is expressed in Pa.
(a) 10.06 x 10-7 P – 0.0122 (b) 3.97 x 10-6 P – 0.01006
(c) 15.03 x 10-7 P – 0.0534 (d) 8.08 x 10-6 P – 0.1362
82b. Select the value of the outside pressure P in Pa for which there will be no force on the
balloon ?
(a) 25340 (b) 35530
(c) 12130 (d) 16860
(2005)
9. The magnitude of the force (in N) required to hold a body of volume 0.05 m3 and mass 40 kg
in water (density 1000 kg/m3) at a depth of 0.1 m is (g = 9.81 m/s2).
(A) zero (B) 98.1 (C) 490.5 (D) 882.9
(2006)
9.Three containers are filled with water up to the same height as shown. The pressures at the
bottom of the containers are denoted as P1, P2 and P3. Which ONE of the following relationships
is true ?

A) P3 > P1 > P2 B) P2 > P1 > P3 C) P1 > P2 = P3 D) P1 = P2 = P3

(2008)
Q.34 A hydrometer, with stem cross-sectional area of 2.82 x 10-5 m2, is immersed in a very
large vessel containing water as shown in the figure. The immersed volume is 15 x 10-6 m3 and
the length of the stem about water surface is Lw. If the entire volume of water is replaced by a
liquid with specific gravity 1.5 and if the length of the stem above the liquid surface is Ll, then
the difference, Ll – Lw , is
(A) –177 mm (B) 177 mm (C) –266 mm (D) 266 mm
(2010)
Q. 36 A liquid is flowing through the following piping network. The length of pipe sections P,
Q, r and S shown in the schematic are equal. The diameters of the sections P and R are equal
and the diameter of the section Q is twice that of S. The flow is steady and laminar. Neglecting
curvature and entrance effects, the radio of the volumetric flow rate in the pipe section Q to that
in S is

(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 2 (D) 1

(2011)
Viscosity
2(i). The viscosity of CO at 1 bar and 27°C is 0.000015 Ns/m2. Estimate the viscosity of CO at
1 bar and 327°C.
(1990)
10. A lubricant 1000 times more viscous than water would have a viscosity (in Pa-s)
a) 0.01 b) 0.1 c) 1 d) 10
(2003)
49. Viscosity of water at 400C lies in the range of
1 x 10-3 – 2 x 10-3 kg/(ms) (C) 1 – 2 kg/(ms)
-3 -3
0.5 x 10 – 1 x 10 kg/(ms) (D) 0.5 – 1 kg/(ms)
(2004)

Continuity Equation
6. A tank full of water is open at the top with a hole near the bottom, the area of which is 0.25 m2
and the cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2. If the height of the water above the hole is
maintained at 10 m, what is the volumetric flow rate out of the hole ?
(1996)
14. A round fluid jet impinges on a flat plate and spreads out radially to form a film of
decreasing thickness as shown below :

The radius of the jet far from the stagnation point (O) is R, and the velocity is u. Assume the
flow to be inviscid and axisymmetric, and neglect gravity. Also assume that the velocity profiles
ae flat far from the stagnation point. The pressure outside the jet is atmospheric and the density
of the fluid (p) is constant.
i. Obtain the velocity of the fluid in the film [v(r)] and the thickness of the film,
[t(r)] at any radial distance r far from the stagnation point.
ii. Obtain the normal force acting on the plate.
(1998)
10. Derive an expression to obtain the time required to empty the vessel containing water as
shown in the following figure. The cross sectional area of the opening at the bottom of the tank
is a. Assume that H0 << H.
(1999)
8. A free jet of water is produced using a 75 mm diameter nozzle attached to a 200 mm diameter
pipe, as shown in the figure. If the average velocity of water at plane B is 3.8 m/s, calculate the
velocity of water at point A in the free jet. Neglect friction losses in the nozzle and pipe.

(2000)
1.8 Applying a pressure drop across a capillary results in a volumetric flow rate Q under laminar
flow conditions. The flow rate, for the same pressure drop, in a capillary of the same length but
half the radius is
A) Q/2 B) Q/4 C) Q/8 D) Q/16
(2001)
50) A pipe has a porous section of length L as shown in the figure. Velocity at the start of this
section is Vo. If fluid leaks into the pipe through the porous section at a volumetric rate per unit
area q (x/L)2, what will be the axial velocity in the pipe at any x? Assume incompressible one-
dimensional flow i.e., no gradients in the radial direction.

(2003)

35. A pipeline system carries crude oil of density 800 kg/m3. The volumetric flow rate at
point 1 is 0.28 m3/s. The cross sectional areas of the branches 1, 2 and 3 are 0.012, 0.008 and
0.004 m2 respectively. All the three branches are in a horizontal plane and the friction is
negligible. If the pressures at the points 1 and 3 are 270 kPa and 240 kPa respectively, then the
pressure at point 2 is

A) 202 kPa B) 240 kPa C) 284 kPa D) 355 kPa

(2007) – Continuity and Bernoulli’s Theoram
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 78 and 79 :
A siphon tube having a diameter of 2 cm draws water from a large open reservoir and discharges
into the open atmosphere as shown in the figure. Assume incompressible fluid and neglect
frictional losses. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
78. The velocity (in m/s) at the discharge point is
A) 9.9 B) 11.7 C) 98 D) 136.9
79. The volumetric flow rate (in L/s) of water at the discharge is
A) 3.11 B) 3.67 C) 30.77 D) 42.99
(2008)
30. Two identical reservoirs, open at the top, are drained through pipes attached to the bottom of
the tanks as shown below. The two drain pipes are of the same length, but of different diameters
(D1 > D2).

Assuming the flow to be steady and laminar in both drain pipes, if the volumetric flow rate in the
larger pipe is 16 times of that in the smaller pipe, the ratio D1/D2 is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
(2009)

Energy Equations
2(iii). Bernoulli’s equation for steady frictionless flow states that, along a streamline,
a) Total pressure is constant
b) Total mechanical energy is constant
 c) Velocity head is constant
d) None of the above
(1990)
3(a). The mechanical energy quation,

has been obtained NOT under which of the following assumptions,

(A). The flow is steady.
(B). The flow is incompressible.
(c). No viscous work is being done.
(D). Points 2 and 1 are on the same streamline.
(1992)
10. The following data were obtained on an action of piping through which an incompressible
viscous fluid is flowing. (See Fig. 1)

Point 1:
Pressure = 1.05 x 105 Pa,
Cross-sectional area = 5 x 10-4 m2,
Elevation above point 2 = 3m,
Point 2:
Pressure = 1.25 x 105 Pa,
Cross-sectional area = 15 x 10-4 m2,
Fluid velocity = 1 m/s,

Other data:
Density of fluid = 1000 kg/m3,
Power delivered by the pump = 7.5 W,
(Assume efficiency = 1)
Predict whether flow is taking place from point 1 to 2 or from point 2 to 1.
(1994)
2.7 Water is flowing at 1 m/s through a pipe (of 10 cm I.D.) with a right angle bend. The force
in Newton’s exerted on the bend by the water is

(1999 – Momentum Balance/ rate of change of momentum)

2.10 A free jet of water of cross-sectional area 0.01 m2 and a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a plate
and then flows in the plane parallel to the plate as shown in the figure below. The horizontal
component of the force on the support is
A) 200 N, B) 400 N, C) 2000 N, D) 4000 N,

(2000)
36. The figure shows the idealized view of a return elbow or U bend, which is connected to
two pipes by flexible hoses that transmit no force. Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows at
velocity of 10 m/s through the pipe, which has a uniform ID of 0.1m. The gauge pressure at
points 1 and 2 are 304 kPa and 253 kPa respectively. The horizontal force F required to keep the
elbow in position is
 A) 1574 N B) 1970 N C) 5942 N D) 7533 N
(2007– Momentum Balance/rate of change of momentum)
Statement for Linked Answer Question 57 and 58 :
A free jet of water is emerging from a nozzle (diameter 75 mm) attached to a pipe (diameter 225
mm) as shown below.

The velocity of water at point A is 18 m/s. Neglect friction in the pipe and nozzle. Use g =
9.81 m/s2 and density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
57. The velocity of water at the tip of the nozzle (in m/s) is
(A) 13.4 (B) 18.0 (C) 23.2 (D) 27.1
58. The gauge pressure (in kPa) at point B is
(A) 80.0 (B) 100.0 (C) 239.3 (D) 367.6
(2009)
Q.10 Water is flowing under laminar conditions in a pipe of length L. If the diameter of the
pipe is doubled, for a constant volumetric flow rate, the pressure drop across the pipe
(A) decreases 2 times (B) decreases 16 times
(C) increases 2 times (D) increases 16 times
(2012 – Continuity & Bernoulli’s Equations)
Flow in Pipes, Losses
12(i). Nikuradse developed a semitheoretical correlation for f vs. Re for steady turbulent flow
in smooth pipes (105 < Re < 107):

Toluene (ρ = 866 kg/m3 , µ = 0.0008 Ns/m2 ) is to be conveyed through a 100m pipeline of

diameter 0.2m. What is the maximum flow rate of toluene in kg/sec that can be maintained, if the
frictional pressure loss is not to exceed 10 kN/m2 ?
(1990)
1(k). A Newtonian liquid (ρ = density, µ = viscosity) is flowing with velocity υ in a tube of
diameter D. Let ∆P be the pressure drop across the length L. For a laminar flow, ∆P is
proportional to,

(A). Lρv2 /D;

(B). Dρv2 /L;
(C). Lµv /D2;
(D). µv /L;
(1994)
Match the items in the left column with appropriate items in the right column :
3.1 3.1 (i) Gear pump, a. Suspension,
3.1(ii) Air lift pump, b. Concentrated sulphuric acid,
c. Viscous oil
d. Toluene,

3.3 i) 1/7th power law a. irrotational flow,

3.3(ii) Hagen-Poiseuille eqn. b. turbulent flow,
c. inviacid flow,
d. laminar flow in pipes.
(1996)
14. Ammonia at atmospheric pressure and 300 K with a bulk stream velocity of 10 m/s flows
through a pipe of i.d. 25 cm. Calculate the pressure drop per 100 m length of the pipe and the
power consumed. Friction factor f = 0.079 Re -0.25 in the turbulent regime.Viscosity of
ammonia may be taken as 10.2 x 10-6 kg/(m.s).
(1996)
1.7 For the laminar flow of a fluid in a circular pipe of radius R, the Hagen-Poissuille equation
predicte the volumetric flowrate to be proportional to
A) R, B) R2 ,
4
C) R, D) R0.5,
(1997)
14. In a delivery line for carbon tetrachloride at the constant flowrate of 4 x 10-5 m3/s, the first
1000 m long section is of 20 mm inside diameter smooth pipe followed by another 1000 m long
section of 50 mm inside diameter smooth pipe, as shown in Fig. 14.

Estimater the pressure drop over the entire length of the delivery line. Neglect the minor losses
due to sudden enlargement of pipe diameter.
For carbon tetrachloride, viscosity = 10-3 Pa.s and density = 1500 kg/m3.
For laminar flow, f = 16/Re,
For transitional-turbulent flow, f = 0.079 Re-0.25 where f is the Fanning friction factor.
(1997)
1.11 The hydraulic radius for flow in a rectangular duct of cross-sectional dimensions H, W is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(1998)
2.10 The dependence of the volumetric flow rate (Q) on the pressure drop is given by ∆P α
n
Q . For different flow regimes. Match the exponent n to each of the flow regimes given below :

I) Laminar flow, A) n < 0.5,

II) Turbulent flow, B) n = 0.5,
C) n = 1.0,
D) n > 1.0,
(1998)
4. A fluid is pumped through a long horizontal pipe of diameter D and length L, using a
centrifugal pump. The flow in the pipe is laminar with the Fanning friction factor given by f =

A/Re where is the Reynold’s number, A is a constant and v is the average velocity in
the pipe. The pump head (H) versus flow rate (Q) characteristic is given by –H = α - βQ;
Where α and β are constants.

A. Obtain an expression for the pressure drop in the pipe (AP) in terms of the volume flow
rte (Q).
B. Obtain an expression for the steady operating flow rate in the system, assuming that the
only pressure loss in the system is due to the pipe flow. (5)
(1998)
1.9 A pipe of I.D. 4 m is bifurcated into two pipes of I.D. 2 m each. If the average velocity of
water flowing through the main pipe is 5 m/s, the average velocity through the bifurcated pipes is

A) 20 m/s, B) 10 m/s, C) 5/2 m/s, D) 5 m/s,

(1999)
1.9 In a fully turbulent flow (Re > 105) in a pipe of diameter d, for a constant pressure gradient,
the dependence of volumetric flow rate of an incompressible fluid is
A) d, B) d2, C) d2.5, D) d4
(2000)
1.7 For turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid through a pipe, the flow rate Q is proportional
to (AP)n, where AP is the pressure drop. The value of exponent n is
A) 1 B) 0 C) < 1 D) > 1
(2002)

7. A hydrocarbon oil (viscosity 0.025 Pa s and density 900 kg/m3) is transported using a 0.6 m
diameter, 10 km long pipe. The maximum allowable pressure drop across the pipe length is 1
Mpa. Due to a maintenance schedule on this pipeline, it is required to use a 0.4 m diameter, 10
km long pipe to pump the oil at the same volumetric flow rate as in the previous case. Estimate
the pressure drop for the 0.4 m diameter pipe. Assume both pipes to be hydro-dynamically
smooth and in the range of operating conditions, the Fanning friction factor is given by
f = 0.079 Re –0.25
(2000)
CH-8 The inlet velocity of water (p = 1000 kg/m3) in a right-angled bend-reducer is V1 = 1
m/s, as shown below. The inlet diameter is D1 = 0.8 m and the outlet diameter is D2 = 0.4 m.
The flow is turbulent and the velocity profiles at the inlet and outlet are flat (plug flow).
Gravitational forces are negligible.
Find the pressure drop (P1 – P2) across the bend assuming negligible friction losses.
If the actual pressure drop is (P1 – P2) = 8.25 kPa, find the friction loss factor (Kf) based on the
velocity V1
(2001)
11. The equivalent diameter for flow through a rectangular duct of width B and height H is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(2004)
52. Three piping networks, as shown in the figure, are placed horizontally. They are made
using identical pipe segments and are subjected to the same pressure drop across them.
Assuming no pressure losses at junctions, the flow rates across the three networks are related as
Q1 : Q2 : Q3 :

(A) 1 : √3 : 2 (B) 1:2:3

(C) 1:2:2 (D) 1 : √2 : √2
(2004)
36. A liquid is pumped at the flow rate Q through a pipe of length L. The pressure drop of the
fluid across the pipe is ∆P, Now a lead develops at the mid-point of the length of the pipe and
the fluid leaks at the rate of Q/2. Assuming that the friction factor in the pipe remains
unchanged, the new pressure drop across the pipe for the same inlet flow rate (Q) will be
(A) (1/2) ∆P (B) (5/8) ∆P (C) (3/4) ∆P (D) ∆P
(2006)
10.Losses for flow through valves and fittings are expressed in terms of
A) drag coefficient B) equivalent length of a straight pipe
C) shape factor D) roughness factor.
(2008)
12. Given a pipe of diameter D, the entrance length necessary; to achieve fully developed
laminar flow is proportional to (NRe is Reynolds number).

(2008)
7. Under fully turbulent flow conditions, the frictional pressure drop across a packed bed varies
with the superficial velocity (V) of the fluid as
(A) V -1 (B) V (C) V 3/2 (D) V 2
(2009)
Q.22. In Hagen-Poiseuille flow through a cylindrical tube, the radial profile of shear stress is
(A) constant (B) cubic (C) parabolic (D) linear
(2010)
Q. 34 Two liquids (P and Q) having same viscosity are flowing through a double pipe heat
exchanger as shown in the schematic below.

Densities of P and Q are 1000 and 800 kg/m3 respectively. The average velocities of the liquids
P and Q are 1 and 2.5 m/s respectively. The inner diameters of the pipes are 0.31 and 0.1
m. Both pipes are 5 mm thick. The ratio of the Reynolds numbers ReP to ReQ is
(A) 2.5 (B) 1.5 (C) 1 (D) 4
(2011)
Flow over Plates
13b). For flow over a flat plate wherein a laminar boundary layer is present for the case of a
zero pressure gradient, The parabolic profile for velocity u is given by,
u = a1y + a2 y2 for y ≤ δ;
 u = V0 for y ≥ δ;
Find a1 and a2. V0 is the free stream velocity

(1992)
1.10 In the laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate, the ratio (δ/x) varies as :

Where δ is the boundary layer thickness and x is the distance from the leading edge in the
direction of flow.
(2000)
1.6 For flow past a flat plate, if x is the distance along the plate in the direction of flow, the
boundary layer thickness is proportional to

(2002)
CH-6 Consider the flow in a liquid film of constant thickness (Q) along a vertical wall as shown
in the figure below.
Assuming laminar, one-dimensional, fully developed flow, the y-direction Navier Stockes

equation reduces to Where vy is the velocity in y direction, M is the

viscosity and ρ is the density of the liquid.
State the boundary conditions to be used for the solution of velocity profile ?
Solve for the velocity profile
If Q is the volumetric flow rate per unit width of the wall, how is it related to the film
thickness, δ
(2002)
Q.19. The stream function in a xy-plane is given below :

The velocity vector for this stream function is :

(A) (C)

(B) (D)
(2010)
Q.12 For uniform laminar flow (in the x-direction) past a flat plate at high Reynolds number,
the local boundary layer thickness (δ) varies with the distance along the plate (x) as
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(2012)

Flow past Immersed Bodies

2(iv). The pressure drop required for fluidizing a coal bed with a liquid petroleum fraction of
viscosity 0.015 Ns/m2 is 103 N/m3. The pressure drop required for fluidizing the same bed with
an oil of viscosity 0.03 Ns/m2 is ………
(1990)
3(iv). To increase the capacity of a commercial packed bed absorber, the volumetric flow rate
of gas entering is increased by 20%. The ratio of pressure drops (new to old) is …………
(1990)
18. Air flows through a packed bed of a powdery material of 1 cm depth at a superficial gas
velocity of 1 cm/sec. A manometer connected to the unit registers a pressure drop of 1 cm of
water. The bed has a porosity of 0.4. Assuming that Kozeny-Carman equation is valid for the
range of study, estimate the particle size of the powder.
P air = 1.23 Kg/m3
M air = 1.8 x 10-5 Kg/m.s.
(1995)
1.5 Fluidized beds are formed when :
A. fluid friction is zero,
B. gravity force is less than fluid friction,
C. pressure forces equal gravity forces,
D. sum of fluid friction and pressure forces is equal & opposite to gravity forces.
(1996)
2.5 A bed constists of particles of density 2000 kg/m3. If the height of the bed is 1.5 m and its
porosity 0.4, the pressure drop required to fluidize the bed is :
a. 25.61 k Pa, b. 11.77 k Pa,
c. 14.86 k Pa, d. 21.13 k Pa,
(1996)
13. Water trickles by gravity over a bed of particles, each 1 mm dia in a bed of dia 6 cm and
height 2 m. The water is fed from a reservoir whose diameter is much larger than that of the
packed bed, with water maintained at a height of 0.1 m above the top of the bed. The bed has a
porosity of 0.31. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of water if its viscosity is 1.0 cp.
(1996)
2.6 For laminar flow of a fluid through a packed bed of spheres of diameter d, the pressure drop
per unit length of bed depends upon the sphere diameter as
A) d, B) d2, C) d4, D) 1/d2,
(1997)
1.11 For laminar flow through a packed bed, the pressure drop is proportional to
 (Vs is the superficial liquid velocity and Dp is the particle diameter)

(1999)
2.9 A 1 m high bed made up of 2 mm particles is to be fluidised by an oil (density 900 kg/m3;
viscosity 0.01 Pa s). If at the point of incipient fluidisation, the bed voidage is 39% and the
pressure drop across the bed is 10 kPa, then the density of particles is
A) 2571 kg/m3, B) 3514 kg/m3, C) 4000 kg/m3, D) 4350 kg/m3
(2000)
2.4 A gas (density = 1.5 kg/m3, viscosity = 2 x 10-5 kg/m s) flowing through a packed bed
(particle size = 0.5 cm, porosity = 0.5) at a superficial velocity of 2 m/s causes a pressure drop of
8400 Pa/m. The pressure drop for another gas, with density of 1.5 kg/m3 and viscosity of 3 x 10-
5
kg/m s, flowing at 3 m/s will be
A) 8400 Pa/m B) 18900 Pa/m C) 12600 Pa/m D) 16800 Pa/m
(2002)
Q.20. The height of a fluidized bed at incipient fluidization is 0.075 m, and the corresponding
voidage is 0.38. If the voidage of the bed increases to 0.5, then the height of the bed would be
(A) 0.058 m (B) 0.061 m (C) 0.075 m (D) 0.093 m
(2010)
Common Data for Questions 48 and 49 :
For a liquid flowing through a packed bed the pressure drop per unit length of the bed

where, is the superficial liquid velocity, ε is the bed porosity, is average particle size, фρ
is particle sphericity, ρf is liquid density and µf is liquid viscosity

Given data : = 1 × 10–3 m, фρ = 0.8, ρf = 1000 kg/m3 , µf = 1 x 10–3 kg m–1 s–1

particle density, ρp = 2500 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2.
Q. 48 When is 0.005 m/s and ε = 0.5, which ONE of the following is the CORRECT value
for the ratio of the viscous loss to the kinetic energy loss ?
(A) 0.09 (B) 1.07 (C) 10.71 (D) 93
Q. 49 On further increasing , incipient fluidization is achieved. Assuming that the porosity
of the bed remains unaltered, the pressure drop per unit length (in Pa/m) under incipient
fluidisation condition is
(A) 3675 (B) 7350 (C) 14700 (D) 73501
(2011)
Q. 32 A bed of spherical glass beads (density 3000 kg/m3, diameter 1 mm, bed porosity 0.5) is
to be fluidized by a liquid of density 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.1 Pa.s. Assume that the
Reynolds number based on particle diameter is very small compared to one. If g = 10 m/s2 ,
then the minimum velocity (in m/s) required to fluidize the bed is
(A) 3.33 x 10–4 (B) 3.33 x 10–1 (C) 3 (D) 30
(2012)

Flow rate measurement

(Orifice, Rotameter, venturimeter, Pitot tube)
12(ii). Water flowing at 1.5 L/s in a 0.05m diameter tube is metered by means of a simple
orifice of diameter 0.025m. If coefficient of discharge is 0.62, what will be the reading on a
mercury-under-water manometer connected to the meter? Density of water = 1000 kg/m3;
Viscosity of water = 0.001 Ns/m2; Density of mercury 13,600 kg/m3.
(1990)
3(i). Fill in the blanks:
The equilibrium position of the float in a rotameter is determined by the balance of three forces.
These are ---------------, ----------------- and --------------.
(1991)
13. What size of orifice would give a pressure difference of 41 cm water column for the flow of
liquid styrene of specific gravity 0.9 at 0.055 m3/s in a 250 mm diameter pipe? Assume Cv =
0.62.
(1991)
13. (a). Water flows through 30 mm i.d pipe at atmospheric pressure. Pitot tube measures the
velocity of water at the center of pipe as shown in the Fig.. The pressure difference between the
impact tube and the static tube is 20 cm of carbon tetrachloride (density: 1600 kg/m3). Calculate
the volumetric flow rate thorough the pipe in cubic meter per hour. Velocity of water is 1 cP.

(1993)
2(i). For an orifice meter, the pressure recovery is ___________ than that for a venturimeter.
(1994)
2(iii) A pitot tube indicates 5 cm of water (manometer) when it is being used for measuring
velocity of air. The velocity of air in m/s is –

(A) 5 (B) 14.1

(C) 56.22 (D) 28.2
(1995)
3(e) (I) venturimeter, (A) static head,
(II) wet gas meter, (B) kinetic energy,
(C) volumetric displacement,
(C) fluid drag force
(1995)
2.4 A rotameter, through which air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is flowing,
gives a certain reading for a flow rate of 100 cc/s. If helium (molecular weight 4) is used and the
rotameter shows the same reading, the flow rate is :
a. 26 cc/s, b. 42 cc/s,
c. 269 cc/s, d. 325 cc/s,
(1996)
9. Flow rate of water flowing through a pipe is being measured by using an orifice meter as
shown in the following figure.

a. What is the direction of flow in the pipe ?

 b. Derive an expression for velocity through the orifice. Determine the flow rate for
an orifice co-efficient of 0.8.
(1999)
1.7 The operation of a rotameter is based on
A) variable flow area B) rotation of a turbine
C) pressure drop across a nozzle D) pressure at a stagnation point
(2001)
75. The pressure differential across a vertical venturimeter (shown in Figure) is measured with
the help of a mercury manometer to estimate flow rate of water flowing through it. The
expression for the velocity of water at the throat is

(2003)
37. In a laminar flow through a pipe of radius R, the fraction of the total fluid flowing through a
circular cross-section of radius R/2 centered at the pipe axis is
(A) 3/8 (B) 7/16 (C) 1/2 (D) ¾
(2006)-Based on Velocity Profile, Pitot Tube
39. The pressure differential across a venturimeter, inclined at 45° to the vertical (as shown in the
figure) is measured with the help of a manometer to estimate the flowrate of a fluid flowing
through it. If the density of the flowing fluid is ρ and the density of the manometer fluid is ρm ,
the velocity of the fluid at the throat can be obtained from the expression

(2007)
Q.11 The local velocity of a fluid along a streamline can be measured by
(A) Pitot tube (B) Venturi meter (C) Rotameter (D) Orifice meter
(2012)
Pumps
3(a). For a centrifugal pump the positively suction head is defined as,
(A). hvs + hps
 (B). hvd + hpd
(C). hvs + hps = Ps
(D). hvd + hpd = Pd

hvs = velocity head at suction.

hvd = velocity head at discharge.
hps = pressure head at suction.
hpd = pressure head at discharge.
Ps = vapor pressure of liquid at suction temperature.
Pd = vapor pressure of liquid at discharge temperature.
(1993)
3(b). As long as a pump is not used, a fluid will always flow from high-pressure region to low
pressure.
(1994)
4. In the figure given below (Fig. 4), calculate the power required by the pump to deliver water at
3 m/s from a pond. The inner diameter of the pipe is 25 mm. Neglect all losses in the pipe.
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

(1997)
1.10 In centrifugal pumps, cavitation occurs when pressure of the impeller eye or vane becomes
A) less than atmospheric pressure, B) more than liquid vapour pressure,
C) less than liquid vapour pressure, D) more than atmospheric pressure,
(1999)
11. Oil of viscosity 100 cP is to be pumped as shown in the following figure. The pipe used
every where is of 7 cm I.D. If the efficiency of the pump is 80%, find the energy required for
pumping the oil at 20 m3/hr. Density of the oil is 800 kg/m3.

(1999)
1.5 With increasing flow rate, the hydraulic efficiency of a centrifugal pump—
A) monotonically decreases B) decreases and then increases
C) remains constant D) increases and then decreases
(2002)
51) A centrifugal pump is used to pump water through a horizontal distance of 150 m and then
raised to an overhead tank 10 m above. The pipe is smooth with an I.D. of 50 mm. What head
(m of water) must the pump generate at its exit (E) to deliver water at a flowrate of 0.001 m3 /s?
The Fanning friction factor, f is 0.0062
a) 10 m b) 11 m c) 12 m d) 20 m
(2003)
8. Match the following for a centrifugal pump with impeller speed n.
(P) Capacity (1) proportional to n
(Q) Head (2) proportional to n2
(3) proportional to n3

(A) P-2, Q-1 (B) P-1, Q-3 (C) P-2, Q-3 (D) P-1, Q-2
(2006)
38. The figure shows a series-parallel configuration of three identical centrifugal pumps. The
head increase ∆H across a single such pump varies with flowrate Q according to ∆H = a – bQ2 .
The expression for the total head increase ∆H = H2 – H1 in terms of a and b and the total
flowrate Q1 for this configuration is given by

(2007)
38. A pump draws oil (specific gravity 0.8) from a storage tank and discharges it to an overhead
tank. The mechanical energy delivered by the pump to the fluid is 50 J/kg. The velocities at the
suction and the discharge points of the pump are 1 m/s and 7 m/s, respectively. Neglecting friction
losses and assuming kinetic energy correction factor to be unity, the pressure developed by the
pump (in kN/m2) is
A) 19.2 B) 20.8 C) 40 D) 80
(2008)
Q.21. A storage vessel exposed to atmosphere (absolute pressure = 10.3 m of water) has a
diameter of 3 m and is initially filled with water to a height of 2 m. The pump draws water from
the vessel and is located at an elevation of 5 m above the bottom of the vessel. The frictional
head loss in the suction pipe is 2 m of water. If the vapour pressure of the liquid at the
temperature of operation is 3 m of water, then the available NPSH is
A) 2.3 m (B) 5.3 m (C) 6.3 m (D) 8.3 m
(2010)
Q.16 Match the pumps in Group I with the corresponding fluids in Group II.
GROUP I GROUP II
P. Gear pump. I. Highly viscous liquid
Q. Peristaltic pump II. Aqueous sterile liquid
III Slurry.

(A) P – III ; Q – I, (B) P – II, Q – I,

(C) P – III, III, Q – II (D) P – I, Q – II
(2011)

Types of Fluids
3(b). Match the following:

The shear stress vs. velocity gradient characteristics is shown in Fig..

(I). - (A). Newtonian.
 (II). - (B). Dilatant.
(III). - (C). Bingham plastic.
(IV). - (D). Pseudo plastic.
(1993)
1(j). The shear stress-shear rate relationship for a liquid, whose apparent viscosity decreases
with increasing shear rate is given by,

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)
(1994)
1.11 For laminar flow of a shear-thinning liquid in a pipe, if the volumetric flow rate is doubled,
the pressure gradient will increase by a factor of
A) 2, B) < 2, C) > 2, D) 1 / 2,
(2000)
2.6 A Bingham fluid of viscosity M = 10 Pa s, and yield stress τ0 = 10 k Pa, is sheared between
flat parallel plates separated by a distance 10-3 m. The top plate is moving with a velocity of 1
m/s. The shear stress on the plate is
A) 10 kPa B) 20 kPa C) 30 kPa D) 40 kPa
(2001)
11. The velocity profile for a Bingham plastic fluid flowing (under laminar conditions) in a pipe
is
a) parabolic
b) flat
c) flat near the wall and parabolic in the middle
d) parabolic near the wall and flat in the middle
(2003)
12. Match the following types of fluid (in group I) with their respective constitutive relations (in
group II), where τ is the stress and γ is the strain rate,

Group I
P. Pseudoplastic
Q. Bingham plastic
Group II

(a) P-I, Q-IV (b) P-IV, Q-4I

(c) P-II, Q-III (d) P-III, Q-3II
(2005)
52. The relation between the stress τ and the strain rate (dux / dy) for the rapid flow of a granular

material is given by where B is a constant. If M, L and T are the mass, length and
time dimension respectively, what is the dimension of the constant B ?
(a) ML-1 T-1 (b) ML-1 T-2
(c) MT-1 (d) ML-1
(2005)

Agitation
2.9 At low Reynold’s numbers the power (P) required for agitating a fluid in a stirred tank
becomes independent of inertial forces. In this limit, indicate which of the following relations is
satisfied :
A) P0 a Re-1.0, B) P0 a Re0.0,
C) P0 a Re0.5, D) P0 a Re1.0,
P0 = P / ρN3D5 : Power number,
2
Re = ρND /µ : Reynold’s number,
N is the impeller rotational speed, and D is the impeller diameter.
(1998)
Sedimentation/flow past solid particle
3(b). A spherical particle is falling slowly. In a viscous liquid such that Reynolds number is less
than 1. Which statement is correct for this situation?
(A). Inertial and drag forces are important.
(B). Drag, gravitational and buoyancy forces are important.
(C). Drag forces and gravitational force are important.
(D). None of the above.
(1992)
3(c). As the velocity V and thus the Reynolds number of a flow past a sphere increases from
low values, the drag force for Re << 1,
(A). Increase linearly with V.
 (B). Decrease linearly with V.
(C). Decrease as V2.
(D). None of these.
(1992)
1.8 In the low Reynolds number region, the drag force on a sphere is proportional to
A) V, B) V2,
4
C) V, D) V0.5,
Where V is the terminal setting velocity of the sphere in a viscous medium.
(1997)
1.9 Boundary layer separation is characterized by one of the conditions given below, where Re is
the Reynold’s number for the flow. Select the appropriate conditions.
A) Re << 1, accelerating flow, B) Re >> 1, accelerating flow,
C) Re << 1, decelerating flow, D) Re >> 1, decelerating flow,
(1998)

2.3 The drag coefficient for a bacterium moving in water at 1 mm/s, will be of the following
order of magnitude (assume size of the bacterium to be 1 micron and kinematic viscosity of
water to be 10-6 m2/s)
A) 24000 B) 24 C) 0.24 D) 0.44
(2002)

Q.35 The diameter of a drop of liquid fuel changes with time, due to combustion, according to

the relationship, while burning, the drop falls at its terminal velocity under
Stokes’ flow regime. The distance it will travel before complete combustion, is given by

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(2010)

Cyclone
2.6 Velocity of a small particle of diameter Dp at a distance r from the rotational axis of a
cyclone rotating at an angular speed w is given by (the other symbols are as per standard
notation)
(1999)
Valves
1.10 A globe valve is most suitable for applications in which –
a) the valve is required to be either fully open or fully closed,
b) flow control is required,
c) the fluid contains dispersed particles,
d) One-way flow is required,
(1998)

Q.45 A control valve, with a turndown ratio of 50, follows equal percentage characteristics. The
flow rate
of a liquid through the valve at 40% stem position is 1 m3/h. What will be the flow rate in m3/h
at
50% stem position, if the pressure drop across the valve remains unchanged? (Up to 2 digits after
the decimal point.) ________
(2013)