International Journal of Pharmamedix India

Volume-I, Issue-III

Anzar M.A et al.; International Journal of Pharmamedix India, 2013, 1(3), 460-74.

“Drugs Indicated for The Management of Ziabetus Shakri (Diabetes

Mellitus) in Unani Medicine- An Overview”.
1
Anzar M.A*, 2Shamim A, 3Nafis H, 4Tanwir M.A.

*Author for correspondence

Anzar M.A.

PG Scholar, Dept. of Moalajat (Medicine),

National Institute of Unani Medicine,
Bangalore-91. Contact No: +919902146030,
E-mail: dranzarnium@gmail.com
2
PG Scholar, Dept.of Ilmul Advia
(Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani
Medicine Bangalore.
3
Asst. Prof. ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy)
College, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad U.P, India
5
Lecturer, Dept. of PSM, Allama Iqbal Unani
Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, U.P. India

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Abstract:

Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by persistent

hyperglycemia, due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, causing abnormalities of
carbohydrates, proteins & lipid metabolism and significant disturbances of water and
electrolytes. According to WHO worldwide prevalence of Diabetes mellitus was estimated to be
371 million in 2012 and it may arise up to 750 million by the year 2030. At first Unani Physicians
Galen suspected that this odd illness was caused by a kidney complaint (Sue mizaj kulya). Ibn-
Sina alone has been credited with two additional discoveries; first the mention of further
symptoms besides the triad (polydipsia, polyurea & marasmus) known as antiquity namely
physical, mental and sexual weakness and the occurrence of carbuncle and gangrene, secondly
the alleged discoveries of sweetness of diabetic urine. Growing diabetic population and the
complications associated with Diabetes Mellitus stimulate the search for new drug targets and
more efficient drugs with less adverse effect from the natural sources. The present paper deals
with brief introduction focusing of common single drugs having hypoglycaemic activity used for
the treatment of Diabetes mellitus in unani medicine throughout the Indian Sub Continent.

Keyword: Hypoglycemic drug; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic complications; Traditional Medicine;

Unani Medicine. Ziabetus shakri.

Introduction: (ziabetus har) and ziabetus sada (ziabetus

barid).[2,3] Ziabetus shakri is characterized by
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous
excessive thirst, excessive urination,
metabolic or endocrine disorder characterized
excessive appetite, gradual loss of body
by hyperglycemia, glycosuruia and negative
weight,[3,4] a decrease in sexual function &
nitrogen balance leading to a number of
gangrene is noted as complication of ziabetus
microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy &
shakri.[4] Main cause of Ziabetus Shakri are
nephropathy) & macrovascular (heart attack,
sue Mizaj har (extreme hot derangement of
stroke and peripheral vascular disease)
temperament) of kidney,[5] hararat,[4]sue
complications.[1] In the classical text diabetes
Mizaj barid (cold derangement of
classified in two ways, on the presence or
temperament) of kidney or whole of the body,
absence of sugar in urine viz. ziabetus shakri

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 International Journal of Pharmamedix India
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zoafe gurda (weakness of kidney), dilatation intestinal absorption of glucose or to the

of ducts & vessels of kidney.[6] In facilitation of metabolites in insulin
conventional medicine diabetes describe as; dependent processes. However, searching for
Type-1 (IDDM), Tpe-2 (NIDDM) & new hypoglycemic drugs from natural source
gestational diabetes mellitus. Type-2 DM is is still attractive, because they contains
the most common form of diabetes, affecting biomolecules which demonstrate alternative
90-95 % cases in which the body does not and safe effects on diabetes, out of these some
produce enough insulin or properly use it.[7] murakkabat (compound formulations) and
Diabetes Mellitus is usually associated with mufradat (single drugs) are being used from
advance ageing, high fat diet, and obesity, ancient time and describe in our classical text
lack of physical activity or sedentary life such as, Safoofe Ziabetus, Qurs Tabasheer,
style. It is characterized by impaired insulin Safoofe Hindi & Kachnar (Bauhina
secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and variegata), Tukhme Jamun (Eugenia
excessive hepatic glucose production.[8], [9],[10] jambolana), Tukhme Karela (Momordica
Currently available therapies for diabetes charantia), Satte Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia),
include insulin and various oral hypoglycemic Tukhme Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum),
agents such as, biguanides, glinides & Kalonji (Nigella sativa), Tukhme Hayat
sulphonyl ureas.[11] Use of these drug have a (Withania coagulans), Chiraita (Swertia
number of serious adverse effect, therefore chirayta), Dammul Akhwain (Pterocarpus
the search for more effective and safe marsupium), Lahsun (Allium sativum),
hypoglycemic agents from natural sources is Gurmar Booti (Gymnemma sylvester), Tahlab
one of the important areas of innovative (Spirulina platensis) etc.
analysis.[12] Hypoglycemic activity of 2.Few Single Drugs having
medicinal plants is attributed to the presence phytoconstituents and anti-hyperglycemic
of flavanoids, terpenoids, polyphenol, effect indicated for diabetes Mellitus in
carotenoids, coumarins and other constituents Unani system of Medicine
[13],[14][15]
reduce the blood glucose level. The main concentration of the review is
Natural products having hypoglycemic related to about pharmacological studies
potential which acts through either performed as anti-hyperglycemic activity of
insulinomimetic or secretogogues properties the indigenous plants material (described in
and also hypoglycemic activity of the plants is unani medicine) and effective bioactive
mainly due to their ability to restore the components related to the stimulation of β-
function of pancreatic tissue by causing an cells of the pancreas or its production and its
increase in insulin output or inhibit the action.

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2.1 Gurmar Booti (Gymnemma sylvester) activity,[38] anti-tumor activity,[39] anti-

Various hypoglycemic principles of G.
sylvestre isolated from the saponin fraction of
the plant are referred as gymnemosides and
gymnemic acid. Its triterpene glycosides
isolated from plant inhibited
utilization in muscles, Gymnemic fractions
also inhibit glucose uptake in the intestine.
inflammatory effect.[40]
2.3 Tukhme Karela (Momordica charantia)
Seeds of M. charantia contain phytochemical
momordicin, charantin, and a few compounds
glucose such as galactose-binding lectin and insulin
like protein isolated from various part of this
plant have insulin mimetic activity.[12], [18]

Water extract of G. sylvester leaves stimulate Polypeptide-p, isolated from seeds, and tissue
insulin secretion from mouse cells and of M. charantia showed potent hypoglycemic
isolated human islets in vitro, without effect when administered subcutaneously to
compromising cell viability.[16] Oral gerbits, langurs and human.[19] In a clinical
administration of water soluble leaves extract trial, water soluble extract of the fruits of the
of G. sylvester at 400 mg/day to 27 insulin M. charantia significantly reduced blood
dependent diabetes mellitus patients on glucose concentration in the 9 NIDDM
insulin therapy lowered fasting blood glucose, diabetes on OGTT (50 gm). Fried karela
glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c), fruits consumed as a daily supplement to the
glycosylated plasma protein and insulin diet produced a small but significant
requirements but it remain higher than improvement in glucose tolerance in diabetic
control.[14] Water soluble G. sylvester leaves subjects without any increase in serum insulin
release insulin probably by causing levels.[20] M. charantia increases the renewal
regeneration of pancreatic β-cells both in vivo of partial cells in the pancreas or may permit
& in vitro.[12] the recovery of partially destroyed cells and
stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion.[22]
2.2 Kachnar (Bauhinia variegate)
Crude ethanolic extract of B. variegate 2.4 Tukhme Methi (Trigonella foenum-
contain active constituent roseoside have graecum)
insulinotropic activity in insulin cell line INS- Methi seeds contain specific amino acid
1 and it was found to be dose dependent.[17] known as,4-hydroxyisoleucin which posses
Insulin-like proteins from leaves of B. insulin –stimulating properties.[18] The
variegate, anti-hyperglycemic,[35] anti- hypoglycemic effect of methi seeds has been
hyperlipidaemic,[35] Hepatoprotective activity, demonstrated in experimentally induced
[36] [37]
antioxidant activity, immunomodulator diabetic rats, dogs, mice and healthy
volunteers both IDDM and NIDDM.[23,24,25] In

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a clinical trial administration of methi seeds hypoglycemia in dogs (at the dose of 10
powder (50 mg each with lunch and dinner) in mg/kg I.V). Higher dose (20, 30 and
insulin dependent diabetic patients for 10 50mg/kg) caused initial hyperglycemia
days shows significant reduction in fasting followed by hypoglycaemia lasting for nearly
blood sugar and improved OGTT along with 5 hours.[31] Phenolic constituents such as
54% reduction in glycosuria. In addition, it marsupin and pterostilbene significantly
also showed significant hypolipidemic lowered blood glucose level in STZ diabetic
effect.[26] Methi seeds acts as anti-oxidant & rats and the effect was comparable to
hypocholesterolemic activity.[27,28] metformin.[32] One study shows claims its
anti-hyperlipidemic activity.[33] Oral
2.5 Dammul-akhwain (Pterocarpus administration of the bark decoction (1
marsupium) gm/100 gm body weight for 10 days) showed
Dammul-akhwain commonly known as a hypoglycemic action in alloxanized diabetic
vijasar/Indian kino which contain many rats.[34]
chemical constituents like, epicatechin,
pterostilbene and marsupin etc. Its active 2.6 Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia)
principle, epicatechin has been found to be Gilo contain many active chemical
insulinogenic thus enhancing insulin release constituents like- N-formylannonain, N-
and conversion of proinsulin to insulin.[29]An Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 11-
Indian open multicentric study assessing Hydroxymustakone, cordifolioside A,
Vijayasar in the treatment of newly-diagnosed magnoflorine, tinocordiside and syringing.[44]
or untreated NIDDM showed that the extract Oral administration of an aqueous T.
controlled fasting and post-prandial blood cordifolia root extract to alloxan diabetic rats
glucose levels in 67 out of 97 patients (69%) caused a significant reduction in blood
by the 12th week at the dose of 2, 3 and 4 gm glucose and brain lipids.[41] Oral
in 73, 16 and 10% patients, respectively. Four administration of 400 mg/kg of aqueous
patients were withdrawn from treatment due extract of T. cordifolia for 15 weeks of
to excessively high post-prandial blood treatment showed maximum hypoglycemia of
glucose levels. No significant change was 70.37, 48.81 and 0% in mild (plasma sugar
observed in the mean levels of lipids. Other 180 mg/dl), moderate (plasma sugar >280
laboratory parameters remained stable during mg/dl) and severe (plasma sugar >/400 mg/dl)
the designated treatment period of 12 diabetic rats, respectively. Hypoglycemic
[30]
week. Pterostilbene (a constituent derived effect depended upon the functional status of
from wood of P.marsupium) caused the pancreatic beta cells.[42] anti-

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hyperglycemic effect of T.crispa extract is 2.8 Kalonji (Nigella sativa)

probably due to the stimulation of insulin N. sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-
release via modulation of β-cells Ca2+ induced insulin release from rat-isolated
[43]
concentration. Immunomodulator activity, Langerhans islets,[59] N. sativa
[44,45]
antioxidant activity,[46] hepatoprotective supplementation at a dose of 2 gm/day for 12
activity.[47] weeks may improve the dyslipidemia
associated with type 2 diabetic patients,[60]
2.7 Tahlab (Spirulina platensis) The petroleum ether extract of N.
Spirulina shows hypoglycemic effect on non- sativa exerts lipid-lowering and insulin-
[48,49,50]
insulin dependent diabetic mellitus, sensitizing actions in the rat,[61]
oral administration of 15 mg/kg spirulina for immunomodulatory activity,[62] N. sativa
45 days in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats decoction given by intragastric lavage for 9
significantly reduced the blood sugar level, months was able to correct diabetes and
shows decreased glucose-6-phosphatase obesity in desert gerbil Meriones shaw,[63]
activity and increased the hexokinase activity. antioxidant activity,[64] anticancer activity,[65]
The decreased activity of glucose-6- hepatoprotective effect of N. sativa in rabbit
phosphatase through pentose phosphate shunt against isoniazid (INH) induced
results in a high reduced glutathione to hepatotoxicity.[66]
oxidized glutathione ratio which is coupled
with conversion of NADPH to 2.9 Tukhm Jamun (Syzygium cumini/
NADP.[51]Antioxidant properties of Spirulina Eugenia jambolina)
were demonstrated as inhibition of lipid Aqueous leaf extracts of S. cumini inhibits
peroxidation by its extract,[52] mice fed adenosine deaminase activity and reduces
Spirulina-containing diet showed immuno- glucose levels in hyperglycaemic patients, [67]
enhancing effect,[53] blood lipid-lowering Oral administration of the aqueous extract of
effect of Spirulina has been reported in seeds of S. cumini (2.5 and 5.0 gm/kg for 6
[54] [55]
healthy subjects, anticancer activity, weeks) showed hypoglycemic (>/ gliben -
[56]
hypocholesterolemic activity, insulin like clamide) and anti-oxidant activity. The
protein.[57] The United Nations World Food hypoglycemic effect was most prominent at
Conference declared Spirulina as “the best for the dose of 5.0 gm/kg while no significant
tomorrow,” and it is gaining popularity in effect was observed at 7.5 gm/kg dose. The
recent years as a food supplement.[58] possible mechanism by which jamun seed
extract brings about its hypoglycaemic action
may be by potentiation of the insulin effect of

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 International Journal of Pharmamedix India
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plasma by increasing either the pancreatic the concentrations of fasting blood glucose,
secretion of insulin from β-cells of islets of total cholesterol and triglyceride,[75] P.
Langerhans or its release from the bound oleracea is a rich source of omega-3 fatty
[68]
form. Oral administration of alcoholic acids, which is important in preventing heart
jamun seeds extract to diabetic rats at a dose attack and strengthening the immune
of 100 mg/kg body weight resulted in a system,[76] antioxidant activity,[77] aqueous
significant reduction in blood glucose and extract of P. oleracea prevents the TNF-α-
urine sugar and lipids in serum and tissues in induced vascular inflammatory process in the
[69]
alloxan diabetic rats, S. cumini seed human umbilical vein endothelial cell.[78] The
extracts reduce tissue damage in diabetic rat aqueous extract of P. oleracea in combination
brain,[70] antioxidant activity,[68] ethanolic with lycopene (50 mg/kg body weight) acts as
extract of E. jambolana seed kernel hepatoprotective activity in rats against CCl4
[79]
on antioxidant defence systems of plasma and induced hepatotoxicity aquenous extracts
pancreas in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in of P. oleracea have neuroprotective effect
rats.[71] oral administration of E. against D-galactose induced neurotoxicity [80]

jambolana Lam. (doses 100, 200 and 400 aqueous extract of P. oleracea ameliorates
mg/kg.) significantly prevented carbon diabetic nephropathy through suppression of
tetrachloride induced elevation of serum renal fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic
SGOT, SGPT, ALP, ACP and bilirubin (total mice.[81] P. oleracea seeds showed a
and direct) level.[72] significant decrease in serum levels of
triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density
2.10 Tukhme Khurfa (Portucca oleracaea) lipoprotein cholesterol, liver alanine, aspartate
P. oleracaea (Purslane) contains many and gamma glutamyl transaminase, total and
biologically active compounds, including free direct bilirubin, fasting and post-prandial
oxalic acids, alkaloids, omega-3 fatty acids, blood glucose, in type-2 diabetes mellitus
coumarins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, patients.[82]
and anthraquinone glycosides.[73], [74]
Crude
polysaccharide from purslane on body weight, 2.11 Tukhme Kahu (Lactuca sativa)
blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density Decoction of L. sativa decrease in the
lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and serum intestinal glucose absorption and shows
insulin levels were studied in diabetes hypoglycemic effect.[83] Methanolic leaves
mellitus mice. Crude polysaccharide extract of L. sativa shows significant
treatment (200, 400 mg/kg body weight) for antioxidant potential both in vitro and in
28 days resulted in a significant decrease in vivo.[84] The seed oil is reported to have

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sedative, hypnotic, analgesic and that a good number of compound drugs have
anticonvulsant properties[85] L. sativa is been described in Unani literature to be
capable of protecting neurons against effective in Diabetes Mellitus as large number
glucose/serum deprivation induced cell injury, of physicians of Unani medicine are using
an in vitro model of brain ischemia. L. sativa them successfully since times. This type of
exerts neuro protection and has the potential review will be of very much help for
to be used as a new therapeutic strategy for development of new drugs from natural
common neuro degenerative disorders such as resources which shows hypoglycemic
[86]
stroke it shows anti-inflammatory activity.
[87]
properties. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express sincere thanks to
Conclusion: all the contributors. Special thanks go to Dr.
The role of Unani (traditional) Medicine in Tanzeel Ahmad, Lecturer, Department of
the management of Diabetes is being Moalajat (medicine) and for their guidance
appreciated on account of better and advice throughout the process of shaping
understanding of mechanism of action of such this article. There is no conflict of interest.
drugs. Unani physicians have been treating
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