Artificial Intelligence

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 AI Syllabus
Semester: Seven Category: TA
Subject & subject Code: CS126 Artificial Intelligence

UNIT – I Introduction Hours: 12

History of AI - problem spaces and search- Heuristic Search techniques –Best-first search- Problem
reduction Constraint satisfaction-Means Ends Analysis. Intelligent agents: Agents and environment –
structure of agents and its functions.

UNIT – II Knowledge Representation Hours: 12

Approaches and issues in knowledge representation- Propositional Logic –Predicate logic-Forward
and backward reasoning - Unification- Resolution- Weak slot-filler structure – Strong slot-filler
structure- Knowledge- Based Agent.

UNIT – III Reasoning under uncertainty Hours: 12

Logics of non-monotonic reasoning-Implementation- Basic probability notation - Bayes rule –
Certainty factors and rule based systems-Bayesian networks – Dempster - Shafer Theory - Fuzzy
Logic-rough set theory.

UNIT – IV Planning and Learning Hours: 12

Planning with state space search - partial order planning-planning graphs-conditional planning-
continuous planning Multi-Agent planning. Forms of learning-inductive learning-learning decision
trees-ensemble learning - Neural Net learning and Genetic learning.

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 AI Syllabus
Semester: Seven Category: TA
Subject & subject Code: CS126 Artificial Intelligence

UNIT – V Advanced Topics Hours: 12

Game Playing: Minimax search procedure-Adding alpha-beta cutoffs. Expert System:
Representation-Expert System shells-Knowledge Acquisition. Robotics: Hardware-Robotic
Perception-Planning-Application domains.
Total contact Hours: 45
Total Tutorials: 15 Total Practical Classes: - Total Hours: 60

Text Books:
1. Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight and Shivashankar B.Nair, Artificial Intelligence, TMH, 2009.
2. Ben Coppin, Artificial Intelligence Illuminated, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2004.
3. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Pearson Education
Asia, 2003.

Reference Books:
1. Rajendra Akerkar, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Prentice hall of India, 2005.
2. Patrick Henry Winston, Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edition Pearson Education, Inc., 2001.

Websites:
1. http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ai.html
2. www.stanford.edu/class/cs221/ 3. http://nptel.ac.in
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 Resources
Text Books
1. Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight and Shivashankar B.Nair,
Artificial Intelligence, TMH, 2009.
2. Ben Coppin, Artificial Intelligence Illuminated, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, 2004.
3. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach, Pearson Education Asia, 2003.

Reference Books
1. Rajendra Akerkar , Introduction to Artificial Intelligence,
Prentice hall of India, 2005.
2. Patrick Henry Winston, Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edition
Pearson Education, Inc., 2001.
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 Outline of the Course
The objective of this course is to learn fundamentals of
Artificial Intelligence.

• Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

– A Brief History of AI
– Problem Spaces and Search
– Heuristic Search Techniques
– Constraint Satisfaction
– Intelligent Agents

• Unit 2: Knowledge Representation

– Approaches
– Propositional and Predicate Logic
– Reasoning
– Slot Filler Structure
– Knowledge based Agent 5
 Outline of the course (cont.)

• Unit 3: Reasoning under uncertainty

– Probability
– Bayes Rule, Bayesian Networks
– Dempster Shafer Theory
– Fuzzy Logic
– Rough Set Theory

• Unit 4 : Planning and Learning

– Planning
– Learning ( Decision Trees, ANN, GA)
– Chapter 16: Planning Methods

• Unit 5: Advanced Topics

– Game Playing
– Expert System
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 Study of Intelligence and Computers
• The study of intelligence is also one of the oldest
disciplines.
• For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to
understand how
• seeing,
• learning,
• remembering, and
• reasoning
could, or should, be done.

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 Study of Intelligence and Computers

• The advent of computers in the early 1950s made to

think that computers are “Electronic Super-Brains”

• Computers were thought to have unlimited potential

for intelligence and hence can be used as a vehicle
for creating artificially intelligent entities.

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?

• Making computers that think.

• The automation of activities we associate with human
thinking like decision making, problem solving and
learning.
• The art of creating machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed by people.
• A branch of computer science that is concerned with
the automation of intelligent behaviour.

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 Definition of AI

• “The art of creating machines that perform functions

that require intelligence when performed by people.”
(Kurzweil)

• “The study of how to make computers do things at

which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and
Knight)

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 Task domains of AI

• Perception • Games • Engineering

– Vision – Chess – Design
– Speech – Checkers – Fault Finding
• Natural Language – Othello – Manufacturing
– Understanding – Go • Medical
– Generation • Mathematics – Diagnosis
– Translation – Logic – Medical Image
• Common sense – Geometry Analysis
Reasoning – Calculus • Financial
– Stock market
predictions
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 Applications of AI
1. Video games, Robocup, 10. Automatic operation of
NERO trains
2. Theorem proving 11. Robots for micro-surgery
3. Speech recognition 12. Navigation system for
4. Understanding natural automatic cars
language 13. Medical reasoning systems
5. Machine translation 14. Planning rocket launching
6. Robotics (Computer vision) 15. Intelligent tutoring systems
7. Driving autonomous 16. Fault diagnosis in power
vehicles plants
8. Tactical guidance system for 17. Direct marketing
military aircraft 18. Fraud detection for finance
9. Satellite meta command 19. Stock market predictions
system 12
 AI Applications

Autonomous rovers Telescope scheduling

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 AI Applications
Image guided surgery Artificial Limbs

Image analysis and enhancement

 AI Applications

Pedestrian Detection Household Appliances

 AI Applications
Games and Robotic Toys
 AI Applications

Weather Forecast and Agriculture Monitoring

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 AI Applications

Surveillance and Robot Patrolling

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AI Applications
Malware Analysis

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AI Applications

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Areas of AI and their inter-dependencies

Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
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 History of AI (Before Turing Test)
• Greek mythology: Hephaestus, the Greek god of
invention and technology created Talos, the gigantic
animated bronze warrior (similar to cybernetic
organism)
• King Ajatashatru of Magadha, who gathered the
Buddha's relics used mechanical robots to guard them
- Indian Lokapannatti (11/12 BCE)
• One of the first recorded designs of a humanoid robot was
made by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) in around 1495.
• Jewish folk of the legendary ‘Golem’ a creature that was
constructed from clay by the Mahral of Prague in16th
century
• 19th century: Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine
• 1943: McCulloch and Pitts model artificial neurons
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 The Turing Test
• Alan Turing is often seen as the father of Artificial
Intelligence.
• The term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 by
John McCarthy
• The Turing Test (1950) was designed to provide a
satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
• Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to
achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks,
sufficient to fool an interrogator.
• Computer should be interrogated by a human via a
teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator cannot
tell if there is a computer or a human at the other end.23
 AI History

• 1956 – Samuel’s checker player was demonstrated on

TV, creating strong impression
• 1958 – In MIT AI Lab, McCarthy invented LISP
• 1959 – Gelernter constructed the Geometry Theorem
Prover
• 1965 – Robinson discovered the resolution method
• 1963 – Slagle’s SAINT program (closed form
integration problems)
• 1967 – Bobrow’s STUDENT program (algebra story
problems)
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 AI History
• 1968 – Evan’s ANALOGY (geometric analogy
problems)
• 1968 – Raphael’s SIR (semantic information retrieval,
questions and answers in restricted subset of English)
– Natural language – STUDENT (1967), SHRDLU (1972)
– Knowledge representation – semantic network (1968), frame
(1975), conceptual dependencies and script (1977),
production systems
– Search techniques (heuristics)
– Vision – constraint propagation
– Neural network and learning
– Planning – Fahlman’s planner (1974)
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 AI History – A dose of reality

• Methods that worked well for simple examples turned

to fail on wider applications and more difficult
problem. Why?
– Early programs were knowledge poor (the best known
example is ELIZA program)
– Combinatorial explosion and intractability (“scaling up”
was once widely thought as simply a matter of faster
hardware and larger memories)
– The fact that a program can find a solution in principle does
not mean that the program contains any of the mechanisms
needed to find it in practice

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 AI History – awakening

• Old methods of relying on general-purpose search

mechanism have been called weak methods.
• The new approach: knowledge is power!
• The expert system era:
– MYCIN
– PROSPECTOR (1979) successfully found a site containing
a large molybdenum deposit
– New area of research: knowledge engineering, uncertainty
reasoning

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 AI History – booming industry

• 1982 – R1, the first successful commercial ES that saved DEC

about $40 million a year
• 1981 – Japan launched the “5th generation” project to build
intelligent computers
• MCC was found in the US to counter the Japanese project
• Funding reinstated
• LMI, TI, Symbolics, and Xerox built LISP machines
• Nearly every major US corporation had its own AI group
• The AI industry went from a few million in sales in 1980 to $2
billion in 1988

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 AI History – crude reality, again

• Many corporations and research groups found that

building a successful expert system involved much
more than simply buying a reasoning system and
filling it with rules
• Support for AI research and business quickly
shrinking
• 1987 - LMI (Lisp Machines Inc.) declared bankruptcy
• 1991 – 5th generation project declared a failure
• 1993 – Symbolics declared bankruptcy
• Another “AI winter”
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AI History

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 AI History 1990s

• Artificial Intelligence replaced as its goal the building

of an intelligent robot with the goal of using heuristics
and other techniques to solve complex problems.
• 1997 - The Deep Blue chess program beats the
current world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
• Web crawlers and other AI-based information
extraction programs become essential in widespread
use of the world-wide-web.

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 AI History – 21st Century
• Fuzzy logic is used in elevators, washing
machines and cars.
• Intelligent agents are used in many software
applications.
• Robots explore other worlds, and toy robots
play with children (Sony AIBO - Artificial
Intelligence roBOt, PLEOrb - a dinosaur robot )
• Expert systems diagnose diseases and
recommend remedies.
• Computer games use AI (IBM Watson)
• Hardware improvement improves speech
recognition, chess programs, computer vision, and
robotics 32
 Sentences Our Grandchildren Won't Believe
We Said In 2018
“I will drive my car.”
Only very few, if any, people will own their own cars . Most
cars will be autonomous so humans won’t drive them even
if they have them.
“I had a car accident.”
Cars will be autonomous, car accidents will no longer
occur. Volvo believes their fleet will be injury-proof by 2020.
“I burned the chicken.”
Sensors in ovens will monitor our food as it bakes and adjust
the temperature or turn off the oven before anything burns.
“Who’s got the remote?”
All devices in the home will be voice-activated or controlled
through a virtual/augmented reality headset.
“How many calories is this?”
With the use of smart plates, bowls and cups you will
always know exactly what you eat and drink.
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 Sentences Our Grandchildren Won't Believe
We Said In 2018
“They don’t have my size.”
Not only will ANY size be available, There will be custom-
made shoes and clothes made through scans and 3D printing
devices.
“Let’s watch a drama.”
Artificial intelligence will guide movie, TV and music selections
based on how you’re feeling that day, ratings and your
preferences.
“I lived with my undetected heart condition for more than 10
years.”
Smart watches and ingestible sensors will detect things like
heart conditions and much more.
“I’m going to the doctor for a physical.”
Full-body scans with AI doctors will manage your annual
physicals while checkups are done with physicians on video34
chat or virtual reality.