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Towards a Participatory Crime Prevention: Awareness of

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 Towards a Participatory Crime Prevention:
Awareness of Community on Crime Mapping and
Hotspots
Judith G. Martinez Carljohnson G. Anacin
College of Criminal Justice Education Research & Development Center
University of the Cordilleras University of the Cordilleras

Nathaniel Vincent A. Lubrica Christian T. Pascual

Center for Geographic Information Science College of Criminal Justice Education
University of the Cordilleras University of the Cordilleras

Danilo E. Azarcon, Jr. Ariel Nimo B. Pumecha

Research & Development Center College of Criminal Justice Education
University of the Cordilleras University of the Cordilleras

Abstract

The use of Geographic Information Science as an approach and as a system is

undeniably helpful in many different fields of studies. One of the most sought
application of GIS is in the field of criminology and crime prevention. The University
of the Cordilleras (UC) in collaboration with the Police Regional Office-Cordillera
(PROCOR), developed and established crime mapping through the web-based GIS and
GIS-Based Crime Analysis (GIS BCA). The system aimed to uphold crime prevention
and policing efforts in the City of Baguio. The study aimed to promote the utilization
and the participation of the concerned communities.
The paper revealed the awareness of the community on the concept and
implementation of crime mapping by cross-referencing their awareness of crime
hotspots in Baguio City and the actual data being shown in the crime map. This study
recommends actions to different agencies and institutions to further disseminate the
system and inform the public of the benefits of having to know and understand crime
maps and hotspots.

Keywords: web-based GIS, GIS-Based Crime Analysis, Crime Prevention, Community

Participation, community awareness, hotspots

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Introduction

GIS technology is known to be continually relevant and effective in the

field of criminology through the interaction of maps in crime prevention and
identification of hotspots. Studies have been done on the role and importance
of crime mapping in prevention and reduction of crime in different places
such as India (Vijay Kumar, & Chandrasekar, 2011), China (Liu, 2005; Zhang,
Messner, & Lu, 2007), South Africa (Breetzke, 2006), and other countries,
cities, and municipalities around the world. Moreover, technology’s role in
the lives of the criminals and victims has been explored by some researchers
(Lewis & Lewis, 2011).

Crime Mapping and the Community

Corbett and Rambaldi (n.d.) narrowed down the concept of
applying maps in a community context by describing community maps as a
representation of socially or culturally distinct understanding of landscape
that includes information excluded from conventional maps. With the
very notion of community maps, it could enable communities to represent
themselves and their relationship to their physical, cultural, economic, and
biological landscapes. Community building, networking and communication
are main components of community mapping. Enabling the community will
ensure a more beneficial outcome if implemented properly as this reflects
the collective process and inclusive process of the whole group.
Crime mapping involves mapping incidents to identify hotspots and
analyze spatial relationship (Karpilo, 2010). GIS provides positive benefits
and endless possibilities in crime mapping and policing from community and
problem oriented policing, detailed relationships between crime, victim,
and the offender, demographic and population changes, resource allocation,
integration of community and government resources, visualization & analysis
of trends, decision & policy formulation, and as effective communication
tools (Higgins, 2003; Wilson & Smith, 2008). GIS is an important tool in crime
prevention by helping police officers to analyze problems through an up-
to-date and comprehensive data. With the data generated and analyzed,
crime patterns are identified (Higgins, 2003). Crime mapping can be more
sustainable when the community participates and appreciates the process.
However, it is also necessary to look at the readiness of the community
in engaging themselves as individual and as a group. Readiness includes
assessment of different factors such as resources, skills or capability of
stakeholders and authorities, and cooperation of population, among others.
Knowledge of crime concentrations in an area is important in planning
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strategies as well as in identifying areas of high risk of repeated victimization

(Vasiljević-Prodanović, 2012). Moreover, crime prevention in its broad sense
may even include an initial step describing awareness of crimes. Awareness
of crime and feeling of security lead to a healthy and sustainable community
(Marzbali, Abdullah, Razak, & Tilaki, 2011). Thus, the study aimed to increase
the safety, security, and sustainability of Baguio City through the effective
use of crime mapping and its interaction to the public.

Participatory GIS and Community

“Participatory GIS (PGIS) or Public participation geographic information
systems (PPGIS) broadens public involvement in policy making through GIS
as a medium to attain the goals of community organizations and groups
(Schroeder, 1996). Craig and Elwood (1998, in Kwaku Kyem, 2001) presented
some reasons of these community-based organizations in adopting GIS.
These are: (a) for administration (e.g., program evaluation), (b) for strategic
purposes such as the assessment of local or neighbourhood needs, (c) for
organizing (e.g., recruitment of members), and (d) for tactical reasons,
such as in counter-mapping and the representation of local knowledge. In
addition, one of the aims of PGIS is to empower communities (Craig, Harris,
& Weiner, 1999; Harris & Weiner, 1998 in Kwaku Kyem, 2001).
One of the best cases of community involvement in crime mapping
happened in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. The objective of community
involvement in the crime mapping process was to extend basic crime
analysis technologies beyond law enforcement agencies by putting them
into the hands of neighborhood-based organizations. In 1998, Hartford was
equipped with the technology called Neighborhood Problem Solving (NPS)
system funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). The system enables
users to generate maps, analyze crimes, and report crimes. Aside from
funding the development of the system, NIJ funded researches in system
usability and efficacy. These, in addition to resources, are necessary in the
institutionalization of GIS in crime prevention.

Police Regional Office Cordillera (PROCOR) Geographic Information System

(GIS) Based Crime Analysis (GIS BCA) and Web Crime Mapping
With all the optimistic goals and influence of crime mapping in
community as seen in literatures and outputs of researches all over the
world, the use of GIS in crime prevention recently gained its popularity in the
Philippines. In Baguio City, the Police Regional Office-Cordillera (PROCOR)
has adapted the system in its policing. The University of the Cordilleras (UC),
through the Center for Geographic Information Science (CGIS), College of
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Criminal Justice Education (CCJE), College of Information Technology and
Computer Science (CITCS), and Research and Development Center (R&DC)
collaborated with PROCOR in developing a GIS-Based Crime Analysis (GIS-
BCA) and Web Crime Mapping. UC particularly developed the scaffold in the
region wide deployment of the system; specifically, the GIS concepts and
protocols, data flow, on-line collaboration, GIS application in crime analysis
and the over-all system architecture. On the other hand, the PROCOR GIS
team developed the crime mapping icons, crime hotspot analysis using
CrimeStat III, training modules, police personnel training, improved crime
mapping process and data import, and blotter form in Microsoft Excel.
Furthermore, Saint Louis University (SLU) contributed by providing trainings
to PROCOR personnel on the use of Quantum GIS.
Pelfrey (2005) posited that GIS benefits law enforcers and peace
officers in two basic ways. First, by deploying officers in a more intelligent
fashion, law enforcement agencies will have more officers available for
proactive work (such as problem solving). Second, by identifying crime
patterns and inferring where crime is likely to develop, police officers and
peace officers alike can engage in preventive work to reduce their future
workload.
Full implementation of GIS BCA started in 2012, hence, the relative
implementation of the systems is just barely a year. Thus, the present study
targets a wide accessibility of the systems to the community by specifically
looking at people’s awareness. GIS-based crime mapping, functions to 1)
assess the nature, extent, and distribution of crime in order efficiently
and effectively allocate resources and personnel; 2) Identify crime-suspect
correlations to assist investigators; and 3) Identify the conditions that
facilitate crime and incivility so that policymakers may make informed
decisions about prevention approaches (O’Shea and Nicholls, 2003). Thus,
the GIS based crime mapping website was intended to allow users to have
an easy access to the latest crime data. Furthermore, the website engages
users to be more involved in crime prevention activities specially reporting
crime incidences.
The study aimed to look at the integration of web-based GIS crime
map in communities’ collective efficacy. With this, the study aims to
determine the level of awareness of Baguio City Community on the GIS and
Web based crime mapping by looking at their knowledge on crime hotspots
in the Baguio Central Business District (CBD), particularly on common types
of crime prevalence vis-à-vis police records. Attaining this objective and
answering the problem at hand could reveal the readiness of the public to

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be involved in civic duties, specifically in the process of crime mapping and

crime prevention.

Methodology

The research employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative

methods through survey and interviews. The study employed the descriptive
method to define the level of awareness of Barangay Officials and BPATs of
communities around the Central Business District (CBD) of Baguio City.

Participants

The respondents were classified in two groups: the Barangay Officials

and the Public. The Barangay group was composed of the Barangay Captain,
Barangay Kagawad in-charge of the Peace and Order Committee, and the
head or a member of the Barangay Police Action Taskforce (BPAT). The
target barangays were composed of ABCR, AZCKO (Abanao-Zandueta-Kayang-
Chugum-Otek), Harrison-Carantes, Kabayanihan, Kagitingan, Kayang Hilltop,
Legarda-Burnham-Kisad, Lower General Luna, Lower Magsaysay, Market
Subdivision, Malcolm Square, New Lucban, Padre Zamora, Rizal Monument
Area, Session Road Area, Sto. Nino Barangay (Slaughter House Area), Teodora
Alonzo, and Upper Magsaysay. The barangays chosen were within the Baguio
Commercial Business District (CBD).

Table 1.
Profile of Respondents
Respondent N
Barangay officials 30
Public 96
Total 126

On the other hand, data were gathered from the public by

administering questionnaire in selected public areas for two (2) days by four
(4) student enumerators. In here, the respondents from the public grouping
are Baguio residents randomly selected along the vicinities of the public
places considered in this study. A quota-convenience sampling method was
used in the process where each enumerator gathered at least 10 participants
per day. The public areas were composed of Abanao Street, Burnham Park,
Igorot Garden, Malcolm Square, and Session Road. Complete responses
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from the participants, both in barangays and public, were ensured to get a
high degree of accuracy in data presentation and interpretation. The total
number of respondents was 126 participants, both from the public and the
barangay combined.

Materials
A self-made survey-questionnaire measured the participants’
awareness on crime mapping and crime hotspots. The questionnaire which
was based on several related literature asked the respondents on what they
perceive as the most crime prone barangay in Baguio City among the 15
barangays listed. This specifically looks at the three top crimes in Baguio
City based from BCPO crime statistics - theft, physical injuries, and robbery.
The data generated from the responses was then graphically compared with
the actual data gathered from the BCPO. By comparing the discrepancies
of the two data, the researchers were able to analyze the awareness of the
participants on the crime hotspots, and consequently, the crime mapping
program.

Results and Discussions

Perceived and Actual Incidence of Common Crimes: Theft

Note: χBPAT2 = 40.76 where p-value = 0.00 < 0.05; χPUBLIC2 = 48.24 where p-value
= 0.00 < 0.05
Figure 1. Barangay in CBD with Perceived Prevalent Incidence of Theft (n=126)

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Figure 1 shows the line graph on the prevalence of theft on selected barangay
comprising the central business district. The graph compares perceived
knowledge of the respondents with actual crime data. The comparison is
important in order to determine whether the respondents are able to know
accurately the prevalence of theft and existence of hotspots. The result of
the comparison shows that the community is able to identify theft hotspots
around the city. Moreover, there is a relatively small difference in terms of
perception of the respondents as to the prevalence of theft in the different
barangays.

Perceived and Actual Incidence of Common Crimes: Physical Injury

Figure 2 shows the graphical variation on the respondents’ perception
of the prevalence of physical injury cases with that of actual data. The chi-
square statistics between the two was measured to be 12.38 with p-value of
0.05 which is equal to the critical level of 0.05 indicates significant difference
between actual and perceived value. The finding suggests that the perceived
place of occurrence of physical injury is significantly different than actual
data.

Note: χBPAT2 = 12.38 where p-value = 0.05 = 0.05; χPUBLIC2 = 57.23 where p-value
= 0.00 < 0.05
Figure 2. Barangay in CBD with Perceived Prevalent Incidence of Physical Injuries
(n=126)

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Perceived and Actual Incidence of Common Crimes: Robbery
Figure 3 shows the graphical variation on the respondents’ perception
of the prevalence of robbery with that of actual data. The chi-square statistics
computed for the difference between perceived prevalence of robbery and
actual data yielded a result of 5.03 with p-value of 0.54. The value is not less
than the critical value of 0.05 indicating no significant difference. The result
implies differences observed between the two lines presented in Figure 3 do
not constitute significant difference.

Note: χBPAT2 = 5.03 where p-value = 0.54 > 0.05; χPUBLIC2 = 15.62 where p-value =
0.02 < 0.05
Figure 3. Barangay in CBD with Perceived Prevalent Incidence of Robbery (n=126)

Awareness of GIS and GIS Based Crime Mapping Programs

The median response of 2 (Aware) was observed on the areas
pertaining to the respondents knowledge of the crime mapping program.
The result shows that the respondents are familiar of the GIS based crime
mapping initiatives being implemented by the PROCOR and UC. However,
as can be seen in Figure 4, the median response on the areas pertinent
to the technology behind the initiative reflected by awareness on GIS and
Google Earth, it shows a low level of awareness (Md = 1, ‘Slightly Aware’).
The result implies that although respondents are knowledgeable about the
initiative, they do not have the capability to implement the technology.
On another perspective, Figure 4 also shows that the Baguio residences
are merely slightly aware of GIS and GIS related technology. As can been
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seen from the graph, all indicators showed a median response of 1 which is
translated as ‘Slightly Aware’. The finding suggests that GIS technology and
the crime mapping website being are new technologies for the respondents.

Perceived and Actual Incidence of Common Crimes

The data on the perception of the community on the prevalence of
common crimes in different areas of the CBD implies that there are gaps in
the knowledge of accurately assessing actual happenings. It further implies
that the respondents have limited knowledge in crime hotspots along the
CBD. The GIS based crime mapping program addresses the issue directly
since the system has the capability of providing up to date crime data as
well as crime hotspots to stakeholders.
In order for a crime prevention program to work at the public level,
the community needs access to accurate crime data and crime hotspots to
promote awareness which can lead to crime prevention. Information is the
most important tool of the public in order to take appropriate measures
to prevent crime. Identifying these hotspots is essential in their function
as crime prevention agents as it can be considered as a powerful guide in
planning strategies and a tool in identifying areas with recurring crimes
(Vasiljević-Prodanović, 2012). Furthermore, hotspots are presented in order
for authorities to strategize policing and prevention of crimes (Vijay Kumar
& Chandrasekar, 2011, Lubrica, 2013). Marzbali et al. (2011) and Walker et
al. (2009) also posit that awareness of crime and feeling of security leads
to a healthy and sustainable community. As a result, the public would know
better the situation of crimes in the city in order to get involved in increasing
the safety, security, and sustainability of Baguio City. While there are many
factors in the involvement of the community in crime mapping, the process
should start in making the public aware of the crime hotspots and strategies
to address the issue of crimes.
The findings on the prevalence of theft based on the perception of
community shows disparity from the actual data. Hence, the respondents
were not able to accurately and correctly identify theft hotspots. Data
gathered from the BCPO showed that theft was the most prevalent crime
committed in Baguio City for 2004-2009. Three hundred forty one (341) cases
were reported by the office in 2008, which is considered to be the highest
in the given years. Lubrica (2013) also highlights theft and physical injuries
as two of the highly committed crimes in his crime mapping study. This
supports the idea that theft and robbery are considered by offenders as a
fast and easy way to earn money as seen by Gayumba-Martinez and Avena-
Cabarubias (2010). With these, it is definitely important that people in all
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communities be aware on the crime hotspots to avoid being victimized.
As related by Siegel (2004), Theft was originally defined in English
law as “acts in which one person look for his or her own use the property
of another.” However, in contemporary times, this definition has included
acts such as shoplifting, passing bad checks, and forcibly breaking into a
person’s home or place of work. Accordingly, these acts are seen as “likely
random acts of criminal opportunity than well-thought-out conspiracies.”
This action, however, was analyzed by the author as “product of careful
risk assessment, including environmental, social, and structural factors.”
Tabangin, Flores and Emperador (2008) found out that in Baguio City, the
parent node indicates that the crimes of theft, robbery and physical injuries
are most often committed. Their study showed this fact by taking into
consideration select places in the Baguio City CBD over a four-year period.
Other crimes, conversely, “…were comparatively few and too dispersed to
provide usable and place-specific hotspot computations” (Tabangin et al.,
2008). In connection, they said that theft is usually committed on areas such
as open-air commercial activities, narrow outdoor sidewalks, and overpasses
where overcrowding usually occurs. Hotspots also, according to their study,
include deteriorating buildings, run-down establishments, vehicle parking &
terminals, and malls (Tabangin et al., 2008).
On the other hand, the data on physical injuries or assault shows that
the respondents’ perception on these cases in the different barangays has
a gap compared to actual data, similar with the data responses under the
incidence of theft. This means that the respondents are unable to, again,
accurately identify hotspots where physical injuries are prevalent.
On the other hand, Gayumba-Martinez and Avena-Cabarubias (2010)
found that Session Road is the most crime prone area in Baguio City. Next to
this is AZKCO due to its highly populated environment and proximity to the
market. In consonance with the mentioned findings, Lubrica (2013) found,
through a time series analysis, that prevalence of theft is highest along
Session Road, while physical injury is most seen in AZCKO.

Awareness in GIS and GIS Based Crime Mapping Programs

It is interesting to note that respondents consisting of barangay
officials, BPAT, and law enforcement personnel are aware of the existing
partnership of UC and PROCOR in the GIS-based Crime Mapping program.
However, on the technology side of it, a low level of awareness exists. For
this reason, as shown previously, the respondents’ usage of the technology
is at the minimum. It is necessary that respondents have hands on learning
at least to the extent where they are able to navigate through the site and
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extract useful information needed to be more effective in their functions as

crime prevention agents.

Note: 0 - Unaware, 1 - Slightly Aware, 2 - Aware, 3 - Highly Aware

Figure 4. Awareness of GIS and GIS Based Crime Mapping Programs

Technology dissemination and education among the Baguio residence

is needed for the technology to be adopted. The GIS crime mapping initiatives
must be implemented at the grassroots level. Effective communication
between the police department and community organizations can result to
implications vastly beyond the project itself (Maltz, Gordon, & Friedman,
1990). Thus, crime mapping can boost police-community relation which is
very important in combating crime and maintaining peace and order. Lubrica
(2013) also emphasized strong leadership commitment and participant
attitude as crucial factors in implementing GIS. Hence, it could be inferred
that involving community in web-based crime mapping will not only help
improve the project itself but the community’s stance against crime as well.

Conclusion and Recommendations

In Baguio City, the web-GIS crime mapping and GIS-based crime

analysis are still gaining importance and popularity. As a result, the
respondents exhibited a knowledge gap with the actual data of common
crime incidences and prevalence, as seen in the results of this study.
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Because of the relatively low level of awareness of the Baguio City
community based on GIS and web-based crime mapping, it is the supposition
and recommendation of this study to make a wider dissemination of this
method, tool, approach, and system to the communities and public, through
appropriate information, education, & communication (IEC) campaigns.
Problems such as lack of internet access, computers could have contributed
to the low awareness of the people. It is likewise suggested by the authors
of this research that more effort in disseminating the website of PROCOR
and the web-based crime map be made. On the other hand, barangays with
no computers and internet access are recommended to be provided by
their officials, as well as supported by the Local Government Units (LGU) or
the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), in order for the
system and process be institutionalized in the communities and the whole
city. The procurement will address the readiness of communities in involving
themselves in crime prevention and ensuring their participation in the crime
mapping process. Likewise, in order for the city to attain collective efficacy,
it is important to determine the willingness and readiness of the people in
involving themselves in the process. By this, it should be embedded in us the
belief that our neighbors will be there to help in case of emergency or crime
occurrences, be it with or without the presence of crime maps.
On another note, factors such as capabilities (e.g., skills and tools)
must also be considered and assessed in adopting the crime mapping system.
These, though, have yet to be addressed and developed as seen in this
study. Organizational factor, strong leadership commitment, attitude and
infrastructure are needed to assure effectiveness and sustainability of this
endeavor.
Studies could also be done before and after crime prevention to
assess effectiveness of the system and efforts for further improvement of
crime prevention.

Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to acknowledge the assistance given by

the Police Regional Office-Cordillera (PROCOR) and Baguio City Police Office
(BCPO) in giving relevant data for this research. The Barangay Officials -
Punong Barangay, Kagawads, and Barangay Patrol Action Teams (BPAT) - for
the responses and full cooperation. The College of Criminal Justice Education
(CCJE) of University of the Cordilleras (UC) for the support through its Center
of Excellence (COE) recognition.

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