Tunnel-Gallery Connection Shear Dowels

Case Study:
3D Analysis of a Tunnel Gallery Connection

Problem Presentation
• Evaluate structural forces in shear dowels to prevent
relative movement of tunnel linings after opening (radial
and orthoradial directions)
• Introduction of a reinforcement beam along opening
Modelling strategy: Shear Dowels
• The shear dowels will be modeled by a pair of very
short and stiff beams connected by a node-to-node
anchor representing the shear dowel stiffness. Force
will develop within the node-to-node anchor as a
result of the relative ortho-radial and radial
movements of the two consecutive lining rings in the
axial direction
• In Appendix, a model illustrating such a behavior is
presented
Modelling strategy: Lining Connections
• Two types of connection must be considered for the
lining potentially affected by the main tunnel
opening
– Orthoradial connection: No moment transfer
– Axial connection : No Shear transfer
• Such connection will be achieved by adopting
equivalent orthotropic plate property over the
connection area
Modelling strategy: Lining Connections
• No moment transfer will be defined based on
𝑑𝑒𝑞 3 𝑑3
𝐸1,𝑒𝑞 𝑑𝑒𝑞 = 𝐸𝑐 𝑑 𝐸1,𝑒𝑞 = 0.001. 𝐸𝑐
12 12
• No shear transfer
𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 𝐺23 = 𝐺𝑐 1000

Part I: Reference Model
Definition
Project Properties Xmin = -50 m, Xmax = 50 m
Ymin = -20 m, Ymax = 20 m
• Definition of model dimensions
Soil Geometry Definition (Soil Mode)
1- Create borehole
3- Add 4 layers
5- ybot = 5 m
6- ybot = -3 m
7- ybot = -15 m
2- Add borehole at (0, 0) 4- ytop = 15 m 8- ybot = -30 m
10- Set water level at 10 m

9- Create material
Soil Material Properties (Soil Mode)
• Plastic clay
Mohr-Coulomb model
Undrained C
Unit weight specifed in

terms of dry and saturated
weight γ = 20 kN/m3
• Plastic clay
Eu = 80000 kPa
vu = 0.495
su,ref = 150 kPa

• Plastic clay
Rinter = 0.7
• Plastic clay
K0 = 0.87
• Marl
Mohr-Coulomb model
Drained

• Marl
E = 117000 kPa
vu = 0.3
cref = 15 kPa
φ = 30
• Marl
Rinter = 0.7
• Marl
K0 = 0.5 (automatic)
• Soft Rock I
Mohr-Coulomb model
Drained

• Soft Rock I
E = 768000 kPa
vu = 0.25
cref = 75 kPa
φ = 33
• Soft Rock I
Rinter = 0.7
• Soft Rock I
K0 = 1
• Soft Rock II
Mohr-Coulomb model
Drained

• Soft Rock II
E = 1,17E6 kPa
vu = 0.25
cref = 150 kPa
φ = 33
• Soft Rock II
Rinter = 0.7
• Soft Rock II
K0 = 1
Create Tunnel Lining (Structures Mode)
• Create polycurve at (0, -20, -9)
• Polycurve property
1- Shape = circular
2- Axis 2 = -4.55
3- Orientation axis 1 = X-axis
4- Orientation axis 2 = Z-axis

5- Radius = 4.55
1- Extrude previously created

polycurve along (0, 40, 0)
2- Create plate
3- Create outer interface
• Tunnel lining property d = .4 m
E = 20E6 kPa
v = 0.2
γ = 25 kN.m-3
Create Tunnel Joints (Structures Mode)
3- Array to create 5 instances equally spaced with ΔY = -2.2 m
1- Create surface from polycurve 2- Move created surface at Y = 3.7

Array once the 5 previously created instances
with both ΔY = -0.1 m and ΔY = 0.1 m
Select all created surfaces (16 in total) and intersect them
Select all inner surfaces (15 in total) and delete them
• Tunnel lining property: Shear connection
d = 0.4 m
E = 20E6 kPa
v = 0.2
γ = 25 kN.m-3
G12 = G13 = G23 = Gweak = Gnormal / 1000 = 8333 kPa

Select all shear connection surfaces (10 in total) and assign
them Shear Connection plate material properties
2- Extrude line along (0, 0, 5)
3- Create polar array in ZX plane around

(0, 0, -9) with 14 occurrences over 360o
1- Create line from (0, -5.5, -9) to (0, 4, -9)
1- Select the 14 previously created surfaces

Select the 28 previously created surfaces along with the tunnel
annulus in between the shear connections and intersect them
Select all inner surfaces (28 in total) and delete them
• Tunnel lining property: Moment connection
d = 0.01265 m
E1 = 20E6 kPa
E2 = 632.5E6 kPa
v=0
γ = 25 kN.m-3 G12 = Gnormal / 1000 = 8333 kPa
G13 = G23 = Gdefault = 263.5E6 kPa

Select all moment connection surfaces (28 in total) and assign them
Moment Connection plate material properties
Create Shear Dowels (Structures Mode)
1- Select the previously created line and
extrude it along (0, 0, 5)
2- Rotate it -39 deg around y-axis at (0, 0 ,-9)

1- Select the previously created surface

1- Select the two annuli over which shear dowels will be placed and the
two previously created surfaces (6 surfaces in total)
2- Intersect them
1- Select the two previously created planes and the original line
2- Delete them
1- Select the 4 surfaces resulting from the intersection process
2- Decompose them into outlines

1- Select all unnecessary lines and points
2- Delete them
1- Create points at (0, -2.9, -9) and (0, 1.5, -9)
2- Create 4 lines between the two previously created points and end
points of the previously created segments at Y = - 2.9 m and Y = 1.5 m
Create cylinder with R = 4.475 m , center = (0, -5.5, -9) and length = 10 m
2 – Delete previously created cylinder and resulting 4 inner lines
1 – Intersect previously created cylinder and 4 lines

Create the four remaining connecting lines at Y = -1.5 m and Y = 2.4 m

1- Select 8 lines
2- Create beam and assign

Stiffbeam properties
• Stiff beam property A = 100 m2
γ = 0 kN.m-3
E = 1E12 kPa
I3 = 1E-2 m4
I2 = 1E-2 m4
1- Create 4 node-to-node
anchors connecting the
stiff beams
2- Assign ShearDowels properties

• Shear Dowel property
EA = 4760 kN (see Appendix with l = 0.08 m)
1- Select the previously created beams and
node-to-node anchors

(0, 0, -9) with 4 occurrences over 77.14o
Create Injected Zone (Structures Mode)
1- Shape = circular
2- Axis 2 = -9

5- Radius = 9.0
Extrude previously created polycurve along (0, 40, 0)

Create First 2m Gallery
Create tunnel at (7, 0, -12.5)

• General
1- Set Orientation Axis 1 to Y-axis
2- Set Orientation Axis 2 to Z-axis

3- Extend to symmetry axis for
• Segments creating Segment [2]
4- Symmetry close for creating

Segment [3],[4] and [5]
2- Segment [1]: Line

- Relative start angle = 90o
- Length = 4 m

- Length = 3.5 m
• Sub-sections 1- Generate thick lining
4- SubSegment [9]: Line
• Sub-sections - Offset 1: -3.5 m
- Offset 2: 4.0 m
- Length = 7 m
- Offset 1: -1.5 m 3- SubSegment [8]: Line
- Offset 2: 5.5 m - Offset 1: 1.5 m
- Relative start angle = 0o - Offset 2: 0 m
- Length = 3 m - Relative start angle = 90o
- Length = 5.5 m
- Offset 1: -1.5 m
- Offset 1: -3.5 m
- Offset 2: 0 m
- Offset 2: 2.0 m
- Length = 5.5 m
- Length = 7 m
• Sub-sections - Offset 1: 0 m
- Offset 2: 0 m
- Length = 7.5 m
- Offset 1: -1.5 m 8- SubSegment [13]: Line
- Offset 2: 5.5 m - Offset 1: 1.5 m
- Relative start angle = 135o - Offset 2: 5.5 m
- Length = 2m - Relative start angle = 45o
- Length = 2.0 m
- Offset 1: -2.75 m
- Offset 1: 2.75 m
- Offset 2: 0.75 m
- Offset 2: 0.75 m
- Relative start angle = -135o
- Relative start angle = -45o
- Length = 1.5 m
- Length = 1.5 m
Create First 2m Gallery Select all segments and
• Sub-sections intersect them
• Sub-sections Delete 4 segments outside tunnel sections
• Properties 1- Create plate on the outer contour
2- Create negative interfaces on the outer contour

• Shotcrete + HEB 220 Properties d = 0.25 m
E = 50E6 kPa
v = 0.2
γ = 25 kN.m-3
• Trajectory 1- Set Orientation Axis 1 to (-1, 0, 0)
2- Set Orientation Axis 2 to (0, 0, 1)

• Trajectory
- Length = 7m
2- Generate tunnel
Define Reinforcement Beam along Opening
1- Shape = circular
2- Axis 2 = -5.05

5- Radius = 5.05
Extrude polycurve with R = 5.05 m along (0, 40, 0)
Clean-up Geometry to Ease Meshing
1- Select tunnel group (group always created)
2- Decouple from generator

2- Select all surfaces and volumes to be intersected
1- Hide points, lines and soil

volumes
3- Intersect and recluster
1- Remove all irrelevant geometrical items inside
the main tunnel (surfaces and volumes)
1- Select middle part of tunnel lining and
Meshing set mesh coarseness to 0.1
3- Generate fine mesh
2- Select soil clusters in tunnel gallery and

set mesh coarseness to 0.1
Meshing
• Generated mesh
Staged Construction
• Initial phase (K0-procedure)
Staged Construction
• Phase 1: Injection (Plastic analysis)
1- Select all soil clusters inside largest cylinder
2- Set water conditions to Dry

Staged Construction
• Phase 2: Deconfinement 40 % (Plastic analysis)
1- Select all soil clusters inside main tunnel
2- Deactivate them
Staged Construction
• Phase 2: Deconfinement 40 % (Plastic analysis)
1- Set ∑Mstage = 0.4

Staged Construction
• Phase 3: Tunnel installation (Plastic analysis)
Activate all plates and outer interfaces for the main tunnel
Staged Construction
• Phase 4: Shear Dowels Installation (Plastic analysis)
1- Activate all stiff beams (32 in total)

2- Activate all 8 node-to-node anchors
Staged Construction
• Phase 4: Shear Dowels Installation (Plastic analysis)
Set Solver type to PARDISO

Staged Construction
• Phase 5: First opening (Plastic analysis)
Deactivate relevant lining pieces in between

along with corresponding interfaces (soil
clusters in front are just hidden!!)
Staged Construction
• Phase 6: Excavation top left (Plastic analysis)
Deactivate the soil clusters in the half-

upper left part of the gallery and
corresponding interfaces
Staged Construction
• Phase 7: Excavation top right (Plastic analysis)
2- Activate the
reinforcement beam on
the upper left part and
top interface
1- Deactivate the soil clusters in the

half-upper right part of the gallery and
Staged Construction
• Phase 8: Excavation bottom right (Plastic analysis)
2- Activate the
reinforcement beam
on the upper right part
and top interface

half-bottom right part of the gallery
and corresponding interfaces
Staged Construction
• Phase 9: Excavation bottom left (Plastic analysis)
2- Activate the reinforcement beam on

the bottom right part and top interface

half-bottom left part of the gallery and
Staged Construction
• Phase 10: Reinforcement beam bottom left (Plastic
analysis)
1- Activate the reinforcement beam on

the bottom left part and top interface
Staged Construction
• Phase 11: Full opening (Plastic analysis)
2- Deactivate stiff beams (16 in total)
1- Deactivate all plates inside opening area
2- Deactivate all node-to-node anchors

Main Results
• Forces in shear dowels
– First opening
Main Results
– Gallery Excavation
Top Left
Main Results
Top Right
Main Results
Bottom Right
Main Results
Bottom Left
Main Results
• Minor principal stresses in reinforcement beam (full
opening)
Appendix: Shear Dowel
Calibration Model
Model Overview
Plates as rigid
bodies (0.2 m
spacing)
2 node-to-node
anchors (0,1 m long)
4 horizontal stiff
beams (0,1 m long)
Model Overview
Model Overview
• Stiff beam property A = 100 m2
γ = 0 kN.m-3
E = 1E12 kPa
I3 = 1E-2 m4
I2 = 1E-2 m4
Model Overview
EA = 6580 kN
• Node-to-node anchor
𝐸𝐴
𝐹 = 𝐴𝜎 = 𝐸𝐴𝜀 = ∆𝑙
𝑙
so
Force in shear dowel
𝐹
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑙
∆𝑙
Element length Elongation corresponding

at force F
Model Overview Plate at X = 0 fully fixed
Plate at X = 0.2 with

prescribed displacement
- Ux = 0 m
- Uy = 6.2e-3 m
- Uz = 6.2e-3 m
Model Overview
• Main output
106 / 27

Tunnel-Gallery Connection Shear Dowels

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Tunnel-Gallery Connection Shear Dowels

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Case Study:

3D Analysis of a Tunnel Gallery Connection

𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 𝐺23 = 𝐺𝑐 1000

10- Set water level at 10 m

Unit weight specifed in

su,ref = 150 kPa

Unit weight specifed in

Unit weight specifed in

Unit weight specifed in

cref = 150 kPa

3- Orientation axis 1 = X-axis

4- Orientation axis 2 = Z-axis

1- Extrude previously created

1- Create surface from polycurve 2- Move created surface at Y = 3.7

G12 = G13 = G23 = Gweak = Gnormal / 1000 = 8333 kPa

3- Create polar array in ZX plane around

2- Create polar array in ZX plane around

γ = 25 kN.m-3 G12 = Gnormal / 1000 = 8333 kPa

G13 = G23 = Gdefault = 263.5E6 kPa

2- Rotate it -39 deg around y-axis at (0, 0 ,-9)

2- Create polar array in ZX plane around

2- Decompose them into outlines

1 – Intersect previously created cylinder and 4 lines

Create the four remaining connecting lines at Y = -1.5 m and Y = 2.4 m

2- Create beam and assign

2- Assign ShearDowels properties

2- Create polar array in ZX plane around

3- Orientation axis 1 = X-axis

4- Orientation axis 2 = Z-axis

Extrude previously created polycurve along (0, 40, 0)

Create tunnel at (7, 0, -12.5)

1- Set Orientation Axis 1 to Y-axis

2- Set Orientation Axis 2 to Z-axis

4- Symmetry close for creating

2- Segment [1]: Line

1- Segment [0]: Line

2- Create negative interfaces on the outer contour

2- Set Orientation Axis 2 to (0, 0, 1)

3- Orientation axis 1 = X-axis

4- Orientation axis 2 = Z-axis

2- Decouple from generator

1- Hide points, lines and soil

3- Generate fine mesh

2- Select soil clusters in tunnel gallery and

1- Select all soil clusters inside largest cylinder

2- Set water conditions to Dry

1- Select all soil clusters inside main tunnel

1- Set ∑Mstage = 0.4

1- Activate all stiff beams (32 in total)

Set Solver type to PARDISO

Deactivate relevant lining pieces in between

Deactivate the soil clusters in the half-

1- Deactivate the soil clusters in the

1- Deactivate the soil clusters in the

2- Activate the reinforcement beam on

1- Deactivate the soil clusters in the

1- Activate the reinforcement beam on

1- Deactivate all plates inside opening area

2- Deactivate all node-to-node anchors

Force in shear dowel

Element length Elongation corresponding

Plate at X = 0.2 with

S-ar putea să vă placă și