Science

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PCB(SCIENCE)
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGGANISM
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11/26/2019
DR.DHRUV AGRAWAL(DM,MD,MBBS
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CARDIOLOGIST,NEUROLOGIST)IN FUTURE
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• BIODIVERSITY REFERS TO VARIABILITY.
• THE DIVERSE FORMS OF ORGANISM NEED CLASSIFICATION.
• THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY DECIDES THE PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION.
• H. WHITTAKER PROPOSED THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
• A DISTINCT NAME IS A NEED FOR IDENTIFICATION.
• COMMON NAMES ARE UNSCIENTIFIC.
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS SCIENTIFIC NAMING OF ORGANISMS.
• TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY IS THE FRAMEWORK OF CLASSIFICATION WHICH HELPS IN APPROPRIATE PLACING OF

ORGANISMS.
1. MONERA
• THESE ARE PROKARYOTIC, UNICELLULAR, AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPIC ORGANISMS.
2. PROTISTA
• THESE ARE UNICELLULAR AND EUKARYOTIC, AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS.
• THEY ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS PROTISTAN ALGAE, SLIMEMOULDS, AND PROTOZOA.
3. FUNGI
• MULTICELLULAR AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS HAVING PLANT LIKE AND ANIMAL LIKE FEATURES. THEY MAY BE
PARASITIC OR SAPROPHYTIC.
4. PLANTAE
• THESE ARE MULTICELLULAR, EUKARYOTIC AND AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS. THEY ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED.
• THALLOPHYTA – THALLUS LIKE BODY, MOSTLY AUTOTROPHIC AND AQUATIC.
• BRYOPHYTA – SIMPLE PLANTS WITH NO VASCULAR SYSTEM. THEY ARE AMPHIBIOUS.
• PTERIDOPHYTES – THEY ARE LAND PLANTS WITH TRUE VASCULAR SYSTEM.
• GYMNOSPERMS – THEY ARE LAND PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS.
• ANGIOSPERMS – THEY ARE FLOWERING PLANTS WITH SEEDS COVERED BY FRUITS.
5. ANIMALIA
• THESE ARE MULTICELLULAR, EUKARYOTIC AND HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS. THEY ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED.
• PORIFERA – PORE BEARING ORGANISMS.
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• COELENTERATA – ORGANISMS WITH HOLLOW GUT.
• PLATYHELMINTHES – UNSEGMENTED FLAT WORMS.
• NEMATODA – UNSEGMENTED ROUND WORMS.
• ANNELIDA – METAMERICALLY SEGMENTED WORMS.
• ARTHROPODA – THESE ARE ANIMALS WITH JOINTED APPENDAGES.
• MOLLUSCA – SOFT BODIED ANIMALS.
• ECHINODERMATA – SPINY SKINNED ANIMALS.
• CHORDATA – DORSAL NERVE CORD,
NOTOCHORD AND GILL SLITS.
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

HOTS
1. WHO IS THE WRITER OF THE BOOK � THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES � ?
2. GIVE EXAMPLES OF MONERA AND PROTISTA
3. WHAT IS SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION?
4. WHAT IS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP?
5. WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME OF COTYLEDONS?
6. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF JELLY FISH
7. WHAT ARE CRYPTOGAMAE?
8. WHAT IS MEANING OF TRIPLOBLASTIC?
9. NAM A FISH WITH SKELETON MADE UP OF CARTILAGE.
10. NAME THE REPTILE MADE UP OF FOUR CHAMBERED HEART.
11. GIVE EXAMPLES OF FISHES WHICH ARE MADE UP OF BOTH BONE AND CARTILAGE
12. HOW THALLOPHYTA IS DIFFERENT FROM BRYOPHYTE.
13. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF HERMAPHRODITES.
14. NAME THE OPENING THROUGH WHICH WATER LEAVES THE BODY CAVITY OF SPONGES.
15. NAME THE EXTENSIONS USED BY AMOEBA FOR LOCOMOTION.
16. WHAT IS HAEMOCOEL?
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17. NAME ONE PARASITIC NEMATODE.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. IN WHICH THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ARE HIDDEN?
A. CRYPTOGAMAE
B. PHANEROGAMAE
C. GYMNOSPERMS
D. ANGIOSPERMS
2. WHICH PHYLUM OF ANIMALS IS ALSO CALLED FLATWORMS?
A. PORIFERA
B. COELENTERATA
C. PLATYHELMINTHES
D. NEMATODA
3. WHAT IS THE EXCLUSIVE MARINE PHYLUM?
A. ECHINODERMATA
B. PORIFERA
C. CNIDARIANS
D. PROTOZOA
4. THE MODE OF NUTRITION IN FUNGI
A. ONLY SAPROTROPHIC
B. SAPROTROPHIC OR PARASITIC
C. ONLY PARASITIC
D. NONE OF ABOVE
5. WHAT IS NOT POSSESSED BY BACTERIA?
A. MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
B. NUCLEUS
C. NUCLEOLUS
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D. ALL OF THESE
6. WHAT DOES ARTHROPOD MEANS?
A. BONOUS LEGS
B. CARTILAGINOUS LEGS
C. LARGEST LEGS
D. JOINTED LEGS
7. WHAT IS NOT POISONING AMONG THESE?
A. SCORPION
B. CENTIPEDE
C. SPIDER
D. CRAB
8. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN ANNELIDS IS CONSISTED OF TUBES CALLED?
A. FLAME CELLS
B. METANEPHRIDIA
C. NEPHRIDIA
D. PROTONEPHRIDIA
9. WHICH SUB GROUP IN PLANT KINGDOM PRODUCES FLOWERS?
A. ANGIOSPERMS
B. FUNGI
C. MOSSES
D. FERNS
10. CHOOSE THE VASCULAR PLANTS OUT OF THESE.
A. MOSSES
B. LIVERWORTS
C. HORNWORTS
D. FERNS
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11. IN WHICH ORGANISM FLAME CELLS FORM THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM?
A. FLATWORMS
B. EARTHWORMS
C. INSECTS
D. CRABS
12. WHICH OF THE THESE ARE FOUND FILAMENTOUS
A. SPIROGYRA
B. EUGLENA
C. CHLAMYDOMONAS
D. AMOEBA
13. WHAT DOES A BACTERIA LACK?
A. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
B. DNA.
C. CELL WALL
D. CYTOPLASM
14. WHAT IS THE MODE OF NUTRITION IN BACTERIA?
A. AUTOTROPHIC
B. HETEROTROPHIC
C. AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC
D. NONE OF THESE
15. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF OCTOPUS?
A. ARTHROPODA
B. MOLLUSCA
C. ANNELIDA
D. CNIDARIAN
ANSWERS
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1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. B
CLASS IX SCIENCE
NCERT SOLUTION FOR DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED
NCERT TEXTBOOK PAGE 80
Q1. WHY DO WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?
ANS. FOR EASIER AND CONVENIENT STUDY WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS.
Q2. GIVE THREE EXAMPLES OF THE RANGE OF VARIATIONS THAT YOU SEE IN LIFE FORMS AROUND YOU.
ANS. (A) SMALL CAT AND BIG COW
(B) GRASS AND BANYAN TREE
(C) BLACK CROW AND GREEN PARROT
Q1. WHICH DO YOU THINK IS A MORE BASIC CHARACTERISTIC FOR CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS?
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(A) THE PLACE WHERE THEY LIVE.
(B) THE KIND OF CELLS THEY ARE MADE OF WHY?
ANS. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LIVING PLACE IS MORE BASIC AS THERE CAN BE WIDE VARIATIONS IN ORGANISMS LIVING IN
A GIVEN PLACE.
Q2. WHAT IS THE PRIMARY CHARACTERISTIC ON WHICH THE FIRST DIVISION OF ORGANISMS IS MADE?
ANS. NATURE OF CELL IS THE PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS ON WHICH THE FIRST DIVISION OF ORGANISMS IS DECIDED. BASED
ON THIS CRITEFION LIFE FORMS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES.
Q3. ON WHAT BASES ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS PUT INTO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES?
ANS. MODE OF NUTRITION AND PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CELL WALLS.
Q1. WHICH ORGANISMS ARE CALLED PRIMITIVE AND HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT FROM THE SO-CALLED ADVANCED
ORGANISMS?
ANS. ORGANISMS WITH SIMPLE CELLULAR STRACTURE AND NO DIVISION OF LABOUR ARE CALLED PRIMITIVE. ADVANCED
ORGANISMS, LIKE MAMMALS HAVE MILLIONS OF CELLS AND THERE ARE SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS.
Q2. WILL ADVANCED ORGANISMS BE THE SAME AS COMPLEX ORGANISMS? WHY?
ANS. YES, ADVANCED ORGANISMS MEANS GREATER DEGREE OF EVOLUTION WHICH LEADS TO MORE COMPLEXITY.
Q1. WHAT IS THE CRITERION FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS AS BELONGING TO KINGDOM MONERA OR PROTISTA?
ANS. IT IS THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A WELL DEFINED NUCLEUS. MONERA HAS NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE, WHILE
PROTISTA SHOWS WELL DEFINED NUCLEUS.
Q2. IN WHICH KINGDOM WILL YOU PLACE AN ORGANISM WHICH IS SINGLE-CELLED, E,CKARYOTIC AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC?
ANS. PROTISTA.
Q3. IN THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION, WHICH GROUPING WILL HAVE THE SMALLEST NUMBER OF ORGANISMS WITH A
MAXIMUM OF CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMON AND WHICH WILL HAVE THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ORGANISMS?
ANS. ORGANISMS BELONGING TO KINGDOM MONERA WILL HAVE THE SMALL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS WITH A MAXIMUM
OF CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMON. AND KINGDOM ANIMALIA WILL HAVE THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ORGANISMS.
Q1. WHICH DIVISION AMONG PLANTS HAS THE SIMPLEST ORGANISMS?
ANS. THALLOPHYTA OR ALGAE.
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Q2. HOW ARE PTERIDOPHYTES DIFFERENT FROM THE PHANEROGAMS?
ANS. PTERIDOPHYTES HAVE NAKED EMBRYO AND INCONSPICUOUS REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN WHEREAS PHANEROGAMS HAVE
WELL-DIFFERENTIATED REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND COVERED EMBRYO.
Q3. HOW DO GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER?
ANS. SEEDS ARE NAKED IN GYMNOSPERMS AND ARE COVERED IN ANGIOSPERMS.
Q1. HOW DO PORIFERAN ANIMALS DIFFER FROM COELENTERATE ANIMALS?
ANS. � ANIMALS FROM PORIFERA SHOW CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANISATION, WHILE THOSE FROM COELENTERATA SHOW
TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANISATION.
� IN PORIFERA THERE IS NO DIVISION OF LABOUR, WHILE IN COELENTERATA SOME DIVISION OF LABOUR IS SEEN.
� PORIFERA DO NOT HAVE COELOM, WHILE COELENTERATA HAVE COELOM.
Q2. HOW DO ANNELID ANIMALS DIFFER FROM ARTHROPODS? ANS.
ANS.
Q3. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES?
Q4. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS BELONGING TO THE ACES GROUP AND THOSE IN THE TNARNMALIU
GROUP?
ANS.
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QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK
Q1. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS?
ANS. ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIT �ICATTION:
� BETTER CATEGORIZATION OF LIVING BEINGS BASED ON COMMON CHARACTERS.
� EASIER STUDY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
� BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN’S RELATION AND DEPENDENCY ON OTHER ORGANISMS.
� HELPS IN CROSS BREEDING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.
Q2. HOW WOULD YOU CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO CHARACTERISTICS TO BE USED FOR DEVELOPING A HIERARCHY IN
CLASSIFICATION?
ANS. GROSS CHARACTER WILL FORM THE BASIS OF START OF THE HIERARCHY AND FINE CHARACTER WILL FORM THE BASIS
OF FURTHER STEPS OF SINGLE THE HIERARCHY.
EXAMPLE:
� PRESENCE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN HUMAN BEINGS CAN BE TAKEN UNDER VERTEBRAT.
� PRESENCE OF FOUR LIMBS MAKES THEM MEMBERS OF TETRAPODA.
� PRESENCE OF MAMMARY GLANDS KEEPS THEM UNDER MAMMALIA.
Q3. EXPLAIN THE BASIS FOR GROUPING ORGANISMS INTO FLUE KINGDOMS.
ANS. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION:
(A) NUMBER OF CELLS
(B) LAYER OF CELLS
(C) PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CELL WALL
(D) MODE OF NUTRITION
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(E) LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Q4. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR DIVISIONS IN THE PIANTAE? WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THESE DIVISIONS?
ANS. MAJOR DIVISIONS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE:
Q5. HOW ARE THE CRITERIA FOR DECIDING DIVISIONS IN PLANTS DIFFERENT FROM THE CRITERIA FOR DECIDING THE
SUBGROUPS AMONG ANIMALS?
ANS. IN PLANTS BODY BASIC STRUCTURE IS A MAJOR CRITERIA BASED ON WHICH THALLOPHYTES ARE DIFFERENT FROM
BRYOPHYTES. APART FROM THIS ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF SEEDS IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA. GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERMS ARE FURTHER SEGREGATED BASED ON IF SEEDS ARE COVERED OR NOT. IT IS CLEAR THAT IT IS THE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER WHICH MAKES THE BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. IN ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION IS
BASED ON MORE MINUTE STNICTURAL VARIATIONS. SO IN PLACE OF MORPHOLOGY, CYTOLOGY FORMS THE BASIS. ANIMALS
ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON LAYERS OF CELLS, PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF COELOM. FURTHER HIGHER THE HIERARCHY
ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF SMALLER FEATURES, LIKE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF FOUR
LEGS.
Q6. EXPLAIN HOW ANIMALS IN VERTEBRATA ARE CLASSIFIED INTO FURTHER SUBGROUPS.
ANS. VERTEBRATA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SUPERCLASSES, VIZ. PISCES AND TETRAPODA. ANIMALS OF PISCES HAVE
STREAMLINED BODY WITH FINS AND TAILS TO ASSIST IN SWIMMING.
ANIMALS OF TETRAPODA HAVE FOUR LIMBS FOR LOCOMOTION.
TETRAPODA IS FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO FOLLOWING CLASSES:
(A) ARNPHIBIA: ARE ADAPTED TO LIVE IN WATER AND ON LAND. CAN BREATHE OXYGEN THROUGH SKIN WHEN UNDER
WATER.
(B) REPTILIA: THESE ARE CRAWLING ANIMALS. SKIN IS HARD TO WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPERATURES.
(C) AVES: FORELIMBS ARE MODIFIED INTO WINGS TO ASSIST IN FLYING. BEAKS ARE PRESENT.
BODY IS COVERED WITH FEATHERS.
(D) MAMMALIA: MAMMARY GLANDS PRESENT TO NURTURE YOUNG ONES. SKIN IS COVERED WITH HAIR. MOST OF THE
ANIMALS ARE VIVIPAROUS.

SAMPLE PAPER QUESTIONS
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1. GIVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLATWORMS, ALGAE, ROUND WORMS. GIVE THEIR PHYLUM TOO.
2. GIVE THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM?
3. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES
4. GIVE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF SYMMETRY THAT ANIMALS SHOW.
5. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOCOTS AND DICOTS.
6. WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATYHELMINTHES, COELENTERATE, ECHINODERMATA, MAMMALS, AMPHIBIANS.
7. WHY DO MOST AMPHIBIANS LAY THEIR EGGS IN WATER?
8. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF COLD BLOODED ANIMALS?
9. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF CORAL? WHAT IS CORAL MADE UP OF?
10. HOW VERTEBRATA ARE CLASSIFIED INTO SUB GROUPS?
11. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVES AND MAMMALS?
12. NAME THE PHYLUM WHICH HAS PORES
13. GIVE EXAMPLES OF PTERIDOPHYTE.
14. WHAT ARE ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS?
15. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF PSEUDO COELOMATE ANIMALS.
16. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF FLATWORMS.
17. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON ARCHAE BACTERIA
18. GIVE BRIEF ACCOUNT ON PLANTAE KINGDOM.
19. GIVE A SINGLE TERM FOR:
A) A GROUP RELATED FAMILY
B) A GROUP OF RELATED CLASSES
20. WHAT IS MEANT BY VERNACULAR NAMES?

1. GIVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLATWORMS, ALGAE, ROUND WORMS. GIVE THEIR PHYLUM TOO.
2. GIVE THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM?
3. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES
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4. GIVE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF SYMMETRY THAT ANIMALS SHOW.
5. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOCOTS AND DICOTS.
6. WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATYHELMINTHES, COELENTERATE, ECHINODERMATA, MAMMALS, AMPHIBIANS.
7. WHY DO MOST AMPHIBIANS LAY THEIR EGGS IN WATER?
8. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF COLD BLOODED ANIMALS?
9. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF CORAL? WHAT IS CORAL MADE UP OF?
10. HOW VERTEBRATA ARE CLASSIFIED INTO SUB GROUPS?
11. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVES AND MAMMALS?
12. NAME THE PHYLUM WHICH HAS PORES
13. GIVE EXAMPLES OF PTERIDOPHYTE.
14. WHAT ARE ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS?
15. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF PSEUDO COELOMATE ANIMALS.
16. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF FLATWORMS.
17. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON ARCHAE BACTERIA
18. GIVE BRIEF ACCOUNT ON PLANTAE KINGDOM.
19. GIVE A SINGLE TERM FOR:
A) A GROUP RELATED FAMILY
B) A GROUP OF RELATED CLASSES
20. WHAT IS MEANT BY VERNACULAR NAMES?
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CLASS IX SCIENCE
NOTES FOR WHY DO WE FALL ILL
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WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
HOTS
1. WHAT ARE VECTORS?
2. NAME TWO DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY PROTOZOA
3. GIVE FULL FORM OF AIDS.
4. NAME THE ORGANISM THAT CAUSES KALA AZAR.
5. BACTERIA IS A CELL, ANTIBIOTICS KILL BACTERIA (CELL), HUMAN BODY IS ALSO MADE OF CELLS. HOW DOES IT AFFECT
OUR BODY?
6. HOW DOES CHOLERA BECOMES EPIDEMIC?
7. WHY WE CAN�T MAKE ANTIVIRAL MEDICINES?
8. BECOMING EXPOSED TO OR INFECTED WITH AN INFECTIOUS MICROBE DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN DEVELOPING
NOTICEABLE SYMPTOMS.
9. IF SOME ONE IN YOUR FAMILY GETS INFECTIOUS DISEASE, WHAT PRECAUTIONS HE SHOULD TAKE?
10. GIVE COMMON METHODS OF TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES.
WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

1. LARYNX IS CALLED
A. VOICE BOX
B. MUSIC BOX
C. RESPIRATORY ORGAN
D. NONE OF THESE
1. THE DISEASE THAT AFFECTS OUR LUNGS IS
A. AIDS
B. RABIES
C. POLIO
D. TUBERCULOSIS
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2. THE BCG VACCINE IS GIVEN FOR THE IMMUNITY AGAINST
A. HEPATITIS
B. JAUNDICE
C. TUBERCULOSIS
D. MALARIA
3. MALARIA IS CAUSED DUE TO
A. PROTOZOA
B. ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
C. BOTH A AND B
D. NONE OF THESE
4. PLASMODIUM IS AN EXAMPLE OF
A. VIRUS
B. BACTERIA
C. PROTOZOA
D. WORM
5. DIARRHEA, CHOLERA, TYPHOID ARE THE DISEASES THAT HAVE ONE THING IN COMMON THAT IS
A. ALL OF THEM ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIA
B. ALL OF THEM IS TRANSMITTED BY CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
C. ALL OF THEM ARE CURED BY ANTIBIOTICS
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
6. THE BACTERIA AMONG THE FOLLOWING IS
A. PLASMODIUM
B. TRYPANOSOME
C. RABIES VIRUS
D. SALMONELLA TYPHI
7. HIV VIRUS ATTACKS ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CELLS IN OUR BODY
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A. RED BLOOD CELLS
B. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
C. LIVER CELL
D. LONG CELL
8. THE PATHOGENS OD DISEASE ARE
A. BACTERIA
B. VIRUS
C. PROTOZOA
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
9. PENICILLIN IS A DRUG THAT CAN
A. INTERFERE IN THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY OF BACTERIA
B. AN ANTIBIOTIC THAT CAN KILL BACTERIA
C. BOTH A AND B
D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
10. THE DISEASE CAUSED DUE TO WORM IS
A. TETANUS
B. RABIES
C. SLEEPING SICKNESS
D. FILARIASIS
ANSWERS
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. B
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7. D
8. C
9. D
10. D
CLASS IX SCIENCE
NCERT SOLUTION FOR WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

TEXTBOOK PAGE 178
Q.1. STATE ANY TWO CONDITION ESSENTIAL FOR GO D HEALTH.
ANS. TWO CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD HEALTH ARE:
(I) STATE OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING.
(II) BETTER SURROUNDINGS OR ENVIRONMENT.
Q.2. STATE ANY TWO CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL FOR BEING FREE OF DISEASE.
ANS. THE TWO CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL FOR BEING FREE OF DISEASE ARE:
(1) PERSONAL AR D DOMESTIC HYGIENE.
(2) CLEAN ENVIRONMENT AND SURROUNDINGS.
Q.3. ARE THE ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS NECESSARILY THE SAME OR DIFFERENT? WHY?
ANS. THE ANSWER TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS ARE DIFFERENT BECAUSE A PERSON MAY BE FREE OF DISEASE BUT HIS
MENTAL, SOCIAL OR ECONOMICAL HEALTH MAY NOT BE GOOD.
Q.1. LIST ANY THREE REASONS WHY YOU WOULD THINK THAT YOU ARE SICK AND OUGHT TO TO DOGE A DOCTOR. IF ONLY
ONE OF THESE SYMPTOMS WERE PRESENT, WOULD YOU STILL GO TO THE DOCTOR?
WHY OR WHY NOT?
ANS. THE 3 REASONS WHY ONE WOULD THINK THAT HE IS SICK ARE�(1) HEADACHE, (2) COLD AND COUGH, (3) LOOSE-
MOTIONS.
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THIS INDICATES THAT THERE MAY BE A DISEASE BUT DOES NOT INDICATE WHAT THE DISEASE IS. SO ONE WOULD STILL VISIT
THE DOCTOR FOR THE TREATMENT AND TO KNOW THE CAUSE OF ABOVE SYMPTOM.
EVEN IN CASE OF SINGLE SYMPTOM ONE NEEDS TO GO TO THE DOCTOR TO GET PROPER TREATMENT.
Q.2. IN WHICH OF THE FAWIR CASE DO YOU THINK THE LOR-TERRA EFFECTS ON YOUR HEALTH ARE LIKELY TO E MOST
UNPLEASANT?
• IF YOU GET JAUNDICE
• IF YOU GET LICE
• IF YOU GET ACNE.
ANS. IN THE ABOVE CASES, LICE AND ACNE ARE ACUTE PROBLEMS OF OUR HEALTH WHICH CAN BE CURED IN SHORT
DURATION. BUT JAUNDICE IS THE DISEASE THAT CAN HAVE MOST UNPLEASANT EFFECT ON OUR HEALTH AS IT AFFECTS THE
MOST IMPORTANT ORGAN OF OUR BODY I.E., LIVER. THIS DISEASE IS A CHRONIC ONE.
Q.1. WHY ARE NORMALLY ADVISED TO TAKE BLAND AND NOUHFNG F D WHEN WE ARE SICK?
ANS. WE ARE ADVISED TO TALE BLAND ND NOURISHING FOOD WHEN WE ARE SICK BECAUSE OUR BODY NEEDS ENERGY TO
RELEASE CELLS TO OVERCOME THE INFECTION, THE WEAR AND TEAR OF BODY ORGAN. THE NOURISHING FOOD PROVIDES
NUTRIENTS TO OUR BODY THAT WILL LUR-THER PROVIDE ENERGY AND MAKE NEW CELLS. NO SPICES IN THE FOOD M L ES ITS
DIGESTION PROCESS FASTER, DOES NOT RELEASE ACIDS IN THE BODY THAT CAN INTERFERE IN THE TREATMENT AND CURE.
Q.2. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT MEAN BY WHICH INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE SPREAD?
ANS. THE DIFFERENT MEANS BY WHICH INFECTIOUS DISEASES SPREAD ARE:
(A) THROUGH AIR: THEY ARE ALSO CALLED AIR-BORNE DISEASES. THE AIR CARRIES BACTERIA, VIRUS AND THE DISEASES THAT
CAN BE CAUSED ARE: COMMON COLD, INFLUENZA, TUBERCULOSIS ETC.
(B) THROUGH FOOD AND WATER: WHEN ONE EATS DRINKS CONTAMINATED FOOD/WATER, THAT CONTAINS BACTERIA,
VRIRNS, WORM ETC. IT CAN CAUSE DISEASES LIKE CHOLERA 'PHOID, HEPATITIS,
(C) TROUGH CONTACT: MANY DISEASES SPREAD BY CONTACT OF INFECTED PERSON WITH THE HEALTHY PERSON,
EXAMPLE, FUNGAL INFECTIONS, SKIN DISEASES, SCABIES ETC.
(D) BY SEXUAL CONTACT: MANY DISEASES CAN BE TRANSMITTED, EXAMPLE, SYPHILIS, AIDS.
(E) BY BODY FLUIDS: FLUIDS LIKE BLOOD, SEMEN, MOTHER'S MILK, WHEN INFECTED, CAN ALSO CAUSE DISEASES.
EXAMPLE, AIDS.
(F) VECTORS: THE ORGANISM THAT SPREADS A DISEASE BY CARRYING PATHOGENS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER IS CALLED
VECTOR. EXAMPLE, MOSQUITOES ARE VECTORS THAT CARRY PATHOGENS LIKE PROTOZOA.
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Q.3. WHO PRECAUTION CAN YOU TAKE IN YOUR SCHOOL TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES?
ANS. THE PRECAUTIONS THAT ONE CARS TAT E IN SCHOOL TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE
(A) BY USING HANDKERCHIEF WHILE COUGHING SNEEZING.
(B) WASHING HANDS BEFORE EATING TIFFINS.
(C) STAYING AT HOME IF ANYONE SUFFERS FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
(D) GETTING VACCINATED BEFORE THE INFECTION AFFECTS.
(E) KEEPING THE SCHOOL SURROUNDINGS CLEAN, CHECKING FOR STAGNANT WATER.
Q.4. WHAT IS IMMUNISATION?
ANS. WHEN THE BODY ATTAINS IMMUNITY AGAINST ANY DISEASE, DUE TO VACCINATION. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED
IMMUNISATION.
Q.5. WHAT ARE THE IMMUNISATION PROGRAMS AVAILABLE AT THE NEAREST HEALTH CENTRE IN YOUR LOCALITY? WHICH
OF THESE DISEASES ARE THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBIE IN YOUR AREA?
ANS. THE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES AVAILABLE AT THE NEAREST HEALTH CARE CENTRES AXE:
(1) CHILD IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME STARTS FROM 0 TO 12 YEARS.
(2) POLIO ERADICATION PROGRAMME
(3) H1 N1 SCREENING PROGRAMME
IN RRLAJOR AREAS TUBERCULOSIS CASES ARE REPORTED IN A LARGE NUMBER WHICH IS A MAJOR CONCERN.
QUESTIONS FROM NCERT TEXTBOOK
Q.1. HOW MANY TIMES DID YOU FALL TLL IN THE LAST ONE YEAR? WHAT WERE THE ILLNESSES?
(A) THINK OF ONE CHANGE YOU COULD MAKE IN YOUR HABITS IN ORDER TO AVOID ANY OFF MOST OF THE ABOVE ILLNESSES.
(B) THINK OF ONE CHARGE YOU WOULD WISH FOR IN YOUR SURROUNDINGS IN ORDER TO AVOID ANY OFF MOST OF THE
ABOVE ILLNESS.
ANS. THE ILLNESS WAS 2-3 TIMES, COON-COLD, OCEUED IN A YEAR.
(A) ONE CHANGE I WOULD MAKE IN MY HABITS IN ORDER TO AVOID THE ABOVE ILLNESS IS THAT I WOULD TAKE PROPER DIET
RICH IN VITAMIN C AND WOULD AVOID TOO COLD FOOD.
(B) THE SURROUNDINGS SHOULD BE NEAT, AND CLEAN,
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Q.2. A DOCTOR/NURSE/HEALTH WORKER R E COED TO MORE PEOPLE THAN OTHERS IN THE COMMUNITY. FIND OUT HOW
SHE/HE AVOIDS GETTING SICK HERSELF/HIMSELF?
ANS. A DOCTOR/NURSE/HEALTH WORKER WHEN EXPOSED TO SICK PEOPLE THEY KEEP THEIR NOSE AND MOUTH COVERED,
TAKE CARE OF HYGIENE, WASH HANDS WITH SOAP BEFORE DRINKING WATER OR EATING FOOD. THEY USE MASK, GLOVES,
ETC TO AVOID THE DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE PERSON SUFFERING FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Q.3. CONDUCT A SURVEY IN YOUR NEIGHTBOURHOOD TO FIND OUT WHAT THE THREE MOST COMMAN DISEASES ARE
SUGGEST THREE STEPS THAT COULD BE TAKEN BY BRIN DOWN THE IN CIDENCE OF THESE DISEASES.
ANS.
Q.4. A BABY IS NOT ABLE TO TELL HIS/HER CARETAKERS THAT SHE/HE IS SICK. WHAT WOULD HELP US TO FIND OUT
(A) THAT THE BABY IS SICK?
(A) WHAT IS THE SICKNESS?
ANS. (A) THE SYMPTOMS LIKE BODY TEMPERATURE, FEVER, COUGH, COLD, LOOSE-MOTIONS, NON-STOP CRYING IMPROPER
OR NO FOOD INTAKE ETC. WOULD HELP UP TO FIND THAT THE BABY IS SICK.
(B) THE SYMPTOMS COULD HELP US TO FIND OUT THE SICKNESS OF THE BODY,
Q.5. UNDER WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS IS A PERSON MOST LIKELY TO FALL SICK?
(A) WHEN SHE IS RECOVERING FROM MALARIA.
(B) WHEN SHE HAS RECOVERED FROM MALARIA AND TAKING CARE OF SOMEONE SUFFERING FROM CHICKENPOX.
(C) WHEN SHE IS ON A FOUR-DAY FAST AFTER RECOVERING FROM MALARIA AND IS TAKING CARE OF SOMEONE SUFFERING
FROM CHICKEN-POX.
WHY?
ANS. (C) WHEN SHE IS ON A FOUR-DAY FAST AFTER RECOVERING FROM MALARIA AND IS TAKING CARE OF SOMEONE
SUFFERING FROM CHICKEN-POX.
AS THE PERSON IS RIOT TAKING PROPER THET WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR HER PROPER HEALTH AND HEALING OF BODY. HER
CHANCES OF GETTING CHICKEN-POX ALSO HIGH AS HER BODY'S HAS LOWERED.
Q.6. UNDER WHICH OF FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO FALL SICK?
(A) WHEN YOU ARE TAKING EXAMINAFIONS.
(B) WHEN YOU HAVE TRAVELLED BY BUS AND TRAIN, TWO DAYS.
(C) WHEN YOUR FRIEND IS SUFFERING FONT MEASLES.
WHY?
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ANS. (C) WHEN YOUR FRIEND IS SUFFERING FROM MEASLES, AS IT IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE.
WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

1. WHAT ARE PATHOGENS?
2. NAME TWO DISEASE SPREAD BY BACTERIA AND BY FUNGI EACH.
3. NAME TWO AIR-BORNE DISEASES.
4. WHAT ARE ACUTE DISEASES?
5. GIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHRONIC AND ACUTE DISEASE.
6. STATE TWO MAIN CAUSES OF DISEASES.
7. WHY SICK PERSON IS ADVISED TO TAKE REST?
8. GIVE FUNCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC PENICILLIN.
9. WHAT ARE DISEASE SPECIFIC MEANS OF PREVENTION?
10. WHAT ARE BASIC CONDITIONS OF GOOD HEALTH?
11. WHAT ARE THREE LIMITATIONS FOR THE APPROACH TO DEAL WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASE?
12. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON MALARIA AS A DISEASE, ITS SYMPTOMS AND CONTROL.
CLASS IX SCIENCE
NOTES FOR STRUCTURE OF ATOM
• SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF ATOM INCLUDES
(A) ELECTRONS – NEGATIVELY CHARGED WITH CHARGE OF –1 AND NEGLIGIBLE MASS.
(B) PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED WITH CHARGE OF +1 AND MASS IS 1 U.
(C) NEUTRONS – PARTICLES ARE WITH NO CHARGE AND MASS OF 1 U.
THOMSON’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
• ATOM IS ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL CONSISTING OF POSITIVELY CHARGED SPHERE WITH ELECTRONS EMBEDDED IN IT.
• IF FAILED TO EXPLAIN THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT BY OTHER SCIENTISTS.
BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
• AN ATOM HAS A POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS AND ELECTRONS REVOLVE IN PERMITTED CIRCULAR ORBITS WITH FIXED
RADII AND ENERGY.
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• BOHR EXPLAINED THE DRAWBACK OF RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN ATOM.
RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
• HE PERFORMED THE Α-PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT AND PROPOSED THAT AN ATOM IS ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL,
WITH A POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS HAVING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS
REVOLVING AROUND THE NUCLEUS.
BOHR-BURY SCHEME
• THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THAT CAN BE PRESENT IN A GIVEN SHELL IS 2N2, WHEN ‘N’ IS THE NUMBER OF SHELL.
• MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST ORBIT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 8.
VALENCY
• THE COMBINING CAPACITY OF THE ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT IS VALENCY.
• ELEMENTS HAVING 1, 2, 3, AND 4 ELECTRONS IN THE VALENCE SHELL, HAS VALENCY EQUAL TO NUMBER OF ELECTRONS.
• ELEMENTS HAVING MORE THAN 4 ELECTRONS IN THE VALENCE SHELL HAS VALENCY EQUAL TO 8 MINUS THE NUMBER OF
VALENCE ELECTRONS.
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
• ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) IS NUMBER OF PROTONS IN ONE ATOM OF AN ELEMENT.
• MASS NUMBER (A) IS THE SUM OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS PRESENT IN THE ATOM OF THE ELEMENT.
• NOTATION FOR AN ATOM
ISOTOPES
• ISOTOPES ARE THE ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT, HAVING THE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER.
• ISOTOPES ARE USEFUL AS NUCLEAR FUEL, IN MEDICAL FIELD, IN CARBON DATING, ETC.
CLASS IX SCIENCE
HOTS FOR STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
1. AN ATOM HAS ATOMIC NUMBER 12, WHAT IS ITS VALENCY AND NAME THE ELEMENT?
2. NAME TWO ELEMENTS WITH SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS?
3. NAME THE ISOOTOPE USED FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER.
4. WHAT DOES THIS SYMBOL REPRESENT?
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5. DRAW THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF (I) AN ATOM WITH SAME NUMBER OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES, (II) AN ATOM WITH
SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN L AND M SHELL.
6. WHAT IS AN OCTATE? WHY WOULD ATOMS WANT TO COMPLETE THEIR OCTATE?
7. FIND THE VALENCY OF
8. WHAT ARE NUCLEONS? WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THOSE ATOMS WHICH HAVE SAME NUMBER OF NUCLEONS IN IT?
9. GIVE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES.
10. GIVE THE NAMES OF THREE ATOMIC SPECIES OF HYDROGEN.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1. THE NUCLEONS ARE
I. PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
II. NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS
III. PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
IV. NONE OF THESE
2. THE ISOTOPE DEUTERIUM OF HYDROGEN HAS
I. NO NEUTRONS AND ONE PROTON
II. ONE NEUTRONS AND TWO PROTONS
III. ONE ELECTRON AND TWO NEUTRON
IV. ONE PROTON AND ONE NEUTRON
3. THE ELECTRONS PRESENT IN THE OUTERMOST SHELL ARE CALLED
I. VALENCY ELECTRONS
II. OCTATE ELECTRONS
III. DUPLET ELECTRONS
IV. VALENCE ELECTRONS
4. AN ALPHA PARTICLE CONTAINS
I. 4 POSITIVE CHARGE AND 2 MASS UNIT
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II. 2 POSITIVE CHARGE AND 4 MASS UNIT
III. 2 POSITIVE CHARGE AND 2 MASS UNIT
IV. 4 POSITIVE CHARGE AND 4 MASS UNIT
5. THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF SODIUM IS 11 AND ITS MASS NUMBER IS 23. IT HAS
I. 11 NEUTRONS AND 12 PROTONS
II. 12 PROTONS AND 11 ELECTRONS
III. 11 ELECTRONS AND 12 NEUTRONS
IV. 12 ELECTRONS AND 11 NEUTRONS
6. THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF CHLORINE IS
I. 2,7
II. 2,8,8,7
III. 2,8,7
IV. 2,7,8
7. THE ISOTOPE USED TO REMOVE THE BRAIN TUMOURS AND TREATMENT OF CANCER IS
I. U-235
II. NA-24
III. IODINE
IV. C0-60
8. IN AN ALPHA SCATTERING EXPERIMENT, FEW ALPHA PARTICLES REBOUNDED BECAUSE
I. MOST OF THE SPACE IN THE ATOM IS OCCUPIED
II. POSITIVE CHARGE OF THE ATOMS VERY LITTLE SPACE
III. THE MASS OF THE ATOM IS CONCENTRATED IN THE CENTRE
IV. ALL THE POSITIVE CHARGE AND MASS OF THE ATOM IS CONCENTRATED IN SMALL VOLUME
ANSWERS
1. III
2. IV
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3. IV
4. II
5. III
6. III
7. IV
8. II
CLASS IX SCIENCE
NCERT SOLUTION FOR STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Q1. COMPARE THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.
ANS.
Q2. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF J.J. THOMSON’S MODEL OF THE ATOM?
ANS. ACCORDING TO J.J. THOMSON’S MODEL OF AN ATOM, THE ELECTRONS ARE EMBEDDED ALL OVER IN THE POSITIVELY
CHARGED SPHERES. BUT EXPERIMENTS DONE BY OTHER SCIENTISTS SHOWED THAT PROTONS ARE PRESENT ONLY IN THE
CENTRE OF THE ATOM AND ELECTRONS ARE DISTRIBUTED AROUND IT.
Q3. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF THE ATOM?
ANS. ACCORDING TO RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN ATOM THE ELECTRONS ARE REVOLVING IN A CIRCULAR ORBIT AROUND
THE NUCLEUS. ANY SUCH PARTICLE THAT REVOLVES WOULD UNDERGO ACCELERATION AND RADIATE ENERGY. THE
REVOLVING ELECTRON WOULD LOSE ITS ENERGY AND FINALLY FALL INTO THE NUCLEUS, THE ATOM WOULD BE HIGHLY
UNSTABLE.
BUT WE KNOW THAT ATOMS ARE QUITE STABLE.
Q4. DESCRIBE BOHR’S MODEL OF THE ATOM.
ANS. BOHR’S MODEL OF THE ATOM
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(1) ATOM HAS NUCLEUS IN THE CENTRE.
(2) ELECTRONS REVOLVE AROUND THE NUCLEUS.
(3) CERTAIN SPECIAL ORBITS KNOWN AS DISCRETE ORBITS OF ELECTRONS, ARE ALLOWED INSIDE THE ATOM.
(4) WHILE REVOLVING IN DISCRETE ORBITS THE ELECTRONS DO NOT RADIATE ENERGY.
(5) THESE ORBITS OR SHELLS ARE CALLED ENERGY LEVELS.
(6) THESE ORBITS OR SHELLS ARE REPRESENTED BY THE LETTERS K, L, M, N OR THE NUMBERS N = 1, 2, 3, 4
Q5. COMPARE ALL THE PROPOSED BOHR’S MODELS OF AN ATOM GIVEN IN THIS CHAPTER.
ANS . JJ THOMPSON ERNEST RUTHERFORD NEIL BHOR
Q6. SUMMARISE THE RULES FOR WRITING OF DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN VARIOUS SHELLS FOR THE FIRST EIGHTEEN
ELEMENTS.
ANS. THE RULES FOR WRITING OF DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN VARIOUS SHELLS FOR THE FIRST EIGHTEEN ELEMENTS ARE:
(I) THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS PRESENT IN A SHELL IS FORMULA—2N2
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N = ORBIT NUMBER I.E., 1, 2, 3
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN DIFFERENT SHELLS ARE:
K SHELL N = 1 2N2 ⇒ 2(1)2 = 2
L SHELL N = 2 2N2 ⇒ 2(2)2 = 8
M SHELL N = 3 2N2 ⇒ 2(3)2 = 18
N SHELL N = 4 2N2 ⇒ 2(4)2 = 32
(II) THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED IN THE OUTERMOST ORBIT IS 8.
(III) ELECTRONS ARE NOT ACCOMMODATED IN A GIVEN SHELL UNLESS THE INNER SHELLS ARE FILLED. (SHELLS ARE FILLED
STEP-WISE).
Q7. DEFINE VALENCY BY TAKING EXAMPLES OF SILICON AND OXYGEN.
ANS. VALENCY IS THE COMBINING CAPACITY OF AN ATOM.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF OXYGEN = 8
ATOMIC NUMBER OF SILICON = 14
KLM
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF OXYGEN = 2 6 –
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF SILICON = 2 8 4
IN THE ATOMS OF OXYGEN THE VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE 6 (I.E., ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST SHELL). TO FILL THE ORBIT,
2 ELECTRONS ARE REQUIRED. IN THE ATOM OF SILICON, THE VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE 4. TO FILL THIS ORBIT 4 ELECTRONS
ARE REQUIRED.
HENCE, THE COMBINING CAPACITY OF OXYGEN IS 2 AND OF SILICON IS 4.
I.E., VALENCY OF OXYGEN = 2
VALENCY OF SILICON = 4
Q8. EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES:
(I) ATOMIC NUMBER (II) MASS NUMBER,
(III) ISOTOPES AND (IV) ISOBARS.
GIVE ANY TWO USES OF ISOTOPES.
ANS. (I) ATOMIC NUMBER: THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT IS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS
OF ITS ATOM.
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E.G., OXYGEN HAS 6 PROTONS HENCE ATOMIC NO. = 6.
(II) MAAS NUMBER: THE MASS NUMBER OF AN ATOM IS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN ITS
NUCLEUS.
NUCLEONS = NUMBER OF PROTONS + NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
EXAMPLE: PROTONS + NEUTRONS = NUCLEUS = MASS NUMBER
6 + 6 = 12
(III)ISOTOPES: ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER BUT SAME ATOMIC
NUMBER.
(IV)ISOBARS: ISOBARS ARE ATOMS HAVING THE SAME MASS NUMBER BUT RIIFTEREN ATOMIC NUMBERS.
BOTH CALCIUM AND ARGON HAVE SAME MASS NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT STORM NUMBER.
TWO USES OF ISOTOPES ARE:
(I) AN ISOTOPE OF IODINE IS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOITRE.
(II) AN ISOTOPE OF URANIUM IS USED AS A FUEL IN NUCLEAR REACTORS.
Q9. NA+ HAS COMPLETELY FILLED K AND L SHELLS. EXPLAIN.
ANS. SODIUM ATOM (NA), HAS ATOMIC NUMBER = 11
NUMBER OF PROTONS = 11
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS = 11
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF NA = K L M
281
SODIUM ATOM (NA) LOOSES 1 ELECTRON TO BECOME STABLE AND FORM NA+ ION. HEN IT HAS COMPLETELY FILLED K AND L
SHELLS.
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Q10. IF BROMINE ATOM IS AVAILABLE IN THE FORM OF SAY, TWO ISOTOPES (49.7%) AND (50.3%), CALCULATE THE
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS OF BROMINE ATOM.
ANS. THE AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS OF BROMINE ATOM
Q11. THE AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS OF A SAMPLE OF AN ELEMENT X IS 16.2 U. WHAT ARE PERCENTAGES OF
ISOTOPES
Q12. IF Z = 3, WHAT WOULD BE THE VALENCY OF THE ELEMENT? ALSO, NAME THE ELEMENT.
ANS. Z = 3, (I.E., ATOMIC NUMBER → Z)
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION = 2, 1
VALENCY = 1
NAME OF THE ELEMENT IS LITHIUM.
Q13. COMPOSITION OF THE NUCLEI OF TWO ATOMIC SPECIES X AND Y ARE GIVEN AS UNDER
GIVE THE MASS NUMBER OF X AND Y. WHAT IS THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO SPECIES?
ANS. MASS NUMBER OF X = PROTONS + NEUTRONS
[Type text] Page 30

=6+6
= 12
MASS NUMBER OF Y = PROTONS + NEUTRONS
= 6 + 8 = 14
AS THE ATOMIC NUMBER IS SAME I.E., = 6
[ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS].
BOTH X AND Y ARE ISOTOPES OF SAME ELEMENT.
Q14. FOR THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS, WRITE T FOR TRUE AND F FOR FALSE.
(A) J.J. THOMSON PROPOSED THAT THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM CONTAINS ONLY NUCLEONS.
(B) A NEUTRON IS FORMED BY AN ELECTRON AND A PROTON COMBINING TOGETHER. THEREFORE, IT IS NEUTRAL.
(C) THE MASS OF AN ELECTRON IS ABOUT 1/2000 TIMES THAT OF PROTON.
(D) AN ISOTOPE OF IODINE IS USED FOR MAKING TINCTURE IODINE, WHICH IS USED AS A MEDICINE.
ANS (A) FALSE (B) FALSE (C) TRUE (D) FALSE
PUT TICK AGAINST CORRECT CHOICE AND CROSS (X) AGAINST WRONG CHOICE IN QUESTIONS 15, AND 17.
Q15. RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DISCO VENL
(A) ATOMIC NUCLEUSE (B) ELECTRONE (C) PROTONE (D) NEUTRON
ANS (A) ATOMIC NUCLEUS
Q16. ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT HAVE
(A) THE SAME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (B) DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(C) DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS (D) DIFFERENT ATOMIC NUMBERS.
ANS (C) DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
Q17. NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS IN CR ION ARE:
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 17 (D) 18
ANS (B) 8
Q18. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF SODIUM?
(A) 2, 8 (B) 8, 2, 1 (C) 2, 1, 8 (D) 2, 8, 1
[Type text] Page 31

ANS (D) 2, 8, 1
Q19. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE.
ANS.
CLASS IX SCIENCE
ANS.
[Type text] Page 32

UNSTABLE.
ANS.
[Type text] Page 33

ELEMENTS.
K SHELL N = 1 2N2 ⇒ 2(1)2 = 2
L SHELL N = 2 2N2 ⇒ 2(2)2 = 8
M SHELL N = 3 2N2 ⇒ 2(3)2 = 18
N SHELL N = 4 2N2 ⇒ 2(4)2 = 32
STEP-WISE).
[Type text] Page 34

KLM
ARE REQUIRED.
OF ITS ATOM.
NUCLEUS.
6 + 6 = 12
NUMBER.
[Type text] Page 35

281
SHELLS.
ISOTOPES
[Type text] Page 36

VALENCY = 1
=6+6
= 12
= 6 + 8 = 14
[Type text] Page 37

(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 17 (D) 18
ANS (B) 8
(A) 2, 8 (B) 8, 2, 1 (C) 2, 1, 8 (D) 2, 8, 1
ANS (D) 2, 8, 1
ANS.
[Type text] Page 38

CLASS IX SCIENCE
ANS.
UNSTABLE.
[Type text] Page 39

ANS.
ELEMENTS.
[Type text] Page 40

K SHELL N = 1 2N2 ⇒ 2(1)2 = 2
L SHELL N = 2 2N2 ⇒ 2(2)2 = 8
M SHELL N = 3 2N2 ⇒ 2(3)2 = 18
N SHELL N = 4 2N2 ⇒ 2(4)2 = 32
STEP-WISE).
KLM
ARE REQUIRED.
OF ITS ATOM.
[Type text] Page 41

NUCLEUS.
6 + 6 = 12
NUMBER.
281
SHELLS.
[Type text] Page 42

ISOTOPES
VALENCY = 1
[Type text] Page 43

=6+6
= 12
= 6 + 8 = 14
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 17 (D) 18
ANS (B) 8
(A) 2, 8 (B) 8, 2, 1 (C) 2, 1, 8 (D) 2, 8, 1
[Type text] Page 44

ANS (D) 2, 8, 1
ANS.
CLASS IX SCIENCE
ANS.
[Type text] Page 45

UNSTABLE.
ANS.
[Type text] Page 46

ELEMENTS.
K SHELL N = 1 2N2 ⇒ 2(1)2 = 2
L SHELL N = 2 2N2 ⇒ 2(2)2 = 8
M SHELL N = 3 2N2 ⇒ 2(3)2 = 18
N SHELL N = 4 2N2 ⇒ 2(4)2 = 32
STEP-WISE).
[Type text] Page 47

KLM
ARE REQUIRED.
OF ITS ATOM.
NUCLEUS.
6 + 6 = 12
NUMBER.
[Type text] Page 48

281
SHELLS.
ISOTOPES
[Type text] Page 49

VALENCY = 1
=6+6
= 12
= 6 + 8 = 14
[Type text] Page 50

(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 17 (D) 18
ANS (B) 8
(A) 2, 8 (B) 8, 2, 1 (C) 2, 1, 8 (D) 2, 8, 1
ANS (D) 2, 8, 1
ANS.
[Type text] Page 51

CLASS IX SCIENCE
SAMPLE PAPER FOR STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
1. GIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS.
2. NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS ARE SAME IN AN ATOM. THEN WHY IS IT WRONG TO SAY THAT ATOMIC NUMBER
OF AN ATOM IS EQUAL TO ITS NUMBER OF ELECTRONS.
3. AN ATOM IS ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL, ON LOSS OR GAIN OF ELECTRONS WHY DOES IT BECOME CHARGED?
4. WHAT IS VALENCY? EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALENCIES.
5. ACCORDING TO YOU, AMONG THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM STUDIES WHICH MODEL IS CORRECT AND WHY?
6. GIVE AN ACTIVITY TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF RUTHERFORD’S Α SCATTERING EXPERIMENT BY A GOLD FOIL.
7. EXPLAIN RUTHERFORD’S Α-PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT AND GIVE ITS OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSSION DRAWN.
8. ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATOMCI NUMBER, MASS NUMBER, ISOTOPES, ISOBARS AND VALENCY OF AN
ATOMS.
CLASS IX SCIENCE
TEST FOR STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
TOTAL MARKS : 30
TOTAL TIME : 40 MIN
1. WHAT ARE NUCLEONS?
(2 MARKS)
2. GIVE THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGUARATION OF CL– ION.
(2 MARKS)
[Type text] Page 52

3. DRAW THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF HELIUM ATOM.
(3 MARKS)
4. WHAT ARE ISOBARS?
(2 MARKS)
5. WHAT IS MASS NUMBER OF AN ATOM?
(2 MARKS)
6. FIND THE VALENCY OF
(3 MARKS)
7. WHAT ARE ISOTOPES? GIVE ITS TWO APPLICATIONS.
(3 MARKS)
8. AN ATOM IS ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL. HOW CAN IT BECOME CHARGED?
(3 MARKS)
9. EXPLAIN RUTHERFORD’S Α-PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT AND GIVE ITS OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION DRAWN.
(4 MARKS)
10. GIVE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES.
(3 MARKS)
11. GIVE THE NAMES OF THREE ATOMIC SPECIES OF HYDROGEN.
(3 MARKS)
[Type text] Page 53

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• THE DIVERSE FORMS OF ORGANISM NEED CLASSIFICATION.

• THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY DECIDES THE PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION.

• H. WHITTAKER PROPOSED THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

• A DISTINCT NAME IS A NEED FOR IDENTIFICATION.

• COMMON NAMES ARE UNSCIENTIFIC.

• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS SCIENTIFIC NAMING OF ORGANISMS.

• TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY IS THE FRAMEWORK OF CLASSIFICATION WHICH HELPS IN APPROPRIATE PLACING OF

• THESE ARE PROKARYOTIC, UNICELLULAR, AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPIC ORGANISMS.

• THESE ARE UNICELLULAR AND EUKARYOTIC, AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS.

• THEY ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS PROTISTAN ALGAE, SLIMEMOULDS, AND PROTOZOA.

• THALLOPHYTA – THALLUS LIKE BODY, MOSTLY AUTOTROPHIC AND AQUATIC.

• BRYOPHYTA – SIMPLE PLANTS WITH NO VASCULAR SYSTEM. THEY ARE AMPHIBIOUS.

• PTERIDOPHYTES – THEY ARE LAND PLANTS WITH TRUE VASCULAR SYSTEM.

• GYMNOSPERMS – THEY ARE LAND PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS.

• ANGIOSPERMS – THEY ARE FLOWERING PLANTS WITH SEEDS COVERED BY FRUITS.

• PORIFERA – PORE BEARING ORGANISMS.

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• PLATYHELMINTHES – UNSEGMENTED FLAT WORMS.

• NEMATODA – UNSEGMENTED ROUND WORMS.

• ANNELIDA – METAMERICALLY SEGMENTED WORMS.

• ARTHROPODA – THESE ARE ANIMALS WITH JOINTED APPENDAGES.

• MOLLUSCA – SOFT BODIED ANIMALS.

• ECHINODERMATA – SPINY SKINNED ANIMALS.

• CHORDATA – DORSAL NERVE CORD,

NOTOCHORD AND GILL SLITS.

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

1. WHO IS THE WRITER OF THE BOOK � THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES � ?

2. GIVE EXAMPLES OF MONERA AND PROTISTA

3. WHAT IS SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION?

4. WHAT IS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP?

5. WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME OF COTYLEDONS?

6. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF JELLY FISH

7. WHAT ARE CRYPTOGAMAE?

8. WHAT IS MEANING OF TRIPLOBLASTIC?

9. NAM A FISH WITH SKELETON MADE UP OF CARTILAGE.

10. NAME THE REPTILE MADE UP OF FOUR CHAMBERED HEART.

12. HOW THALLOPHYTA IS DIFFERENT FROM BRYOPHYTE.

13. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF HERMAPHRODITES.

15. NAME THE EXTENSIONS USED BY AMOEBA FOR LOCOMOTION.

16. WHAT IS HAEMOCOEL?

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DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

1. IN WHICH THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ARE HIDDEN?

2. WHICH PHYLUM OF ANIMALS IS ALSO CALLED FLATWORMS?

3. WHAT IS THE EXCLUSIVE MARINE PHYLUM?

4. THE MODE OF NUTRITION IN FUNGI

5. WHAT IS NOT POSSESSED BY BACTERIA?

A. MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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6. WHAT DOES ARTHROPOD MEANS?

7. WHAT IS NOT POISONING AMONG THESE?

8. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN ANNELIDS IS CONSISTED OF TUBES CALLED?

9. WHICH SUB GROUP IN PLANT KINGDOM PRODUCES FLOWERS?

10. CHOOSE THE VASCULAR PLANTS OUT OF THESE.

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12. WHICH OF THE THESE ARE FOUND FILAMENTOUS

13. WHAT DOES A BACTERIA LACK?

14. WHAT IS THE MODE OF NUTRITION IN BACTERIA?

C. AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC

15. WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF OCTOPUS?

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IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED