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Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen

in the Carpathian Basin

Proceedings of the International Colloquium


from Târgu Mureş

10–13 October 2013

Edited by
Sándor Berecki

Editura MEGA
Târgu Mureş
2014
Contents

J. Vincent S. MEGAW
Preface. Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium held at Târgu Mureş 7

Nathalie Ginoux–Dominique Robcis–Manuel Leroux–Florence Dussere


Metal Craft and Warrior Elites in the Third Century BC: New Sights from the Carpathian Basin to Gaul 9

Tiberius BADER
Nachbau des Wagens aus dem Fürstengrab von Hochdorf, Deutschland 19

Marcin Rudnicki
Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Craft and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the
Carpathians 33

Peter C. Ramsl
La Tène Period Craftsmanship in Eastern Austria 71

Ivan Drnić–Ana Franjić


pXRF Analysis of South Pannonian Late Iron Age Silver Artefacts 83

Marko Dizdar
Bronze Fibulae with Enamel Inlay from Scordiscan Sites 97

Csilla Gáti
On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia in
the Sixth–Fourth Centuries BC 115

Zoltán Czajlik
Traces of Prehistoric Smelting Workshops in the Carpathian Basin 139

Károly TANKÓ
Traces of Iron Smelting in La Tène Iron Age Settlement at Ménfőcsanak 147

Attila, Horváth M.
A Decorated La Tène Sword from the Budapest–Csepel Island 161

Katalin Almássy–Horea Pop


Remains of a Pottery Workshop (?) from the Upper Tisza Region 171

Martin FURMAN
A Central European Form of La Tène Ornament: Rings with Three and Four Large Hollow Knobs from
Slovakia 183

Gertrúda Březinová
La Tène Bone and Antler Artefacts from Nitra 191
János Németi
Pottery Production during the Late Iron Age in North-Western Romania 199

Horea Pop
The Metal Smiths’ Settlement at Şimleu Silvaniei–Uliul cel Mic 209

Corneliu Beldiman–Dan Lucian Vaida–Diana-Maria Sztancs–Carmen Pavel–Florin


Constantin
Composite Artefact Discovered in the Celtic Cemetery of Fântânele–La Gâţa (Bistriţa-Năsăud County). Data
on Use-Wear Analysis and X-Ray Computed Tomography 217

Mariana EGRI
Desirable Goods in the Late Iron Age – The Craftsman’s Perspective 233

Aurel RUSTOIU–Sándor BERECKI


Celtic Elites and Craftsmen: Mobility and Technological Transfer during the Late Iron Age in the Eastern and
South-Eastern Carpathian Basin 249

Iosif Vasile Ferencz–Dan Lucian Vaida


Craftsmanship and Crafts in the Transylvanian Celtic Horizon 279

Marija Ljuština–Miloš Spasić


Scordiscan Potters in Action: A Late Iron Age Pottery Kiln from Karaburma 287

Vojislav Filipović–Milica Tapavički-Ilić


Craftsmen in the Celtic Cemetery of Karaburma, Belgrade 297

Andreea Drăgan
Production and Circulation of La Tène Painted Pottery North of the Lower Danube 301

Jan Bouzek
Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged Sickle for Harvesting Olives? 319

ABBREVIATIONS 325
Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged
Sickle for Harvesting Olives?*

Jan Bouzek
Prague, Czech Republic
jan_bouzek@yahoo.com

Keywords: Pistiros, iron artefacts, smiting, relations between the Mediterranean


and temperate Europe

Archaeologists are much pleased if, in the course of their researches, they find some exotica brought
from far away and consider them being the most important documents for studying distant relations.
Though they may be interesting not only for their own specific purposes, of much greater impact for
ancient world cultures were transfers of technologies, of ‘know-how’. In the field of mining, of extract-
ing metals from ores, of metalwork and smithing technique the civilisations of temperate Europe were
nearly as competent as their neighbours in the Mediterranean; this concerned notably the iron smelting,
processing and smith’s work in the fields which were of basic importance for the Iron Age crafts and
economy in most parts of Europe and the Near East.
Thus, iron objects may provide useful information for the study of interrelations between the La
Tène cultures and their more sophisticated contemporaries in Greece and Italy. In the field chiefly of
personal weapons – swords and spears which were deposited in Celtic graves as symbols of social sta-
tus – we are relatively well informed and they are also known from battlefields and sacked hill-forts,
like from Pistiros, while arrowheads well-known from the latter sites only rarely appear in graves (cf.
Bouzek et al. 2013b; Baitinger 2001; 2011) (Fig. 1/1–3, 5).

Fig. 1. Iron spearheads, arrowheads, knives and shears from Pistiros, late fourth–
early third century BC (no. 4 of bronze; after Bouzek et al. 2013a).

* The paper was prepared in the frame of the project P 12 in the Faculty of Arts, Charles University “History in interdisci-
plinary perspective”.

Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 319–324
320 ‌| J. Bouzek

Tools and implements were included in hoards, like at Čínov (Pl. 2), but among the Celtic monu-
ments they are better known only from the oppida. Though the smith apparently enjoyed some higher-
in-rank social position in the social hierarchy, he preferred to be represented as one of the men-in-arms.
A large number of iron artefacts are known from Greek sanctuaries (Baitinger 2001; 2011;
Baitinger–Villach 2007), others from large excavations in Greek cities (for the northern Aegean cf.
esp. Robinson 1944); and from Thrace as well (Bouzek et al. 2013b, Antonova 2013; Nikolov 1970;
Stoyanov–Michailova 1996; etc.), but most of them were not conserved properly and are decaying.
Moreover, in many cases even conserved artefacts have further problems and it behoves the excavator
to record iron items immediately on their removal from the soil. The process
of disintegration may continue even in the storeroom; much depends on the
conditions of the deposit from which they have been recovered.
In trench B SW of the Eastern Gate of Pistiros in September 2013 in the
Celtic destruction level a further spearhead and several arrowheads of iron
were found (Pl. 1/2–3, 5),1 of the categories already well documented in the site
(Bouzek et al. 2013b, 256–258, fig. M 3–4). In the lower destruction debris,
dated c. 310 BC, in Square B 16 NE (coordinates E-5.08/N–1.07) an unusual
artefact occurred. It was lying on the floor of a courtyard together with the blade
of a small (85 mm) knife (Pl. 1/4). The 261 mm long iron hook or lock (?) (reg.
no. ČPI 311, found 26.9.2013) is flattened on one end; probably originally it was
inserted into a wooden handle. The tip of the hook is damaged; on the bow of
the hook a thick layer of rust can be observed (Pl. 1/1).
Similar artefacts have been interpreted as hooks or locking mechanisms
for doors or boxes, sometimes explained as hearth rakes, notably if the tip of
the damaged hook can be restored in a way similar to the Olympia rake no. 374
(Baitinger–Völling 2007, 193, pl. 29, here Fig. 2), while other similar artefacts
were held for locks (Baitinger–Völling 2007, 124, pl. 46–48, notably no. 507–
508). A number of other Olympia locks show other parallels to our piece, but
Fig. 2. Iron hearth rake also similar is a hook from a hoard of Early La Tène iron artefacts from Černov
from Olympia (after in Moravia (Pl. 2/8; Podborský 1993, 386–387, fig. 254; Čižmářová 2004, 199)
Baitinger–Völling not much less so (cf. however, other rakes e.g. Antonova 2013, 239, fig. N 2/4–
2007, pl. 29).
6). It should also be noted that the artefact – if restored with a longer ‘nose’ –
would be very similar to sickles used for harvesting olives both in antiquity and
in contemporary times as well.
The resemblances between iron tools and devices, of which just one particular example is discussed
in this note, may also be applied to many types of knives, sickles, shears (Pl. 1/6–8), axes and even nails
and hooks as well (cf. Bouzek et al. 2013a). Such similarities are not fortuitous. At the simple level
of iron weapons, tools and implements the differences between the Mediterranean and the temperate
zone of Europe were only small and the two areas belonged together to a broader civilization zone with
a number of traits in common (cf. Pleiner 1969; Kostoglou 2008; Nikolov 1970; Katinčarova-
Bogdanova 1996).

References

Antonova 2013 Antonova, A., Topography and classification of metal tools from Pistiros
(preliminary report), IN: Bouzek, J.–Domaradzka, L.–Gotzev, A.–Archibald, Z.
(eds.), Pistiros V, Excavations and Studies, Prague, 238–249.
Baitinger 2001 Baitinger, H., Die Angriffswaffen aus Olympia, Olympische Forschungen, 29,
Berlin.
Baitinger 2011 Baitinger, H., Waffenweihungen in griechischen Heiligtümern, RGZM, 94, Mainz.

1 Spearhead L. 220 mm, tip and one side of the blade damaged; from square B 16 NE, spit III, N-2.41/E-4.05, two arrowheads
from the same deposit, L. 48 and 35 mm.
Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged Sickle for Harvesting Olives | 321

Baitinger–Völling Baitinger, H.–Völling, H., Werkzeug und Gerät aus Olympia, Olympische
2007 Forschungen 32, Berlin.
Bouzek et al. 2013a Bouzek, J.–Domaradzka, L.–Gotzev, A.–Archibald, Z. (eds.), Pistiros V,
Excavations and Studies, Prague.
Bouzek et al. 2013b Bouzek, J.–Musil, J.–Ondřejová, I., Metal objects, IN: Bouzek, J.–Domaradzka,
L.–Gotzev, A.–Archibald, Z. (eds.), Pistiros V, Excavations and Studies, Prague,
224–237.
Čižmářová 2004 Čižmářová, J., Encyklopedie Keltů na Moravě a ve Slezsku, Praha.
Katinčarova- Katinčarova-Bogdanova, D., Traces of metallurgical activity in the emporium,
Bogdanova 1996 IN: Bouzek, J.–Domaradzki, J. M.–Archibald, Z. (eds.): Pistiros I. Excavations and
studies, Prague, 103–107.
Kostoglou 2008 Kostoglou, M., Iron in steels in ancient Greece. Artefacts, technology and social
change in Aegean Thrace from Classical to Roman time, BAR, 1883.
Nikolov 1970 Nikolov, B., Kolektivna nachodka ot železni predmeti ot halštatskata epocha ot
gr. Krivopol, Vračanski okrug, Аrcheologia Sofia, 152–157.
Pleiner 1969 Pleiner, R., Iron working in Ancient Greece, Prague.
Podborský 1993 Podborský, V., Pravěké dějiny Moravy, Brno.
Robinson 1944 Robinson, D., Metal and minor miscellaneous finds, Excavations at Olynthus,
Part 10, Oxford.
Stoyanov– Stoyanov, T.–Michailova, J., Metal working in the Getic city in “Sboryanovo”
Michailova 1996 locality near Isperih, NE Bulgaria (preliminary report), EphemNap, VI, 55–77.

List of figures

Fig. 1. Iron spearheads, arrowheads, knives and shears from Pistiros, late fourth–early third century BC
(no. 4 of bronze; after Bouzek et al. 2013a).
Fig. 2. Iron hearth rake from Olympia (after Baitinger–Völling 2007, pl. 29).

List of plates

Pl. 1. 1–5. Iron spearhead, arrowheads, knife and hook from Pistiros, 2013 season; 6–8. Iron hearth rake
(?), knife and long sickle from Pistiros, late ourth–early third century BC (after Bouzek et al.
2013a).
Pl. 2. Iron tools hoard from Černov, Moravia (after Podborský 1993, fig. 254).
322 ‌| J. Bouzek

2 3

6 8

Plate 1. 1–5. Iron spearhead, arrowheads, knife and hook from Pistiros, 2013 season; 6–8. Iron hearth
rake (?), knife and long sickle from Pistiros, late fourth–early third century BC (after Bouzek et al. 2013a).
Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged Sickle for Harvesting Olives | 323

1
2
3

6
7

11

12

14 15
13

9 10
4

Plate 2. Iron tools hoard from Černov, Moravia (after Podborský 1993, fig. 254).
ABBREVIATIONS

ActaArchHung Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest


ActaArch Acta Archeologica, København
ActaB Acta Bernensia, Bern
ActaIA Acta Interdisciplinaria Archeologica, Nitra
ActaMB Acta Musei Brukenthal, Sibiu
ActaMC Acta Musei Cibalensis, Vinkovci
ActaMM Acta Musei Moraviae
ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca
ActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău
AFN Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich
AFSB Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege
AIH Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary,
Budapest
Alba Regia Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár
AnnalesUV, SAH Annales d’Université “Valahia” Târgovişte. Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire
AO Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova
Apulum Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia
ArchAd Archaeologia Adriatica
ArchAustr Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien
ArchBulg Archaeologia Bulgarica, Sofia
ArchÉrt Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest
ArchHung Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest
ArchKorr Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum
in Mainz
ArchPol Archeologia Polona
ArchRoz Archeologické Rozhledy, Prague
ArchS Archäologie in Salzburg
ArchSl Archeologia Śląska
ArchSlov Archaeologia Slovaca Monographiae Studia, Nitra
ArhPregl Arheološki Pregled, Arheološko društvo Jugoslavije
ArhVest Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Inštitut za arheologijo, Lubljana
Arrabona Arrabona, a Győri Múzeum Évkönyve
ASM Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae
AVSC Archeologický výskum v severných Čechách
Banatica Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraş-Severin, Reşiţa
BAR British Archaeological Reports, International Series / British Series, Oxford
BayerVorgbl Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München
BB Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu
BerRGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission
BFA Bochumer Forschungen zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie
BIA Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology
BJ Bonner Jahrbücher

Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 325–328
326 ‌| Abbreviations

BMAK Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakówie


BMB Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa
BMM Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureș / Cluj Napoca
BMN Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca
BMP Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, Zalău
BpRég Budapest Régiségei, Budapest
BT Bibliotheca Thracologica, Bucureşti
BTMM Budapest Történeti Múzeum, Műhely
CAB Cercetări Arheologice în Bucureşti
CAJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal
Carpica Carpica, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă „Iulian Antonescu“, Bacău
CCA Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România
ComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest
Crisia Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea
CurrA Current Anthropology
Dacia (N.S.) Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948),
Bucureşti; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene,
Bucureşti
DissPann Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico
Universitatis de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes,
Budapest
DMB Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd
ÉC Études Celtiques, Paris
EJA European Journal of Archaeology
EphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–Napoca
FAB Folia Archaeologica Balkanica, Skopje
FAM Fontes Archaeologiae Moravicae, Brno
FAS Fontes Archaeologiae Slovakiae, Bratislava
FBBW Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg
FolArch Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest
FÖ Fundberichte aus Österreich, Wien
Godišnjak Godišnjak Centra za Balkanološka Ispitivanja Akademije Nauka i Umjetnosti,
Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo
Germania Germania, Frankfurt am Main
Glasnik ZM Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu
HOMÉ A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, Miskolc
IA Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf.
Instrumentum Instrumentum, Bulletin du Groupe de travail européen sur l’artisanat et les
productions manufacturées dans l’Antiquité
IPH Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest
Istros Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brăilei, Brăila
JAA Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Amsterdam
Jahrbuch KF Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische Forschung
Jahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz
JahrMV Jahresschrift für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Deutscher Verlag der
Wissenschaften for the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte (Halle), Berlin
JahrOM Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz
JAMT Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
JAS Journal of Archaeological Science, London
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
KEMK Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei
Abbreviations | 327

KTÈMA KTÈMA, Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome Antiques, Université


de Strasbourg
Marisia Marisia (V–), Studii şi Materiale, Târgu Mureş
MatANH Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty
MatArch Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków
MatBV Materialien zur Bayerischen Vorgeschichte
MatStar Materiały Starożytne (i Wczesnośredniowieczne)
MFMÉ A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, Szeged
MHB Monumenta Historica Budapestiensia, Budapest
MIA Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici, Zagreb
MittAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft Wien
MittAIUAW Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarisches Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Budapest
MittÖAUF Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Ur- und
Frühgeschichte
MittÖNG Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft
MittPK Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Vienna
MittRLW Mitteilungsblatt aus der Vorzeit in Rheinland, Lippe und Westfalen
MΩMOΣ MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete
MSVF Marbuger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Marburg
MVFBW Materialhefte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart
NAFN Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen
OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology
OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu
OZ Osječki Zbornik, Osijek
Ősrégészeti levelek Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest
PamArch Památky Archeologické, Praha
PAS Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, München
Peuce Peuce, Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari Eco-
Muzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London
Prilozi IAZ Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz Zagreba
PrzArch Przegląd Archeologiczny, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
RACF Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, Tours
RadMV Rad Muzeja Vojvodine
RégFüz Régészeti Füzetek, Budapest
RGZM Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn / Mainz
RVM Rad vojvođanskih muzeja
Sargetia Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva
Savaria Savaria, a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője, Szombathely
SCIV(A) Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), Bucureşti
SHN Studia Historica Nitriensia
SlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra
SMK Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár
SNMP Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis
Pragae, Series A – Historia, Praha
SprArch Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Kraków
SSA Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu
Wrocławskiego
SSUUB Schriften des Seminars für Urgeschichte der Universität Bern
Starinar Starinar, Arheološki institut, Beograd
StCom Satu Mare Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare
328 ‌| Abbreviations

StudiaAA Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Iaşi


StudiaArch Studia Archeologiczne
Studia Hercynia Studia Hercynia, Praha
Studia UBB Studia Universitatis Babeş–Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca
Študijné zvesti Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra
TAT Tübinger Archäologische Taschenbücher
Thraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureşti
TübSchr Tübinger Schriften zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie, Münster
UPA Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn
VAMZ Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu
VHAD Vjesnik Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, Zagreb
WA Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warsaw
WAB Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus Burgenland
WArch World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow
WissSchrN Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe Niederösterreich
WMBH Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, Wien
WN Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
WPZ Wiener Prähistorische Zeitschrift, Wien
Zbornik Beograd Zbornik Muzeja primenjene umetnosti Beograd
Zbornik NB Zbornik narodnog muzeja, Beograd
Zborník SNM Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava
ZM Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból

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