Components of a Force in XY Plane Components of a Force in 3D Space

Fx = Fcosθx = Fsinθy Fx = Fcosθx

Fy = Fsinθx = Fcosθy Fy = Fcosθy
Fz = Fcosθz
F2 = Fx2 + Fy2
𝒇𝒚 F2 = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2
tanθx = 𝒇𝒙
𝒇𝒙 cosθx =
𝒇
𝒇𝒚
cosθy =
𝒇
𝒇𝒛
cosθz =
𝒇
Problem: Problem:
Problem Determine the x and y components of the forces Referring to Fig. 1.4, determine the angle between vector A
shown below in Fig P-001. and the y-axis.

Fx1 = 58cos30∘ = 50.23 kN Axy = Asin30∘

Fy1 = 58sin30∘= 29 kN Axy = 0.5A

Fx2 = −50cos45∘ = −35.36 kN Ay = Axysin40∘

Fy2 = 50sin45∘ = 35.36 kN Ay = (0.5A)sin40∘
Ay = 0.321A
Fx3 = −45(5/13) = −17.31 kN
Fy3 = −45(12/13) = −41.54 kN cosθy = 0.321
θy = 71.3∘
Fx4 = 40 kN
Fy4 = 0
 Couples Equilibrium of Parallel Force System
ΣF = 0
The sum of all the forces is zero.

ΣMO = 0
The sum of moment at any point O is zero.

Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force

System
C = Fd
ΣFx = 0 or ΣFy = 0
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is zero.
System
ΣMO = 0
ΣFx = 0 or ΣFy = 0 The sum of moment at any point O is zero.
The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is zero.
Problem: Problem:

Determine the resultant moment about point A of the The cable and boom shown in Fig. P-308 support a load of
system of forces shown in Fig. P-246. Each square is 1 ft on 600 lb. Determine the tensile force T in the cable and the
a side. compressive for C in the boom.

ΣFH = 0
C cos45∘ = T cos30∘
MA= 4QH − 2PV − 3PH – 80(2) + 100(√2)
C = 1.2247T
MA=4(100)(1/√5) − 2(200)(2/√13) − 3(200)(3/√13) – 160 + 100√2
ΣFV = 0
MA = −560.8 lb⋅ft T sin30∘ + C sin45∘ = 600
MA = 560.8 lb⋅ft clockwise T sin30∘ + (1.2247T)sin45∘ = 600
1.366T = 600
T = 439.24 lb

C = 1.2247(439.24)
C = 537.94 lb
Problem: Problem:

A boom AB is supported in a horizontal position by a hinge A and a cable

Determine the reactions for the beam shown in Fig. P-332.
which runs from C over a small pulley at D as shown in Fig. P-346. Compute
the tension T in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components of the
reaction at A. Neglect the size of the pulley at D.

ΣMR2 = 0 ΣMA = 0
10R1 + 4(400) = 16(300) +9 [14(100)] 4(2/√5T) = 2(200) + 6(100)
T = 279.51 lb
R1 = 1580 lb
ΣFV = 0
ΣMR1 = 0 AV + 2/√5T = 200 + 100
10R2 + 6(300) = 14(400) + 1[14(100)] AV + 2/√5(279.51) = 300
R2 = 520 lb AV = 50 lb

ΣFH = 0
AH = 1/√5T
AH = 1/√5(279.51)
AH = 125 lb
 Method of Joints Method of Members
ΣFx = 0 or ΣFy = 0 ΣFH = 0, ΣFV = 0, and ΣMO = 0
The free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in which the Frames are pin-connected structures with some or all members are three-
summation of moment will be of no help. Recall that only two equilibrium force members. To analyze a frame, we can disconnect the three-force
equations can be written member from the structure and draw the free-body diagram of the member.
This approach is called the method of members.

Method of Sections
ΣFH = 0, ΣFV = 0, and ΣMO = 0
To remain each section in equilibrium, the cut members will be replaced by
forces equivalent to the internal load transmitted to the members. Each
section may constitute of non-concurrent force system from which three
equilibrium equations can be written.

figure that shows the difference between axial and non-axial (three-force)
members.
Problem: ΣFH=0
FAE+4/5FAB=80
Find the force acting in all members of the truss shown in Figure T-01. FAE+4/5(5.56)=80
FAE=75.56 kN tension

At joint B

ΣFH=0
FBC=4/5FAB
ΣMD=0 FBC=4/5(5.56)
3AV+50(1)=80(0.75) FBC=4.45 kN tension
AV=3.33 kN
ΣFV=0
FBE=3/5FAB
ΣFH=0
FBE=3/5(5.56)
AH=80 k
FBE=3.34 kN compression
ΣMA=0
At joint E
3RD=50(2)+80(0.75)
RD=53.33 kN
ΣFV=0
3/5FCE=FAE
At joint A
3/5FCE=3.34
FCE=5.57 kN tension
ΣFV=0
3/5FAB=3.33
FAB=5.56 kN tension
ΣFH=0 At joint D
FFE+4/5FCE=FAE
FFE+4/5(5.57)=75.56 ΣFH=0
FFE=71.11 kN tension 4/5FCD=FDF
4/5(88.87)=71.11
At joint F 71.1=71.1

ΣFV=0 ΣFV=0
FCF=50 kN tension RD=3/5FCD
53.33=3/5(88.87)
ΣFH=0 53.3=53.3
FDF=FFE
FDF=71.11 kN tension

At joint C

ΣFH=0
4/5FCD+4/5FCE+FBC=80
4/5FCD+4/5(5.57)+4.45=80
FCD=88.87 kN compression

ΣFV=0
3/5FCD=3/5FCE+FCF
3/5(88.87)=3/5(5.57)+50
53.3=53.3
Problem: ΣMC=0
0.75FEF=1(RD)
From the truss in Fig. T-01, determine the force in mebers BC, CE, and 0.75FEF=53.33
EF. FEF=71.11 kN tension

ΣFV=0
3/5FCE+50=RD
3/5FCE+50=53.33
FCE=5.55 kN tension

ΣMA=0
3RD=50(2)+80(0.75)
RD=53.33 kN

From the FBD of the section through a-a

ΣME=0
0.75FBC+2RD=0.75(80)+1(50)
0.75FBC+2(53.33)=60+50
FBC=4.45 kN tension
Problem :

The structure shown in Fig F-001(MM) is pinned together at points A, B, and C and
held in equilibrium by the cable CD. A load of 12,000 lb is acting at the midpoint of
member AB, and a load of 8000 lb is applied at point C. Determine the reaction at A,
the internal force in member BC, and the tension on cable CD.

Tension on cable CD

ΣMA=0
a=16cos30∘=13.86 m (Tsin53∘)(8+10.44)=8000(13.86)+12000(4)
b=16sin30∘=8 m T=10788.47 lb
c=atan37∘=13.86tan37∘=10.44 m
Reaction at A

ΣMD=0
Ax(8+10.44)=8000(13.86)+12000(4)
Ax=8616.05 lb
ΣFV=0 ΣMA=0
Ay+Tcos53∘=8000+12000 (FBCsinβ)(8)=12000(4)
Ay+10788.47cos53∘=8000+12000 (FBCsin53.78∘)(8)=12000(4)
Ay=13507.34 lb FBC=7437.21 lb tension

RA= √ Ay2+Ax2
RA=√8616.052+13507.342
RA=16021.38 lb

tanθAx=Ay/Ax=13507.34/8616.05
θAx=57.47∘

Thus, RA = 16 021.38 lb at θAx = 57.47° with the horizontal

Force on member CD

tanβ=8/13.86−8
β=53.78∘
 Consider the block shown to the right that weighs W. It is placed upon
Friction a plane that inclined at an angle θ with the horizontal.

 If ϕ<θ the maximum available friction force f is less than Wx

thus, the block will slide down the plane.
Elements of Dry Friction
 If ϕ=θ the friction force f will just equate to Wx thus, the block is
N = Total reaction perpendicular to the contact surface in impending motion down the plane.
f= Friction force  If ϕ>θ the maximum available frictional resistance f is greater
μ = Coefficient of friction than Wx thus, the block is stationary.

R = Resultant of f and N We can therefore conclude that the maximum angle θ that a plane may
ϕ = angle of friction be inclined without causing the body to slide down is equal to the angle
of friction ϕ.

f = μN
𝒇
tanϕ =
𝑵
tanϕ = μ
Problem ΣFH=0
P=f
A 400 lb block is resting on a rough horizontal surface for which the P=160 lb
coefficient of friction is 0.40. Determine the force P required to cause
motion to impend if applied to the block (a) horizontally or (b) Part (b) - Downward force at 30° from the horizontal
downward at 30° with the horizontal. (c) What minimum force is
required to start motion? ΣFV=0
N=400+Psin30∘
N=400+0.5P

f=μN=0.40(400+0.5P)
f=160+0.2P

ΣFH=0
Pcos30∘=f
Pcos30∘=160+0.2P
0.666P=160
P=240.23 lb
Part (a) - Force is applied horizontally
Part (c) - Minimum force required to cause impending
FV=0 motion
N=400 lb
ΣFV=0
f=μN=0.40(400) N=400−Psinα
f=160 lb
f=μN=0.40(400−Psinα) Problem:
f=160−0.40Psinα
The 2225-N block shown in Fig. P-507 is in contact with 45° incline.
ΣFH=0 The coefficient of static friction is 0.25. Compute the value of the
Pcosα=f horizontal force P necessary to (a) just start the block up the incline or
Pcosα=160−0.40Psinα (b) just prevent motion down the incline. (c) If P = 1780 N, what is the
Pcosα+0.40Psinα=160 amount and direction of the friction force?
(cosα+0.40sinα)P=160
P=160/cosα+0.40sinα

To minimize P, differentiate then equate to zero

dP/dα=−160(−sinα+0.40cosα)/(cosα+0.40sinα)2=0
sinα−0.40cosα=0
sinα=0.40cosα
tanα=0.40
α=21.80∘
Part (a) – Force P to just start the block to move up the
Minimum value of P incline
The force P is pushing the block up the incline. The push is hard
Pmin=160/cos21.80∘+0.40sin21.80∘ enough to overcome the maximum allowable friction causing an
Pmin=148.56 lb impending upward motion.
ΣFy=0 ΣFy=0
N=2225cos45∘+Psin45∘ N=2225cos45∘+Psin45∘
N=1573.31+0.7071P N=1573.31+0.7071P

f=μN=0.25(1573.31+0.7071P) f=μN=0.25(1573.31+0.7071P)
f=393.33+0.1768P f=393.33+0.1768P

ΣFx=0 ΣFx=0
Pcos45∘=f+2225sin45∘ Pcos45∘+f=2225sin45∘
Pcos45∘=(393.33+0.1768P)+2225sin45∘ Pcos45∘+(393.33+0.1768P)=2225sin45∘
0.5303P=1966.64 0.8839P=1179.98
P=3708.55 N P=1335 N

Part (b) – Force P to just prevent the block to slide down the
incline
In this case, the force P is not pushing the block upward, it simply
supports the block not to slide downward. Therefore, the total force
that prevents the block from sliding down the plane is the sum of the
component of P parallel to the incline and the upward friction force.
Part (c) – Force P = 1780 N
If Px = Wx, there will be no friction under the block. If Px > Wx, friction
is going downward to help Wx balance the Px. If Px < Wx, friction is
going upward to help Px balance the Wx. In this problem, the maximum
available friction is not utilized by the system

Wx=2225sin45∘=1573.31 N
Px=1780cos45∘=1258.65 N

Wx > Px, thus, f is upward.

ΣFx=0
f+Px=Wx
f+1258.65=1573.31
f=314.66 N upward
 Dynamics Kinematics

Symbols and Notations Rectilinear Translation (Motion Along a Straight Line)

s = distance
x = horizontal displacement s=vt
y = vertical displacement Motion with constant velocity (uniform motion)
v = velocity
vf = final velocity
vi = initial velocity vf = vi + at
a = acceleration 𝟏
g = acceleration due to gravity s = vit + at2
t = time
𝟐
vf2 = vi2 + 2as

Motion with constant acceleration

 V = gt Where
s = distance
𝟏 h = height
h= gt2 v = velocity
𝟐
vi = initial velocity
v2 = 2gh vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
g = acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI = 32.2 ft/s2 in
Free-falling body English)
Note: From motion with constant acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h,
t = time
and a = g to get the free-fall formulas

Note:
𝒅𝒗
a= • a is positive (+) if vv is increasing (accelerate).
𝒅𝒕 • a is negative (-) if vv is decreasing (decelerate).
𝒅𝒔 • g is positive (+) if the particle is moving downward.
v= • g is negative (-)if the particle is moving upward.
𝒅𝒕
vdv = ads

Motion with variable acceleration

Problem: Going downward (initial velocity is zero; free-fall):

A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. h=1/2gt2

What was its initial velocity and how high did it go? h=1/2(9.81)(52)
h=122.625 m

Problem

A ball is shot vertically into the air at a velocity of 193.2 ft per sec
(58.9 m per sec). After 4 sec, another ball is shot vertically into the air.
What initial velocity must the second ball have in order to meet the
first ball 386.4 ft (117.8 m) from the ground?

s=vit+12at2

a=−g=−9.81 m/s2
Return in 10 seconds = 5 seconds upward + 5 seconds downward
s=117.8 ft
Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):
Thus,
vf=vi−gt
117.8=vit−4.905t2
0=vi−9.81(5)
vi=49.05 m/sec
First ball:
117.8=58.9t–4.905t2
4.905t2−58.9t+117.8=0
t=9.47 and 2.54 Problem:

Use t=9.47 s A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft (7.32 m) during the
10th sec of its motion and 18 ft (5.49 m) during the 12th sec of its motion. Find
Second ball: its initial velocity and its constant acceleration.
117.8=vi(t−4)−4.905(t−4)2
117.8=vi(9.47−4)−4.905(9.47−4)2
vi=48.36 m/s

Problem:

A ship being launched slides down the ways with constant acceleration. She vf=vi+at
takes 8 sec to slide (the first foot | 0.3048 meter). How long will she take to
slide down the ways if their length is (625 ft | 190.5 m)? 7.32=vo+10a → equation (1)
5.49=vo+12a → equation (2)
s=vit+1/2at2 where vi=0
Thus Equation (1) minus equation (2)
s=1/2at2
1.83=−2a
2
0.3048=12a(8 ) a=−0.915 m/sec2
a=0.009525 m/sec2
From equation (1)
2
190.5=12(0.009525)t 7.32=vo+10(−0.915)
t=200 sec vo=16.47 m/sec
t=3 min 20 sec
Problem:

The motion of a particle is given by the

equation s=2t4−16t3+2t2s=2t4−16t3+2t2 where ss is in meter and tt in
seconds. Compute the values of vv and aa when t=2 sect=2 sec.

s=2t4−16t3+2t2

v=ds/dt
v=8t3−12t2+4t

a=dv/dt
a=24t2−t+4

When t = 2 sec
v=8(23)−1/2(22)+4(2)
v=70 m/s

a=24(22)−2+4
a=98 m/s2
 Curvilinear Translation (Projectile
At any point B
Motion) For the x-component of motion, acceleration is zero (constant
velocity), thus ax = 0.

Projectile motion follows a parabolic trajectory. The vertical

component of projectile is under constant gravitational acceleration
vBx = vox
and the horizontal component is at constant velocity. For easy
handling, resolve the motion into x and y components and use the
x = voxt
formulas in rectilinear translation
For the y-component of motion, ay = -g. Notice that the first three
vox = vocosθ formulas that follow are taken from motion with constant acceleration.

voy = vosinθ vBy = voy − gt

𝟏 2
Form the figure below: y = voyt − gt
𝟐
vBy2 = voy2 − 2gy
 From x = voxt, t = x/vox. Substitute t = x/vox to y = voyt - ½ gt2. At point C
x = R, y = 0, vC = vo, and vy = -voy

𝒈𝒙^𝟐
y = x tanθ – R=
𝑽𝒐^𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝛉
𝟐𝒗𝒐^𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔^𝟐𝛉
𝒈
𝟐𝑽𝒐𝒚 𝟐𝑽𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉
t= =
𝒈 𝒈
At point A
At the highest point or summit, vAy = 0. Note:
 vy is positive if directed upward and negative if directed downward
𝑽𝒐𝒚^𝟐
H=  At any point D below the origin O, the sign of y is negative.
𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝒐𝒚
t=
𝟐𝒈
Problem: vAy=voy−gt
4.33=12.99−9.81t
A projectile is fired up the inclined plane at an initial velocity of 15 t=0.8828 s
m/s. The plane is making an angle of 30° from the horizontal. If the
projectile was fired at 30° from the incline, compute the maximum x=voxt=7.5(0.8828)
height z measured perpendicular to the incline that is reached by the x=6.62 m
projectile. Neglect air resistance.
vAy2=voy2−2gy
vo=15 m/s 4.332=12.992−2(9.81)y
vox=15cos60∘=7.5 m/s y=7.64 m
voy=15sin60∘=12.99 m/s
a=xtan30∘=6.62tan30∘
vAx=vox=7.5 m/s a=3.82 m
vAy=7.5tan30∘=4.33 m/s
𝑧
cos30∘=
𝑦−𝑎
z=(y−a)cos30∘
z=(7.64−3.82)cos30∘
z=3.31 m
 Problem: ymax=voy2/2g = 124.362/2(9.81)
ymax=788.19 m
A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 150 m/s and an angle of 56° at
the top of a 120 m tall building. Neglecting air resistance, determine Hmax=120+ymax=120+788.19
the following: Hmax=908.19 m
1. The maximum height above the level ground that can be reached by
the bullet.
y=voyt−12gt2
−120=124.36t−12(9.81)t2
2. The time for the bullet to hit the ground.
4.905t2−124.36t−120=0
3. The velocity with which the bullet will hit the ground. t=26.284 sec

vox=150cos56∘=83.88 m/sec v2Gy=v2oy−2gy

voy=150sin56∘=124.36 m/sec v2Gy =124.362−2(9.81)(−120)
vGy=133.49 m/sec

vG=√vGx2+vGy2=√83.882+133.492
vG=157.656 m/sec