PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

WIRELESS
ENERGY
TRANSMISSION

SEHAJPREET KAUR

XII-E
 INDEX

S.NO. TOPICS

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. CERTIFICATE

3. INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT

i. AIM
ii. ABSTRACT
iii. INTRODUCTION
iv. OBJECTIVES
v. MATERIAL USED
vi. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
vii. CIRCUIT WORKING
viii. PRECAUTIONS
ix. APPLICATION
x. MERITS & DE-MERITS
xi. CONCLUSION
xii. REFERENCES
 ACKNOWKEDGEMENT

On completion of my Investigatory
Project I feel extremely delighted but it
wasn’t a single effort.

First of all, I would like to thank my

mother for helping and encouraging me
to continue this project and helping me
financially as well.

Then I would like to thank my mentor

and physics teacher Ms. Divya Luthra
for teaching me the basics of this
investigation. I would also like to thank
my class teacher Mr. Arun for
supporting me and giving me this
opportunity to make this project.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SEHAJPREET

KAUR, a student of class XII-E, has
successfully completed her project under
the guidance of Ms. Divya Luthra
(Subject teacher) during the academic
year 2019-20 in fulfillment of Physics
Practical examination conducted by
Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE)

___________________
Subject teacher’s signature
 AIM

TO STUDY ABOUT WIRELESS ENERGY

TRANSMISSION WITH THE HELP OF
WORKING MODEL
 ABSTRACT

Wireless power transmission is the way

to transfer power without using wire.
Wireless power transmission helps to
connect those area where people are
unable to get a suitable power source.
Everyone can get clean and green
wireless power. In future all the devices
will relate to the power supply source
wirelessly. In this paper we have
presented the successful experimental
attempts to transmit power wirelessly
and future scope of wireless power
transmission. We have tried to represent
the future use of wireless power
transmission in various areas where
wired power transmission is impossible
to supply implement.
 INTRODUCTION

Power is very important to modern

systems. From the smallest sensors,
bionic implants, deliver power means
other than classical wires or
transmission lines.

Wireless Energy Transmission is the

efficient transmission of electric power
from one point to another through
vacuum or an atmosphere without the
use of wire or any other substance. This
can be used for applications where either
an instantaneous amount or a
continuous delivery of energy is needed,
but where conventional wires are
unaffordable, inconvenient, expensive,
hazardous, unwanted. The power can be
transmitted using Inductive coupling for
short range, Resonant Induction for mid
range and Electromagnetic wave power
transfer. WPT is a technology that can
transport power to locations, which are
otherwise not possible or impractical to
reach.
 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project is given

below-

 To design and construct a method to

transmit wireless electrical power
through space.
 The system will work by using resonant
coils to transmit power

The most common wireless power

transfer technologies are the
electromagnetic induction and the
microwave power transfer.

Power can be transferred wirelessly via

electric field coupling, but electric field
coupling provides an inductively loaded
electrical dipole that is an open
capacitor or dielectric disk.

Inductive or magnetic coupling works on

the principle of electromagnetism. When
a wire is proximity to a magnetic field,
it generates a magnetic field in that
wire. Transferring energy between wires
through magnetic fields is inductive
coupling.

If a portion of the magnetic flux

established by one circuit interlinks with
the second circuit, then two circuits are
coupled magnetically and the energy
may be transferred from one circuit to
the other circuit. This energy transfer is
performed by the transfer of the
magnetic field which is common to the
both circuits.

Power transfer efficiency of magnetic

coupling can be increased by increasing
the number of turns in the coil, the
strength of the current, the area of cross-
section of the coil and the strength of the
radial magnetic field. Magnetic fields
decay quickly, making magnetic
coupling effective at a very short range.
 MATERIAL USED
Overall, this experiment does not require
too many materials, many of which can
be easily acquired.
The materials are as follows:
1. 30 gauge magnetic wire
2. Alligator clips with leads
3. 2N2222 NPN-Type transistor
4. Electrical tape
5. Low-power LED
6. Measuring tape
7. Scissors
8. Pliers/wire cutters
9. Battery (9V)
10. Soldering gun
11. Solder
12. Cylinder with 2cm diameter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT WORKING
Step 1: Building the Coils

The first step in transferring wireless energy

is to make the coils. The two coils consist of
one inducer and one receiver coil. They are
made in the same manner, except the inducer
coil will need a centre tap.

Step 2: Inducer Coil

To build the Inducer Coil, measure out 3

meters of 30 gauge magnetic wire. Then take
the cut wire and begin wrapping it around
your cylinder, leaving a sizable lead. After
about half of the wire has been used (about 15
turns) create the center tap. This is done by
pulling about 2 cm of wire away from the coil
and twisting it. Do not cut the wire! Next,
finish wrapping the wire around the cylinder,
leaving another lead. To prevent unwinding,
put 3 pieces of electrical tape on the coil. This
will not affect the overall electrical output.
You are now finished with the inducer coil.
Step 3: Receiver Coil

The receiver coil is made like the Inducer coil,

but without the center tap. To accomplish this,
simply keep winding the coil without
stopping.
***Helpful tip: Scrape off the enamel coating on the wire to ensure
a good connection.

Step 4: Connecting the Transistor

The transistor is the brain of this operation.

Its purpose it to connect and disconnect the
power at a rapid pace, thus creating a
changing magnetic field in the inducer coil.
This changing magnetic field is what induces
an electric current in the receiver coil; which
powers the LED.
To properly connect the transistor, you need
to attach the correct coil leads to the correct
transistor terminals (emitter, base, and
receiver). The transistor will be soldered on.
Emitter will go to the negative of the 9V
battery
Base will go to one inducer coil lead
Collector will go to the other inducer coil lead
Simply solder the terminals directly to the
leads, and the connection will be secure.

Step 5: Connecting the LED

The LED will be soldered to the two leads of

the receiver coil. This allows the LED to be
powered easily when the receiver coil is
moved around the magnetic field. Each LED
terminal will be connected to one lead of the
receiver coil. The positive and negative of the
led do not matter, as the current in the
receiver is changing.
*** Helpful tip: trim the ends of the LED terminals so that it does
not awkwardly stick out from the receiver coil

Step 6: Connecting the Power Source

This experiment is powered by one 9V battery

Emitter will go to the negative of the 9V
battery
Center Tap will go to the positive of the 9V
battery
The full project can be represented in the
schematic above
Helpful tip: only connect the power to the coil when it is in use, as
long periods of connection will deplete the battery and may fry the
transistor. One way to solve this problem would be to connect a 100
ohm resistor to the base of the transistor, but since this project is
supposed to be as simple as possible, I didn't include it.

Step 7: Wireless Power

Once everything has been assembled and the

power connected, hover the receiver coil over
the inducer coil and watch the LED light up;
without wires!!! I recommend experimenting
with different positions and distances, as it is
lots of fun. You can even place items between
the coils, and the LED will still be powered.
Also try flipping the receiver coil over if the
LED is not very bright, as the magnetic flux
of the receiver coil flows in one direction. The
platform (black rectangle under the coils) is
not necessary, but it allows you to move the
whole project around more easily. It is simply
the inducer coil glued to a note card wrapped
in electrical tape.
RESISTANCE
The unit being ohm the greater the ohm value
the greater is the opposition to the flow of
current causes. The heating effect and causes
a loss of electrical energy in the form of heat
energy, greater the ohm value greater the
loss.
Types of Resistance

1. Fixed value

2. Variable value

Normally fixed type of resistance are carbon

resistance value of resistance in ohm printed
on the body of resistance in colour code.

TRANSISTOR
Transistor are tiny semiconductor device
that provide current amplification. A
transistor has three leads indentified as
emitter Base and collector. A small
current to say 1mA flowing between base
and emitter produce a large current of
100ma or more in the widely used as a
current amplifier circuit transistor are
also very useful in switching circuit.
We use normally two type of transistor
one is NPN and second in PNP. In PNP
transistor conduction is coudncting
between emitter and collector with the
help of electron flow. In PNP transistor
conduction is conducting between
emitter and collector with the help of
holes.
We normally give a forward bias to the
emitter point and reverse bias to the
collector point with the help of load
resistance and for the base point . We
give a very low voltage by resistance or
any other circuit control devices.
 PRECAUTIONS
1. Mount the components at the
appropriate places before soldering.
Follow the circuit description and
components details, leads identification
etc. Do not start soldering before making
it confirm that all the component are
mounted at the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board,
it may cause short circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.
4. Position the board so that gravity tends
to keep the solder where you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the
board. Excess heat may damage the
components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while
soldering otherwise you have a dry or a
cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage
source. Be sure abort the voltage either
do or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the
components leads otherwise it may short
circuit with the other components. To
prevent this use sleeves at the
components leads or use sleeved wire for
connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It
may give dry joint. Be sure that all the
joints are clean and well shiny.
10. Do make loose wire connections
especially with cell holder, speaker,
probes etc. Put knots while connections
to the circuit board, otherwise it may get
loose.
 APPLICATIONS
Transmission of power to the portable
devices wirelessly

In the below figure show the overall system is

made using charger pad and the battery. To
transfer energy from the charging pad to the
battery each part has planar coils. The
charging pad and battery can communicate
with each other because the electrical energy
is modulated. Before transmits full power to
the battery, the charging pad verify that a
valid battery is in place or not. This
communication continues throughout the
entire charging process to confirm the battery
is still in place
Wirelessly charging of electric vehicle

According to figure a charging pad sits on the

ground, connected to a wall-mounted power
adapter. All the car parks over it. On the
backside of the car there is a receiver when
charger detects the receiver within range, it
automatically starts charging.
Wirelessly charging of public transport

Every electric bus has a wireless charging

receiver. According to figure Wireless
chargers are embedded in the hard surface of
a road or under the road surface at regular
intervals. When the bus is stopped no need to
plug in or no need to connect with wireless
chargers. It will automatically have charged.
It’s a motion bus. These kinds of buses are
already tested in the UK, Italy, the
Netherlands, and South Korea.
Wirelessly charging lane for Self-driving
electrical vehicle

In the figure defines vehicles can simply

return and park for a while to charge by
using wireless charging pads in parking
Garages, curbs, lanes, and for self-driving.
 MERITS
The advantages of WET include the
following

 Simple design
 Lower frequency operation
 Low cost
 Practical for short distance

DEMERITS
The disadvantages of WET include the
following

 High power loss

 Non-directionality
 Inefficient for longer distances
 REFERENCE
 Google.co.in
 En.wikipedia.org
 Modern ABC of Physics
 PP Physics Digest
 Physics by Arvind Kumar (A Textbook of N.C.E.R.T.)
 Modern Physics
 Fundamentals of physics