(UDP) PROJECT REPORT

SMART PARKING SYSTEM

By

TERAIYA HARDIK TRIKAMBHAI 150040109023

BHANDERI KRUTARTH LAXMANBHAI 150040109004
KESHVALA REKHA DEVABHAI 160043109010
DALASANIYA RAJDEEP JAGDISHBHAI 150040109008

Under the guidance of

Prof. N.B. Mehta
BE, ME (POWER ELECTRONICS)

A project report submitted to

Gujarat Technological University in
Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Department of Electrical Engineering

APRIL 2019
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM” was carried out by TERAIYA HARDIK
TRIKAMBHAI (150040109023)) at B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY for partial fulfilment of Bachelor of
Engineering degree to be awarded by Gujarat Technological University.
This research work has been carried out under my supervision and is to my
satisfaction.

Date: / / 2019

Place: Rajkot

Internal guide H.O.D.

NAME: Prof. N.B. Mehta NAME: Prof. G.J. Joshi

SIGN: SIGN:

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page I

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM” was carried out by BHANDERI
KRUTARTH LAXMANBHAI (1500400109004) at B.H. GARDI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY for partial fulfilment
of Bachelor of Engineering degree to be awarded by Gujarat Technological
University. This research work has been carried out under my supervision
and is to my satisfaction.

Date: / / 2019

Place: Rajkot

Internal guide H.O.D.

NAME: Prof. N.B. Mehta NAME: Prof. G.J. Joshi

SIGN: SIGN:

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page II

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM” was carried out by KESHVALA
REKHA DEVABHAI (160043109010) at B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY for partial fulfilment of Bachelor of
Engineering degree to be awarded by Gujarat Technological University.
This research work has been carried out under my supervision and is to my
satisfaction.

Date: / / 2019

Place: Rajkot

Internal guide H.O.D.

NAME: Prof. N.B. Mehta NAME: Prof. G.J. Joshi

SIGN: SIGN:

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page III

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled

“SMART PARKING SYSTEM” was carried out by DALASANIYA
RAJDEEP JAGDISHBHAI (150040109008) at B.H. GARDI COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY for partial fulfilment of Bachelor
of Engineering degree to be awarded by Gujarat Technological University.
This research work has been carried out under my supervision and is to my
satisfaction.

Date: / / 2019

Place: Rajkot

Internal guide H.O.D.

NAME: Prof. N.B. Mehta NAME: Prof. G.J. Joshi

SIGN: SIGN:

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page IV

 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I declare that the dissertation report presented here for Bachelor of

Engineering. (Electrical) entitled “SMART PARKING SYSTEM” is my
own work conducted under the guidance of Prof. N.B. Mehta.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, this dissertation report

does not contain any part of work, which has been submitted for the award
of any degree either in this university or in other university/ deemed
university without proper citation.

Name of Student: TERAIYA HARDIK TRIKAMBHAI

Enrolment No.: 150040109023
Signature of Student:

Name of Guide: PROF. N.B. MEHTA

Signature of Guide:

Department of Electrical Engineering

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page V

 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I declare that the dissertation report presented here for Bachelor of

Engineering. (Electrical) entitled “SMART PARKING SYSTEM” is my
own work conducted under the guidance of Prof. N.B. Mehta.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, this dissertation report

does not contain any part of work, which has been submitted for the award
of any degree either in this university or in other university/ deemed
university without proper citation.

Name of Student: BHANDERI KRUTARTH LAXMANBHAI

Enrolment No.: 150040109004
Signature of Student:

Name of Guide: PROF. N.B. MEHTA

Signature of Guide:

Department of Electrical Engineering

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page VI

 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I declare that the dissertation report presented here for Bachelor of

Engineering. (Electrical) entitled “SMART PARKING SYSTEM” is my
own work conducted under the guidance of Prof. N.B. Mehta.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, this dissertation report

does not contain any part of work, which has been submitted for the award
of any degree either in this university or in other university/ deemed
university without proper citation.

Name of Student: KESHVALA REKHA DEVABHAI

Enrolment No.: 160043109010
Signature of Student:

Name of Guide: PROF. N.B. MEHTA

Signature of Guide:

Department of Electrical Engineering

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page VII

 CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I declare that the dissertation report presented here for Bachelor of
Engineering. (Electrical) entitled “SMART PARKING SYSTEM” is my
own work conducted under the guidance of Prof. N.B. Mehta.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, this dissertation report

does not contain any part of work, which has been submitted for the award
of any degree either in this university or in other university/ deemed
university without proper citation.

Name of Student: DALASANIYA RAJDEEP JAGDISHBHAI

Enrolment No.: 150040109008
Signature of Student:

Name of Guide: PROF. N.B. MEHTA

Signature of Guide:

Department of Electrical Engineering

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

B.H. GARDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page VIII

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is privilege for us to have been associated with Prof. N.B. Mehta as our
internal guide during this project work. We are very great full to their valuable
suggestions and ideas. It is with great pleasure that we express our deep sense of
gratitude to them for their valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience
thought this work. We are also thankful to all the faculty members of department for
solving our doubts. Even if they were not our project guide, they always welcome us
for our queries and questions related to our project. We are thankful to our college to
organizing so much activities which help us to know how projects can be selected and
how we can implement it. We are also felling so grateful to our seniors. They always
appreciate for our work and helps us in our problems of our project. They always help
us even after they left our college.
We express our gratitude to Prof. Gaurav Joshi Head of Electrical Department
for his constant encouragement, co-operation, and support. He always provides us all
updates and information related to our project.
We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during
whole term work. We had so much useful and knowledgeable discussion with our
classmates which helps us in our project.
We thank other peoples with whom we interact a lot related present scenario of our
project and what will be future scope for our project in future.

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 Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................... I

CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ II

CERTIFICATE ....................................................................................................................... III

CERTIFICATE ....................................................................................................................... IV

CANDIDATE DECLARATION .......................................................................................... V

CANDIDATE DECLARATION ......................................................................................... VI

CANDIDATE DECLARATION ........................................................................................ VII

CANDIDATE DECLARATION ....................................................................................... VIII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... IX

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ XII

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ XIII

ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................XIV

Ch 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction: ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Programmable Logic Controller........................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Why PLC? ......................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Block Diagram: ................................................................................................................. 3

1.2.1 I/O Module: ....................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Processor: .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3 Programming Device: ....................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Power Supply: ................................................................................................... 4

Ch. 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 5

Ch. 3: Components .................................................................................................................. 7

3.1 Programmable Logic Controller ..................................................................................... 7

3.2 IR sensor ............................................................................................................................ 7

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 3.2.1 Principal of Infrared measurement .................................................................... 7
3.2.2 INFRARED OBSTACLE SENSOR MODULE ............................................... 8
3.2.3 DC GEAR MOTOR .......................................................................................... 9
3.2.4 8-CHANNEL 24V RELAY MODULE: ........................................................... 9
3.2.4 IC 7805(Voltage Regulator): ........................................................................... 11

Ch. 4 Programming ............................................................................................................... 13

4.1 Figure of Programming .................................................................................................. 14

Ch. 7: Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 16

Ch. 8: Future Work ............................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX A: Sheets & Canvases .................................................................................... 18

5.1 AEIOU Summery Sheet: ............................................................................................... 18

5.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas: ........................................................................................... 18

5.3 Ideation Canvas:.............................................................................................................. 19

5.4 Product Development Canvas: ...................................................................................... 19

5.5 Business Model Canvas: ................................................................................................ 20

APPENDIX B: Plagiarism Report ...................................................................................... 21

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 List of Figures

Figure 1: Allen Bradley PLC........................................................................................ 1

Figure 2: Block Diagram of PLC ................................................................................. 4
Figure 3: Infrared Obstacle Sensor Module................................................................ 8
Figure 4 DC Gear Motor (12V) .................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Construction of Relay ................................................................................. 10
Figure 6: 8 Channel 24V Relay Module .................................................................... 10
Figure 7 Pin Diagram ................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Programming Screenshot 1 ....................................................................... 14
Figure 9: Programming Screenshot 2 ....................................................................... 15
Figure 10: Programming Screenshot 3 ..................................................................... 15

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 List of Tables

Table 2.1: Literature Review 1 ..................................................................................... 5

Table 2.2: Literature Review 2 ..................................................................................... 6
Table 3: Pin Configuration of IC 7805 ...................................................................... 11

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 ABSTRACT

The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) systems are getting used by most of
all automation system. Mostly all large-scale industries use PLC for automation of
various industrial process because of its wide application range. Industrial appliances
like various machines, equipment, generating machines etc. can’t be controlled by other
controllers like based on power electronics because of that PLCs are widely considered
in industrial automation.
We find one of the applications of PLC in regular day to day life where we all
face many problems. We implemented PLC in parking system of large landmarks which
are spread over to much of areas. Many of us had many problems with parking like we
all got stuck once in parking area even if it is already equipped. We waste our hours to
find parking slot and after that came out from that.
What if we can know that any parking slot is empty or not before we entered in
parking zone? This will be time saving if we could know exact parking slot which is
empty before we enter. With the help of PLC and SCADA system we can implement
such kind of system which is fully automatic.
We used ladder diagram logic for programming our Allen Bradley PLC. Which is
shown further in report.

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 Ch 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction:
The number of vehicle users are increasing globally day by day with. With the
increased number of vehicle problem of parking also become bigger. Parking car in
landmark’s parking area is very difficult and time consuming. It takes our valuable time
to locate empty parking slots and park it. However, we didn’t even know at the time
that the parking area is empty or not. If there isn’t any than our whole time wasted and
we have to do same kind of process again and again until we find parking for our
vehicle.
Our project is based on automation. We designed a parking system which is
automated by Programmable Logic Controller which leads our project to the
automation field. PLC is used to makes our parking automated. By using PLC, we
control the process different components.
1.1.1 Programmable Logic Controller
Programmable Logic Controller is basically programmable device for
controlling the process of industrial devices. PLC works as controlling device for
industry like microcontrollers in power electronic. PLC takes input form sensors and
other input modules and process it. It can automatically start and stop program, run
program, start ranging alarm if machine is not operating well. PLC has rugged design
and it can withstand to any environmental condition. It has number of I/O ports. It can
handle a greater number of sensors. Programming of PLC is very convenient than other
controllers. We use Ladder Diagram Logic for programming of our Allen Bradley PLC.
We used Allen Bradley MicroLogix for our project. Which shown in photo

Figure 1: Allen Bradley PLC

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1.1.2 Why PLC?
PLCs are better suited specifically made for automation industry. Following are
the reasons why PLCs are well suited over microcontroller or microprocessor.
1. The PLC nowadays have a capacity of more than 3000 I/Os which are
combination of analog and digital.
2. The PLC capacity and design can easily modify as requirement and need of
customer. This can’t be possible with relays or microcontroller-based solutions.
3. For large application like industrial, a distributed system can be implemented
with communication between various PLC.
4. PLCs are designed in such a way that it can withstand various hazardous
condition for industries like Electromagnetic interference, high temperature,
power fluctuation etc.
5. PLCs has safety features such as SIL certification as per customer requirement
for protection or emergency shutdown system.
6. PLCs can interface with a greater number of drives and actuators ranging from
analog and digital to special type such as speed measurement and RTD or
thermocouples etc. by just changing the I/Os modules and configuring them.
7. Due to modular design the trouble shooting is easier and the no of spares
requirement is reduced and easily manageable.
8. PLC has inbuilt functions like PIDs, Feed forward, State observer etc. in the
PLC logic software. These are used for logic design.
9. PLC have inbuilt diagnostics for Lane failure, power failure, logic issues,
disconnection of I/Os and alarms.
10. PLC is easy to program. Error proofing and to monitor the process live and edit
it online is convenient in PLC.
11. It is very easy to connecting with other devices and process “N” number of data
in nanoseconds.
12. In case of reliability PLC steps forward to Microcontrollers.

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1.2 Block Diagram:
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). There
are five main parts of PLC as shown in fig. The inputs and outputs can be of different
types. Main components of block diagram are explained below.
1.2.1 I/O Module:
Input module represent inputs to the PLC. There can be many types of input in
PLC like Sensors, switches, digital signal, analog signal, normally open/close switch
etc. The input module of PLC has a type of circuitry which any type of input signal into
digital signal so that processor can understand that and process, store or execute it.
Output signal from processor will be in digital form. Just like input module,
output module of PLC has type circuit which converts output signal of the main
processor into either analog or in digital form based on requirement of output devices.
Output devices can be LED, Speaker, and Motor etc. as shown in block diagram.
1.2.2 Processor:
Processor is a device which is heart and brain of any system. The processor runs
whole PLC. It performs various operation based on programming. It also interfaces
with input and out module of PLC and convert each of signal into required manner.
Processor which is known as CPU has also various sub processing units, which are
connected with main CPU. It can also store the data of different I/O modules and
programming data.
1.2.3 Programming Device:
Programming of PLC can be done by any type of programming device like
computer. The languages used for programming of PLC are listed below.
 Ladder Diagram Logic
 Instruction List
 Structured Text
 Sequential Function Charts
 Function Block Diagram
We used Ladder Diagram Logic for programming. LD is basically one of the
programming languages of PLC. Ladder logic is widely used for programming of PLCs

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in industrial automation. Ladder logic uses graphical method to represent the
programming. Program formed sequentially in horizontal manner between the rungs.
We used RS Logix 500 for programming our Allen Bradley PLC. There can
different software for different manufacturers of PLC. All manufacturers provide their
own programming tool or system for their own PLCs.
Programming of PLC is easier then programming of other controllers in power
electronics. Also, it is represented by graphical method so it makes it easier to
understand.
1.2.4 Power Supply:
Power supply module provides power to different parts of PLC. PLC works on
DC power supply. DC power supplied to various components of like I/O modules,
peripheral devices, CPU etc. it works on 0-24V DC.

POWER SUPPLY

M
T
FROM THE
C
SENSORS
INUPT OUTPUT
MODULE PROCESSOR MODULE
E
C TO OUTPUT

PROGRAMMABLE
DEVICED

Figure 2: Block Diagram of PLC

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 Ch. 2: Literature Review
We gone through different literatures about our project. Some of them are
partially related to our project others are useful in designing our project. Literatures that
we refers are from IEEE standard, so all of them are genuine and verified papers. First
we studied literatures about our project title, in which most of them based other
controllers like Arduino. Our project was based on PLC so we studied literature about
PLC separately. We get basic idea about PLC programming, how to implement in
various project like us. That gives a start to our project.

After studying various research papers, we found two research papers which are
quite helpful for our project. Both papers are summarized in two tables as below.

Table 2.1: Literature Review 1

Title Intelligent Car Parking Monitoring System Using Plc

Author R. SATHIYA LAKSHMI, V. ELAVARASI, Mr. T. BINU

Abstract PLC is used to capable of storing instructions to implement control

functions such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data
manipulation and communication. The I/O interfaces provide the
connection between the PLC and the information providers (inputs
like pushbuttons, sensors,) and the controllable devices (outputs like
valves, relays, lamps,).

Reference International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering

and Technology (IJARTET) Vol. 4, Special Issue 10, March 2017

Outcome The project is fully programmed by PLC. It uses ladder diagram for
programming. PLC used is INTRALOGIC L20.

Keywords/Components: Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), IR

Sensors, Dc Motor, Conveyor, counter, LCD etc.

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Table 2.2: Literature Review 2

Title PLC Based Automatic Intelligent Car Parking System

Author F. Islam, M. Adil, and S. A. Alvi

Abstract Purpose of this project is to design and implement an

intelligent car parking system. System is able to sense the
presence of the vehicles standing at the main car parking gate
through a sensor. Sensors give their output to the PLC
(programmable logic controller).

Reference International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering,

Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2017.

Outcome  The paper explains the current problem of parking

because of large number of vehicles.
 IR sensors are used as car detector.
 LDR sensor to detect car in slots.
 Input module: IR sensors, LDR sensors, Camera, Push
button switch.
 Output module: Entry gate and exit gate mechanism.

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 Ch. 3: Components

Very least number of components are used in our project. PLC is main
components of our project because whole programming is done through it. Components
used in our project other than PLC are IR sensors, Magnetometer sensor, and Servo
motors.

3.1 Programmable Logic Controller

We already discussed abut PLC in our introduction chapter. It used for
programming of our project PLC is programmed by programming device like our
laptop. Input is given to PLC in from IR sensors and magnetometer sensor and output
is given to servo motor based on that servo motor will work.

3.2 IR sensor
Infrared (IR) sensors are frequently used for mid-range distance measurements.
Typical applications of these sensors include navigation systems (human, mobile robot
and vehicles) as obstacle avoidance, distance measurement, surveillance system, object
detection, edge detection and military applications. Robustness, lightweight,
inexpensive and fast response time makes these sensors suitable to be used in the
development of navigation aids.
3.2.1 Principal of Infrared measurement
This sensor includes of an LED and Position Sensitive Detector (PSD). The
PSD is a silicon component that operates on the principle of the photoelectric effect. In
PSD light energy is turned into electrical energy. The emitter of the infrared sensor
radiates the infrared light and when the beam strikes an object it is reflected back
towards the sensor and into a focusing lens. The focusing lens directs the reflected beam
onto the PSD.
The amplitude of the output voltage across the IR sensor is decreased when the
distance to an obstacle increased. Similar results are found when the incident angle is
increased. Environmental conditions could influence the measurement result such as
sunlight, artificial lights, unless the external source is directly pointed towards the
sensor.

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 In our project we include total ten IR sensors for detection of car while entering
and leaving to the parking and for detecting presence of car in parking slot.
3.2.2 INFRARED OBSTACLE SENSOR MODULE
The IR sensor that we are going to use is shown in below photo. It has in built
IR transmitter through which signal is transmitted towards object and IR receiver which
receives transmitted signal back after hitting the object. It also has potentiometer on
module circuit that helps to change the range of detection. The sensor works fine in
ambient light and also in complete darkness so it’s response in very good and stable.
However its disadvantage is that it will stop working properly in UV lights of sun.
In IR sensor module it has LED and photodiode, together it’s called as Photo-
coupler or Opto-coupler. It has IR transmitter which is one type of Light Emitting Diode
(LED). It emits infrared radiation towards the object which is invisible for human eyes
even though IR LED is looks like normal LED.
IR receivers are one type of photodiodes and phototransistors which works as
sensors. It will only detects the IR radiations. When IR light transmitted toward the
object some of rays reflects from the object and it receives by IR receivers.
Specification of IR sensor in given below.

 Operating Voltage: 3.0V – 5.0V

 Detection range: 2cm – 30cm (Adjustable using potentiometer)
 Current Consumption: at 3.3V : ~23 mA, at 5.0V: ~43 mA
 Active output level: Outputs Low logic level when obstacle is detected
 On board Obstacle Detection LED indicator

Figure 3: Infrared Obstacle Sensor Module

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 In fig.3 IR sensor module is shown. As discussed earlier it has IR LED and IR
receiver. At the other side it has three male pins which are I/P, O/P and GND pins. It
also has potentiometer to control the range of detection.

3.2.3 DC GEAR MOTOR

DC Gear motor is great alternative to servo motor for over project. It is less
costly then Servo motor. It has gear mechanism in built, so it can be operated in both
forward and reverse direction by switching the terminals using relay operation. Motor
shown in Fig. 4 is 12V motor of 10 RMP.

Figure 4 DC Gear Motor (12V)

We operated it in both direction with switching operation of relay. We done
programming in such a way that it can only operate of 5 seconds using PLC.

3.2.4 8-CHANNEL 24V RELAY MODULE:

Before understanding 8 Channel relay module, let’s take a closer look in basic
principal of relay and how it works.
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO),
there is an open contact when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is
Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the relay is not energized. In
either case, applying electrical current to the contacts will change their state.
Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do
not usually control power consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids
that draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by
having an amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a relays coil can result
in a large voltage being switched by the contacts.

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 Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical
abnormalities, including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In
addition, relays are also widely used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot
lights and audible alarms.
Relay is basically switching device. It performs its switching operation using
electromagnetic principal. It has a coil inside it through which current passes and it
works as an electromagnet. It has some internal parts like electromagnet, a moveable
armature, contacts and spring.
Most important part of relay is electromagnet. It is only a metal at start but when
current passes through it, it converted into electromagnet.

Figure 5: Construction of Relay

As shown in fig. relay has total five terminals which are Normally Open(NO),
Normally Close(NC), Moveable terminal(COM), Coil terminals(V1, V2). There are
relays of different voltage ratings like 6V,12V, 24V etc. Selection of relay is based on
your requirment. Normally rating of relay should be same as rating of controller. We
have PLC of 24V rating so we used relay of 24V. We used relay for switching both DC
gear motor and to give output of sensor to PLC.

Figure 6: 8 Channel 24V Relay Module

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3.2.4 IC 7805(Voltage Regulator):
Voltage sources like batteries may have has fluctuation in output and can’t
provide fixed regular voltage output. This IC maintain constant regular output thought
the operation. 7805 IC is voltage regulator IC member of 78XX family. It provides +5
V regulated power supply. Pin diagram of voltage regulator IV IC is shown in bellows
fig. We can also heat sink to prevent heat generated in IC during Constant operation.
As shown in fig. there are three pins comes out of IC. 1st pin is input through which
fluctuated supply from source is given. 2nd is ground terminal and 3rd is output terminal
which gives constant +5V output power. We used six ICs to provide +5V power supply
from 24V relay to turn on LEDs of display. We used six ICs to provide +5V power
supply from 24V relay to turn on LEDs of display.

Figure 7: Pin Diagram

Main disadvantage of IC is power loss due to heat generated. There will be large
difference in voltage at input and output side because of power loss. Heat generated is
depend on difference in input voltage given to IC and output from IC.

We used six voltage regulator IC to turn on display LEDs from 24V relay.
These ICs are not very efficient because hot heat generated in IC which results in
malfunctioning ICs.

Pin configurations is given in bellows table.

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Table 3: Pin Configuration of IC 7805

Pin No. Pin Name Function Description

1. Input Input Voltage(7-35V) Unregulated supply is given to
this pin
2. Ground Ground(0V) This pin is neutral for both
input and output.
3. Output Regulated Output(5V) Output voltage (5V) is taken
out from this pin.

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 Ch. 4 Programming

One of the reasons that why PLC is replacing of counters, microcontrollers and
relays is its programming. The PLC has ability to accept programming in ladder
diagram format which is one of the reasons of success of programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) in the industry. Ladder diagram logic in PLC can be developed
easily and it made troubleshooting easier because of ladder logic format. There are
many high-level programming languages are available now a days for PLC but
everyone still using ladder logic.
The logic of ladder diagram programming typically flows from left to right. The
diagram can be divided into sections called rungs. Each of them consists of input
instructions which leads to one output instruction. PLC performs following different
tasks using ladder logic.
1. Boolean logic: The operations of AND, OR and NOT comes in Boolean
logic. AND operation means that all inputs must be ON, so as output
will be ON. In PLC ON operation means for at least on input ON, output
will be ON. NOT operation describes opposite operations, means in any
of inputs is ON than output will be OFF and vice versa. It is just like
normally closed switch.
2. Relay Instructions: Boolean logic performed in PLCs using basic relay
instructions. Common relay input instructions are examine-on (normally
open contact) and examine-off (normally closed contact). The examine-
on will be ON if the input or bit being examined is ON. The examine-
off instruction will be ON if the input or bit being examined is OFF.
3. Timing Instructions: Timing instruction are ON-delay and OFF-delay.
By using ON delay, the output will be turned on after some time of input
is ON but it will be turned off immediately. By using OFF-delay, output
will be turned ON immediately but it will be OFF after some time of
input turned off.
4. Counting Instructions: Count-up and count-down both are basic
counting instructions. They work like counters in other controllers. The
count-up instruction increases the value of a counter by one each time

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 an upward transition is detected in the input. Count down instruction
decreased the count value by one on each upward transition of the input.
After every operation reset instruction reset the value of counters to
ZERO.
5. Arithmetic Instructions: PLCs have basic ladder logic instruction for
arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. Compare instruction are one type of arithmetic instruction like
equal, greater than and less than.

4.1 Figure of Programming

Figure 8: Programming Screenshot 1

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 Figure 9: Programming Screenshot 2

Figure 10: Programming Screenshot 3

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 Ch. 7: Conclusion

After much research on PLC and sensors we conclude various applications of

it. They have wide range of industrial application. Specially PLCs has wide range of
demand and is going to be more and more because of user friendly experience, wide
range of application and tons of advantages. All the industries already adopted PLC as
a controller of their high end machinery. PLC is type controller that surpasses all other
controllers in case of advantages and limitless usages. Main and one and only
disadvantage of PLC is that skilled programmer needed for the operation and wiring of
PLC is also difficult. That’s why we selected this project to learn about more on PLC
and get a basic idea of how industries make use of PLCs.

By implementing SCADA with PLC we can operate any size of power plant
from control room. So combination of PLC and SCADA having wide range of
applications in industries and they are suing it.

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 Ch. 8: Future Work

 After complete programming based on that we are going to work on working model
of our project.
 We will consider all drawbacks of our project and going to work o that.
 We will find how SCADA system can be implemented in our project and if possible
than we will on that too.
 We will find out how our project can be used widely in large scale application and
it can be implemented globally.
 We will work on model for minimum drawbacks and make it cheaper so that it can
be implemented in real life.

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 APPENDIX A: Sheets & Canvases

5.1 AEIOU Summery Sheet:

5.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas:

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5.3 Ideation Canvas:

5.4 Product Development Canvas:

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5.5 Business Model Canvas:

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 APPENDIX B: Plagiarism Report

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