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mwVKfv‡e mvRv‡bv kãmgwó m¤ú~b© A_© ev fve cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K Sentence ( evK¨) e‡j | A Sentence a
set of words which gives a complete sense. ‡hgbÑHe is a good boy. I am going to school.
cÖf„wZ |
GB Sentence ‡K `ywU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq, h_vÑì) Subject (D‡Ïk¨) Ges ìì) Predicate (we‡aq) |
hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq, Zv‡K Sentence-Gi Subject e‡j Ges Subject m¤^‡Ü hv ejv nq, Zv‡K
Predicate e‡j | †hgb-
Subject Predicate Subject Predicate
Babies cry The cow gives us milk
The boy learns his lesson daily (You) Respect your teachers
N.B. mvavibZ Sentence-Gi Verb-Gi c~‡e©i AskwU Subject Ges Verb-mn cieZx© AskwU Predicate |
A_v©bymv‡i mvavibZ Sentence cvuP cÖKvi; h_v: 1) Assertive Sentence (wee„wZg~jK evK¨),
2) Interrogative Sentence (cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨), 3) Imperative Sentence (AbyÁvevPK evK¨)
4) Optative Sentence (B”Qv cªKvkK evK¨), 5) Exclamatory Sentence (Av‡eM cªKvkK evK¨)
‡h Sentence †Kvb wee„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K Assertive Sentence ev Statement e‡j| †hgb Ñ He is
going to school. I am playing cricket. cÖf„wZ |
‡h Sentence-G †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—y m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wKQz wRÁvmv Kiv ev cÖkœ Kiv eySvq, Zv‡K Interrogative
Sentence ev Question e‡j | †hgb-Who are you? Do you know the man? cÖf„wZ |
N.B. Interrogative Sentence- Gi †k‡l Aek¨B cÖk‡œ evaK wPý (?) _vK‡e |
‡h Sentence Øviv †Kvb Av‡`k, wb‡la, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, Abybq BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡K Imperative
Sentence e‡j | †hgbÑ Stand up.( Av‡`k) Do not make a noise.( wb‡la) Read
attentively.(Dc‡`k) Please help me.( Aby‡iva) Help me, O God. (Abybq) cÖf„wZ |
‡h Øviv g‡bi B”Qv, cÖv_©bv, AvKv•Lv, Awfjvl, ‡`vqv cÖf„wZ cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Optative Sentence e‡j |
†hgb-Long live Bangladesh. May you be happy. Blessed be your tongue. cÖf„wZ |
‡h Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K fvev ev Av‡eM cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Exclamatory Sentence e‡j | †hgb-Alas! We
have lost the game. How nice the flower is! What a fool you are! cÖf„wZ |
N.B. Exclamatory Sentence-G Aek¨B Avðh©‡evaK wPý (!) _vK‡e |
GB cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Sentence Avevi `ywU fv‡M wef³; h_v- a) Affirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨),
b) Negative Sentence (bv-‡evaK evK¨) |
‡h Sentence Øviv ‡Kvb wKQz ¯^xKvi Kiv nq ev nvu †evaK Dw³ Kiv nq,Zv‡K Affirmative Sentencee‡j |
†hgb-Amin is a good boy. I can do this work. cÖf„wZ |
‡h Sentence Øviv †Kvb wKQz A¯^xKvi Kiv ev bv-‡evaK Dw³ Kiv nq, Zv‡K Negative Sentence e‡j |
†hgb-He is not a good boy. No one can do this work. Is Islam not bad boy.cÖf„wZ |
N.B. hw` †Kvb Sentence G not A_ev †Kvb bv- †evaK kã _v‡K, Z‡e †mwU Ges bv _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B
Affirmative Sentence n‡e |
MVb Abymv‡i Avevi wZb cÖKvi; h_v-
1) Simple Sentence (mij evK¨)
2) Complex Sentence (RwUj evK¨)
3) Compound Sentence (‡hŠwMK evK¨)
‡h Sentence G GKwU gvÎ Subject Ges GKwU gvÎ Finite verb _v‡K, Zv‡K Simple Sentence e‡j |
†hgb- This girl can sing. I am a student. You have no pen. cÖf„wZ |
K_vevZ©v ejvi mgq †Kvb Sentence- Gi †k‡l ¯^xK„wZ ev mg_©ib †P‡q †h msw¶ß cÖkœ Ry‡o †`qv nq, Zv‡K
Tag Question e‡j | †hgb- He can swim, can’t he? He cannot swim, can he? cÖf„wZ |
Tag Question MVb Kivi wbqg-
ì) Affirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag Question- ¸‡jv Negative Ges Negative
Sentence (bv-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag Question- ¸‡jv Affirmative n‡q _v‡K | Negative form - wU
me mgq msw¶ß AvKv‡i wjL‡Z nq | A_v©r Do not n‡j Don’t, Can not n‡j Can’t, is not n‡j isn’t,
are not n‡j aren’t, have not n‡j haven’t, has not n‡j hasn’t, did not n‡j didn’t, will not n‡j
willn’t, shall not n‡j shalln’t cÖf„wZ |
ìì) g~j Subject I Tag Question Gi gv‡S Kgv wPý(,) Ges me©‡k‡l cªk‡œ evaK wPý(?) emv‡Z nq|
ììì) Tag Question Gi Subject wU g~j Subject Gi Pronoun wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq |
ìv) g~j Subject G †h Auxiliary verb (†hgb- am, is, are, was, were, shall, will, can, may,
have, had cÖf„wZ) _vK‡e, Tag Question G †mB verb B n‡e| Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j Subject I
Tense Abyhvqx Do, Does ev Did n‡e| ‡hgb-
Affirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag Question-
Fish swim, don’t they? Fire- burns, doesn’t it?
Man is mortal, isn’t he? Rafiq was studying English, wasn’t he?
He can do this, can’t he? Birds can fly, can’t they?
We are learning English, aren’t we? I am your friend, amn’t I?
All men are brothers, aren’t they?
ev‡K¨ word- Gi KvR Abyhvqx Bs‡iwR word- ¸‡jv‡K †h KqwU †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvM‡K
GK GKwU Parts of Speech e‡j|
Bs‡iwR‡Z GB Parts of Speech AvU cÖKvi;h_v-
1. Noun (we‡kl¨), 2.Pronoun (me©bvg), 3.Adjective (we‡klb), 4.Verb (wµqv), 5.Adverb (wµqv ev
we‡kl‡bi we‡klb), 6.Preposition (c`vš^qx Ae¨q), 7.Conjunction (ms‡hvRK Ae¨q), 8. Interjection
(Av‡eM cÖKvkK Ae¨q) .
The Noun (we‡kl¨)
‡Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K Noun e‡j| (Noun is a naming word.) ‡hgb- Allah, Iron, School, Dog,
Horse, Illness, Kindness, Truth, Library cÖf„wZ |
Noun -¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yB †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq, h_v- a. Abstract Noun (¸bevPK we‡kl¨), b. Concrete
Noun (e¯—yevPK we‡kl¨)|
‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi ¸b, Ae¯’v I Kv‡h©i bvg‡K Abstract Noun e‡j| †hgb- Industry, Illness,
Honesty, Truth, Poverty, Love, Goodness, Boyhood, Virtue, Friendship, Childhood,
Happiness, Misery, Reading, Sleeping, Beauty, Cruelty cÖf„wZ|
‡h Gi evwn¨K ev ‰`wnK Aew¯’wZ Av‡Q Ges hv‡K Bw›`ª‡qi Øviv Dcjwä Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Concrete Noun
e‡j| †hgbÑ Ali, School, Gold, Class, Book, Army, Team, Rice, Tea, Committee, Library,
Branch cÖf„wZ|
Concrete Noun ‡K Pvi ‡kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq, h_v-
a. Proper Noun (msÁvevPK we‡kl¨), b. Common Noun (RvwZevPK we‡kl¨),
c. Material Noun (`ªe¨evPK we‡kl¨), d. Collective Noun (mgwóevPK we‡kl¨)|
‡h †Kvb e¨w³, e¯—y, ¯’vb, cÖf„wZi wbw`©ó bvg eySvq, Zv‡K Proper Noun e‡j| †hgb- Monir, Dhaka,
Padma, China, Japan cÖf„wZ|
‡h †Kvb GK†kªbxi e¨w³ ev e¯—yi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvavib bvg eySvq, Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j| †hgb- Man,
Pen, Cat, Dog, River, Bird, Book cÖf„wZ|
‡h Ggb †Kvb e¯—y ev c`v_©‡K eySvq hv Mbbv Kiv hvq bv, †Kej IRb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Material Noun e‡j|
‡hgb- Gold, Iron, Rice, Air, Clothe, Wood, Milk, Ink, Jute, Tea, Paper cÖf„wZ|
‡h GKRvZxq KZ¸‡jv e¨w³ ev e¯—y †K c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q G‡`i Awf³ mgwó‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Collective
Noun e‡j| †hgb- Army, Team, Committee, Library, Bunch, Class, Crew, Party, Cattle,
Fleet, Troop, Meeting, Crowd, Flock, Jury, Navy cÖf„wZ|
Collective Noun hLb Awf³ mgwó bv eywS‡q, †mwUi Aš—if~³ e¨w³ ev e¯—y¸‡jv‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e eySvq,
ZLb Zv‡K Noun of Multitude (eûZ¡evPK we‡kl¨) e‡j| †hgb- The committee are divided in
their opinions. The jury are divided in their opinions.
Mbbvi w`K †_‡K Noun †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v-
i. ‡h Noun †K Mbbv Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Countable Noun e‡j| Proper Noun , Common Noun I
Collective Noun †K GK‡Î Countable Noun e‡j| †hgb- Egg, Mango cªf„wZ|
ii. ‡h Noun †K Mbbv Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K Uncountable Noun e‡j| Abstract Noun I Material
Noun †K GK‡Î Uncountable Noun e‡j| †hgb- Water, Sugar, Light cÖf„wZ|
hLb Noun †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK msL¨v eySvq, ZLb Zv‡K Number (ePb) e‡j| †hgb-Babies are
crying. I am a boy. You have two books.
Number `yB cÖKvi; h_v-
a. Singular Number (GK ePb), b. Plural Number (eûePb).
‡h Noun GKwU gvÎ e¨w³, cÖvYx ev ev e¯—y eySvq, Zv‡K Singular Number e‡j| †hgb- Boy, Pen,
Man, Cow cÖf„wZ|
‡h Noun GKvwaK e¨w³, cÖvYx ev e¯—y‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Plural Number e‡j| †hgb- Boys, Pens, Men,
Cows cÖf„wZ|
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Number Number Number Number Number Number
Man (gvbyl) Men Ox (lvo) Oxen Axis (A¶) Axes
Woman (gwnjv) Women Knife Knives Datum (cÖ`Ë Data
(PvKz,†Qvov) welq)
Mouse (B`yi) Mice Wife (¯¿x) Wives Deer (nwib) Deer
Agendum Agenda Genus (KÕwU Genera Mr./ Mistress Messrs
(Av‡jvP¨ welq) ¶z`ª RvwZi mgwó) (g‡nv`q)
Tooth (`vZ) Teeth Foot (cv) Feet Body (†`n) Bodies
‡h Noun †Kvb cyi“l RvwZ, ¯¿x RvwZ ev A‡PZb e¯—y †K eySvq, Zv‡K Gender (wj½) e‡j| †hgb-He is a
man. She is a woman. It is a baby. This is a book. cÖf„wZ|
Gender mvavibZ Pvi cÖKvi; h_v- a. Masculine Gender (cys wj½) b. Feminine Gender (¯¿x wj½)
c. Common Gender (Dfq wj½) d. Neutral Gender (K¬xe wj½)
‡h Noun Øviv cyi“l RvwZ‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Masculine Gender e‡j| †hgb- Ox, Ram, Man, Boy,
God, Dog cÖf„wZ|
‡h Noun Øviv ¯¿x RvwZ‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Feminine Gender e‡j| †hgb- Cow, Ewe, Woman, Girl,
Goddess, Bitch cÖf„wZ|
‡h Noun Øviv cyi“l RvwZ I ¯¿x RvwZ Dfq‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Common Gender e‡j| †hgb- Baby,
Child, Student, Friend, Parent cÖf„wZ |
‡h Noun Øviv †Kvb cyi“l ev ¯¿x RvwZ‡K bv eywS‡q †Kvb A‡PZb e¯—y ev c`v_©‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Neutral
Gender e‡j| ‡hgb- Book, Pen, Chair, Table, Bench, Bag cÖf„wZ|
Masculine (cys wj½) Feminine (¯¿x wj½) Masculine (cys wj½) Feminine (¯¿x wj½)
Bachelor (Kzgvi) Maid, Spinster (Kzgvix) Monk (mbœvmx) Nun (mbœvwmbx)
Bull, Ox (lvo) Cow (Mi“) Ram (‡fov) Ewe (†fox)
Dog (KzKzi) Bitch (KzKzix) Tailor (`wR©) Seamstress (†g‡q `wR©)
Gentleman (f`ª‡jvK) Lady (f`ªgwnjv) Uncle (PvPv,gvgv, Lvjy) Aunt (PvPx,gvgx, Lvjv)
Horse (†Nvov, †NvUK) Mare (‡NvUKx) Widower (wecZœxK) Widow (weaev)
King (ivRv) Queen (ivbx) Wizard (Rv`yKi) Witch (hv`yKix)
Husband (¯^vgx) Wife (¯¿x) Hero (exi, bvqK) Heroin (wei½bv, bvwqKv)
Lad (PvKi) Lass, Maid (PvKivbx) Emperor (mgªvU) Empress (mgªvÁx)
Male (cyi“l) Female (¯¿x †jvK) Tiger (evN) Tigress (evwNbx)
Noun Ges Pronoun Gi mv‡_ Gi Ab¨vb¨ Gi word †h m¤úK© Zv‡KB Case (KviK) e‡j|
Case Bs‡iwR‡Z Pvui cÖKvi; h_v- a. Nominative Case (KZ…©KviK) b. Objective Case (Kg©KviK)
c. Possessive Case (m¤^Ü c`) d. Vocative Case (m‡¤^vab c`)
‡Kvb Sentence G ‡h Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb verb Gi Kvh© wb¯úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K †mB verb Gi Subject
ev Nominative e‡j Ges Zvi Nominative Case nq| †hgb- The boy goes to school. Lila made
tea. The girl is beautiful. cÖf„wZ|
Nominative Case `yB cÖKvi;h_v-ì. Complementary Nominative,ìì. Nominative Absolute.
‡h Noun ev Pronoun GKw`‡K Complement Ges Avi GKw`‡K Nominative Gi mv‡_ Awfbœ Z_v
Nominative Case G _v‡K, Zv‡K Complementary Nominative e‡j| †hgb- He seems to be a
honest man. Anwar is a good boy. He became a great leader. He was elected captain. The
man was named Monir. cÖf„wZ|
‡h word ev word Gi mgwó Sentence Gi A_© m¤ú~b© K‡i, Zv‡K Complement e‡j| †hgb- Salma is
a girl. We made him chairman. He is our team captain. cÖf„wZ|
Avevi, †h word ev word Gi mgwó GKw`‡K qualifier ev modifier wn†m‡e Subject Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
_v‡K, Zv‡K Subjective Complement e‡j| †hgb- The night was dark. Everything looks
different. The girl came to me dancing. Your dream may come true. He is growing old.
cÖf„wZ|
‡Kvb Noun ev Pronoun hw` Sentence Gi Am¤ú~b© cÖ_g As‡k Present Participle ev Perfect
Participle Gi m‡½ m¤úKhy³ n‡q †mwUi c~‡e© e‡m Ges Sentence wUi ¯^qsm¤ú~b© wØZxq As‡ki Finite
Verb Gi mv‡_ Zvi ‡Kvb m¤úK© bv _v‡K, Z‡e †mB Noun ev Pronoun †K Nominative Absolute e‡j|
†hgb- He being ill, his son did not attend school. The sun having set, we left the place.
Dinner being over, the guest left the table. cªf„wZ|
hLb †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb Transitive Verb ev Preposition Gi object nq, ZLb Gi
Objective Case nq| †hgb- The pen is on the table. He buys a book. I helped the man.
cÖf„wZ|
Objective Case Avevi `yB cÖKvi;h_v-ì. Accusative Case, ìì. Dative Case.
Transitive verb Gi Direct object Ges Preposition Gi Object Gi Accusative Case nq| †hgb-
He bought the book. Birds fly in the sky.
Transitive verb Gi Indirect object Gi Dative Case nq| †hgb- He showed me the picture. I
give the man a book.
Verb with double object A_v©r wØKg©K wµqvi e¨w³evPK Kg©‡K Indirect object (†MŠb Kg©) Ges
e¯—yevPK Kg©‡K Direct object (g~L¨ Kg©) e‡j| †hgb-
Subject Verb Indirect Direct Subject Verb Indirect Direct
object object object object
Monir gave me a book. We showed them pictures.
Direct object wU hw` Finite verb Gi Kv‡Q Av‡m Z‡e Indirect object Gi c~‡e© to A_ev for e‡m, ZLb
Zv‡K Prepositional object e‡j| †hgb- He gave a watch to me. Father built a house for
me.cÖf„wZ|
KZ¸‡jv Transitive verb Gi Object _vKv m‡Ë¡I A_© m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z AwZwi³ Object Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq,
Giƒc AwZwi³ Object †K Factitive object ev Objective Complement e‡j| †hgb- Her father
named her Nasima. We made him captain. They elected me chairman.cÖf„wZ|
Pronoun (me©bvg)
‡h word †Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Pronoun (me©bvg)e‡j| Pronoun is a suitable
word of Noun. ‡hgb- I, He, She, We, They, Them, Who, What, How cÖf„wZ|
Pronoun AvU cÖKvi;h_v- 1.Personal Pronoun, 2.Demonstrative Pronoun, 3.Interrogative
Pronoun, 4.Relative Pronoun, 5.Indefinite Pronoun, 6.Distributive Pronoun, 7.Reflexive
Pronoun, 8. Reciprocal Pronoun.
Adjective (bvg-we‡klb)
‡h word Øviv Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb Gi †`vl, ¸b, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvb BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Ges †mB
Noun ev Pronoun Gi A_© we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective e‡j| An Adjective is an
qualifying word. †hgb- He is a bad boy. I have five books. I drank some milk.cÖf„wZ|
hLb Adjective ‡Kvb Noun Gi Ae¨wnZ c~‡e© e‡m cÖZ¨¶fv‡e G‡K qualify K‡i, ZLb Adjective Gi
Attributive use nq| †hgb- He is a good boy. It is an interesting book.cÖf„wZ|
hLb Predicative Verb Gi c~‡i e‡m c‡iv¶fv‡e Subject †K qualify K‡i, ZLb Adjective Gi
Predicative Use nq| †hgb- The boy is good. The book is interesting.cªf„wZ|
Adjective cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi; h_v-
1.Adjective of quality ev Descriptive Adjective, 2. Adjective of quantity ev Quantitative
Adjective, 3. Adjective of Number ev Numeral Adjective, 4. Pronominal Adjective.
‡h Adjective †Kvb e¨w³ e¨w³ ev e¯—yi †`vl, ¸b, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective of quality
ev Descriptive Adjective e‡j| †hgb- He is a dull. The woman is old. The man is ill.cÖf„wZ|
Proper Noun n‡Z †hme Adjective MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Proper Adjective e‡j| Proper Adjective
†K Adjective of Quality Gi Aš—if~³ Kiv nq| †hgb- He is an English dress. It is a Chinese
restaurant.cÖf„wZ|
‡h Adjective †Kvb Noun Gi cwigvb cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective of quantity ev Quantitative
Adjective e‡j| Much, some, any, enough, sufficient, all, whole, half, little cÖf„wZ
Adjectiveof quantity | †hgb- I ate some food. This will cost much money. It will take
enough time. Give me all the goods.cÖf„wZ|
‡h Adjective †Kvb Noun Gi msL¨v µgvbymv‡i ¯’vb ev ch©vq A_ev KZ¸b Zv eySvq, Zv‡K Adjective of
Number ev Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- He has three pens. Monir sits in the second
bench. I earn double his salary.cÖf„wZ|
‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi wbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq, Zv‡`i‡K Cardinal Numeral Adjective
e‡j| †hgb- One, two, three, four, five cÖf„wZ|
‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi msL¨v µgvbymv‡i ¯’vb ev ch©vq eySvq, Zv‡K Ordinal Numeral
Adjective e‡j| †hgb- First, second, third, fourth cÖf„wZ|
‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi KZ¸b Zv eySvq, Zv‡K Multiplicative Numeral Adjective
e‡j| †hgb- Single, double, triple or treble or threefold, quandruple or fourfold cÖf„wZ|
Adjective of Number `yB cÖKvi, h_v-
1. Definite Numeral Adjective, 2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective.
Use of ‘The’
1. wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Singular Ges Plural Dfq cªKvi Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- Let the man
come in. The boys are playing.cÖf„wZ|
2.GK RvZxq mKj‡K mvavibfv‡e eySv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The dog
is a faithful animal. The cow is an useful animal. cÖf„wZ|
Z‡e mKj gvbyl Ges mKj bvix RvwZ eySv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv | †hgb-Man is
mortal. Woman is fond of flowers. cÖf„wZ|
3. Zvwi‡Li c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- I shall start on the 10th May. It is the 23rd April of 2006.
4. c„w_ex, P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î, AvKvk, w`K cÖfw„ Z †hme bvg GKvwaK e¯—y †K eySvq bv, Zv‡`i c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb- The earth is round. The sun is rising in the east. The moon shines at night. The sky
is blue. The great Bear consists of seven stars.cÖf„wZ|
5. Possessive Adjective (my, our, your, his, her, their) Gi cwie‡Z© KLbI KLbI the e‡m, ZLb
†mB the †K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb-The dog bit him in the (=his) right leg. He pulled me
by the (=my) hand.cÖf„wZ|
6. Superlative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb-cªf„wZ|
7. `yB Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q fvj ev g›` eySv‡Z Comparative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb- Of the two girls, Rani is the more beautiful. Of the two things, buy the less
costly.cÖf„wZ|
8. hZ...ZZ eySv‡Z Adverb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ Comparative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb- The sooner, the better. The more a man gets, the more he will want.cÖf„wZ|
9. Ordinal Numeral-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- George the sixth was the king of England. He
is the first boy in the class.cÖf„wZ|
‡h word Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv eySvq, Zv‡K verb e‡j| A verb is telling or describing word. †hgb-
Do, go, play, run, eat cªf„wZ|
Verb cªavbZ `yB cÖKvi;h_v-1. Finite Verb(mgvwcKv wµqv) Ges 2. Nonfinite Verb(AmgvwcKv wµqv)|
‡h †Kvb e³e¨ †kl K‡i A_© m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡i Ges Nominative Gi Number I Person †f‡` hvi
iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq, Zv‡K Finite Verb e‡j| †hgb- He buys a book. They buy book. cÖf„wZ|
‡h Øviv †Kvb e³e¨ †kl nq bv I A_© m¤ú~bi© ƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ges Nominative Gi Number I Person
†f‡` hvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K e‡j| †hgb- He wants to buy a book. They want to buy
books.cÖf„wZ|
Verb cªavbZ `yB cÖKvi;h_v- a. Principal verb (cÖavb ev g~j wµqv), b. Auxiliary verb (mvnvh¨Kvix
wµqv)|
†h Verb Ab¨ ‡Kvb Verb Gi mvnvh¨ QvovB ¯^vaxbfv‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K e‡j| †hgb- He
plays. She made tea.cÖf„wZ|
Verb ‡h wewfbœ ixwZ ev avibvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K Mood e‡j| Mood indicates the
mode or manner in which the action of a verb is represented. †hgb- I saw a bird. Please
see me next Friday. If you see me, I shall tell you everything. He wants to see me.cÖf„wZ|
Mood cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi;h_v-1.Indicative Mood, 2.Imperative Mood,
3.Subjunctive Mood, Ges 4.Infinitive Mood.
hLb †Kvb Verb mvavibfv‡e †Kvb NUbv wee„Z K‡i A_ev †Kvb cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i ZLb Zvi Indicative
Mood nq| ‡hgb-He learns his lessions. He does not quarrel with anybody. Do you go to
market daily? cÖf„wZ|
hLb †Kvb Verb Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, wb‡la BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Zvi Imperative Mood nq A_©vr
Imperative sentence G Verb Gi Imperative Mood nq| †hgb- Try to better your condition.
Do not waste your time. Please help the boy.cÖf„wZ|
Imperative Mood hLb Second Person I Present Tense G e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Subject ‘You’ Dn¨
_v‡K| First Ges Third Person G let Øviv Sentence ïi“ nq| ‡hgb- Let me (or him) go to
market.
hLb †Kvb Verb AwbðqZv ev m‡›`n, kZ©, B”Qv, AvKvO&¶v, Abygvb, cÖ_b© v, D‡Ïk¨ BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb
Zvi Subjunctive Mood nq| If, though, till, until, unless, lest cÖf„wZ Conjunction ¸‡jv mvavibZ
Subjunctive Mood G e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- If you help me, I shall be greatfull to you. If love for
the country be (or is) a crime, I am a criminal. May you be happy in life. Had I know it, I
would have been careful. We eat that we may live. Unless you work hard, you will not
succeed in life. Man eats that he may live. Be careful lest you should fall in danger.cÖf„wZ|
Subjunctive Mood G Third Person Singular Number G Verb Gi †k‡l s ev es †hvM bv Ki‡jI
P‡j|‘Be’ verb Gi mKj Number I Person G Present Tense G ‘be’ Ges Past Tense G ‘were’
nq| ‡hgb- If I were rich, I would have gone to Macca. If I were you, I would help the boy.
I wish my son were as strong as Ali.cÖf„wZ|
‡h word group ev k㸔Q GKwU we‡kl A_© cÖKvk K‡i Ges Sentence G e¨eüZ n‡q †Kvb Parts of
Speech Gi Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i, wKš—y †Kvb Subject I Finite Verb _v‡K bv, Zv‡K Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- The
man was killed in broad daylight. What he says is nothing but the truth.cÖf„wZ|
Phrase cÖavbZ mvZ cÖKvi;h_v-1.Noun Phrase, 2.Adjective Phrase, 3.Verbal Phrase,
4.Adverbial Phrase, 5.Prepositional Phrase, 6.Conjunctional Phrase, 7. Interjectional
Phrase.
‡h Phrase †Kvb Noun Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Noun Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- He is proud of his blue
blood (es‡ki AvwfRvZ¨). To rise early is good for health. He likes to ride a horse. His going
home is uncertain. He enjoys walking by the riverside. Life is not a bed of roses (cy¯ú
mh¨v).cÖf„wZ|
‡h Phrase †Kvb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K.Adjective Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- There is no hard
and fast (aivevav) rule in this matter. He is all in all (m‡e©mev©) in the company. I am in a fix
(nZeyw×) what to do. A thing of beauty is joy forever. The law is now null and void (evwZj).
He is well off (¯^”Qj) and he can help you.cÖf„wZ|
‡h Phrase †Kvb Verbal Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Verbal Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- He bids fair to (m¤¢eZ) be
a great poet in future. Do not speak ill of (wb›`v Kiv) others. Do not look down upon (N„bv
Kiv) the poor. Get the poem by heart (gyL¯— Kiv). He is going to the dogs (‡Mvj−vq hvIqv)
mixing with the bad boys. I have run into debts (Fb nIqv). cÖf„wZ|
‡h Phrase †Kvb Adverb Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Adverbial Phrase e‡j| †hgb- He left the hostel
bag and baggage (ZwíZívmn). He can walk ten miles at a stretch (GKUvbv). The theif was
caught red handed (nv‡Z bv‡Z aiv). He comes from here every (cÖvqB). I am trying heart and
soul (cÖvb c‡b, g‡b cÖv‡b) to pass the test. He lives from hand to mouth (w`b G‡b w`b LvIqv). He
reached home safe and sound (wbivc`). cÖf„wZ|
‡h Phrase †Kvb Preposition Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Prepositional Phrase e‡j| †hgb- Monir
succeeded by dint of (e‡j, Øviv) industry. I took Physics in lieu of (cwie‡Z©) Chemistry.
Inspite of (m‡Ë¡I) all my wealth, I am not happy. In quest of (mÜv‡b) knowledge he reads
books. The case was decided in favour of (AbyKz‡j) him. He came to see me.cÖf„wZ|
‡h Phrase †Kvb Conjunction Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunctional Phrase e‡j| †hgb- He as well
as (Ges, AviI, mn) his brothers comes to me now and then. Do it as soon as (hZ kxNÖ) you
can. Give me as much as (hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb) you can spare. We must not go out as long as
(hZ¶b chš—©)it rains. He talks as if (‡hb) he is mad. He hates me, on the contrary (c¶vš—‡i) I
love him. No sooner (‡hB gvÎ) had he left the place than the fire broke out. cÖf„wZ|
Tense (Kvj)
wµqv ev Verb Gi Kvj‡K Tense e‡j| A_v©r †Kvb wµqvi KvR †Kvb mg‡q msMwVZ nq, n†qwQj ev n‡e Zv
eySvevi Rb¨ Verb Gi †h wfbœwfbœ iƒc nq, Zv‡K Tense e‡j| †hgb- He goes to school. He went to
school yesterday. He will go to school tomorrow. cÖf„wZ|
Tense cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi;h_v-1.Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj), 2.Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj), 3.Future
Tense (fwel¨Z Kvj)|
‡Kvb Verb Gi KvR eZ©gvb Kv‡j wb¯úbœ nq, Giƒc eySv‡Z Verb Gi Present Tense nq| †hgb- I read a
book. She draws a picture.cÖf„wZ|
Present Tense Pvi cÖKvi; h_v- a. Present Indefinite Tense (mvavib eZ©gvb Kvj), b. Present
Continuous Tense (NUgvb eZ©gvb Kvj), c. Present Perfect Tense (cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj), d.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense (cyivNUgvb Kvj)|
Verb Gi †h form ev AvKvi Subject mwµq wKsev A‡b¨i Øviv K…ZKg© Zvi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zv eySvq,
Zv‡K Voice (evP¨) e‡j| Intransitive Verb Gi Passive Voice nq bv|
Transitive Verb Gi Voice `yB cÖKvi; h_v- i.Active Voice(KZ…©evP¨) Ges ii. Passive Voice
(Kg©evP¨)|
‡Kvb Sentence Gi Subject hLb wb‡R mw¯Œq (Active) n‡q Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i, ZLb Zvi Active Voice
nq; †hgb- I read a book. You see a bird. He killed a tiger. cÖf„wZ|
‡Kvb Sentence Gi Subject hLb wbw¯Œq (Passive) †_‡K A‡b¨i Øviv K…ZKg© Zvi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv nq,
ZLb Zvi Gi Passive Voice nq; ‡hgb- A book is read by me. A bird is seen by you. A tiger
was killed by him. cÖf„wZ|
Active Voice ‡K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mvavib wbqgvejx-
a. Active Voice Gi Verb Gi Object wU Passive Voice Gi Subject Gi nq|
b. Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq Ges Zvi c~‡e© Subject Gi Number Person I
Tense Abymv‡i Verb ‘to be’Gi iƒc emv‡Z nq|
c. Active Voice Gi Subject wU Passive Voice G Object nq I Zvi c~‡e© ‘by’ e‡m, KLbI KLbI
‘to’ A_ev ‘with’ Preposition e‡m|
i. Present Indefinite Tense
evsjviƒc: Kiv nq|
MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i am, is ev are e‡m Ges Zvici Verb Gi
Past Participle e¨eüZ nq|
Structure: Subject + am, is ev are + Verb Gi Past Participle
Active: Kazal draws a picture. Passive: A picture is drawn by Kazal.
Active: I know him. Passive: He is known to me. (mvavibZ known Gi ci to e‡m)
Active: I give them some water. Passive: They are given some water by me.
ii. Present Continuous Tense
evsjviƒc: Kiv nB‡Z‡Q|
MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i am being, is being ev are being e‡m
Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq|
Structure: Subject + am being, is being ev are being + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle
Active: He is reading a book. Passive: A book is being read by him.
Active: I am drawing a picture. Passive: A picture is being drawn by me.
Active: Rani is making tea. Passive: Tea is being made by Rani.
iii. Present Continuous Tense
evsjviƒc: Kiv nBqv‡Q|
MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i have been ev has been e‡m Ges
Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq|
Structure: Subject + have been ev has been + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle
Active: They have seen the book. Passive: The book has been seen by them.
Active: You have eaten rice. Passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Active: Kazal has bought a car. Passive: A car has been bought by Kazal.
iv. Past Indefinite Tense
evsjviƒc: Kiv nBqv‡Q|
‡h word Øviv Noun Ges Pronoun e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ Parts of Speech Gi we‡klZ¡ cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K
Adverb e‡j| †hgb- Quickly, just, slowly, not, very, fast, well cÖf„wZ|
An Adverb is a modifying word.
Adverb cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi; h_v-1.Simple Adverb, 2.Interogative Adverb, 3.Relative or
Conjunctive Adverb.
‡h Adverb ïay †Kvb word ev Sentence †K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Simple ev Independent Adverb
e‡j| †hgb- The boy plays well. Unfortunately he failed in his attempt.cÖf„wZ|
A_© Abymv‡i Simple Adverb †K wbb¥ wjwLZ K‡qK cÖKv‡i fvM Kiv nq-
Adverb of Time: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb Gi Kvj wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Time e‡j|
†hgb- Now, then, early, always, before, daily, ever, never, soon, ago, whole, already,
immediately, today, yesterday, since, lately cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Place:‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb Gi ¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Place e‡j|
†hgb- There, here, hither, thither, near, above, after, blow, thence, inside, far, in, within,
out, up, away cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Manner and Quality: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb wKiƒ†c wb¯úbœ Zv wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
Adverb of Manner and Quality e‡j| †hgb- Well, badly, ill, aloud, thus, wisely, quickly,
so, fast, highly, hardly, gently, swiftly cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Frequency ev Adverb of Number: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb KZevi m¤úbœ nq Zv eySvq,
Adverb of Frequency ev Adverb of Number Zv‡`i‡K e‡j| †hgb- Once, again, ever, always,
often, never, usually, generally, rarely, sometimes, occasionally cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Degree: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQyi cwigvb I ZviZg¨ wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of
Degree e‡j| †hgb- Almost, quite, very, too, enough, rather, much, little, hardly, partly, no,
half cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Order: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQy ‡Kvb chv©‡q N‡U Zv wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of
Order e‡j| †hgb- Firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Affirmation and Negation ev Adveb of Assertion: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQy m¤^‡Ü
nvu-m~PK, bv-m~PK ev wbðqZvm~PK gš—e¨ cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Affirmation and Negation ev
Adveb of Assertion e‡j| †hgb- Yes, no, surely, certainly, indeed, perhaps, really,
probably, truly, possibly cÖf„wZ|
Sentence Adverb: ‡h Adverb ‡Kvb Sentence ‡K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Sentence Adverb e‡j|
†hgb- Fortunately, surely, unfortunately, perhaps, yes, no, indeed, yet, besides, therefore
cÖf„wZ|
wKš—y, wKQy wKQy Adverb KLbI KLbI †Kvb cÖ‡kœi Dˇi A‡bK mgq Sentence Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq,ZLb
Zv‡`i‡K Substitute of Sentence ev Substitute Adverb e‡j| †hgb- Yes, no cÖf„wZ|
Adverb of Cause and Effect: ‡h mg¯— Adverb †Kvb wKQyi Kvib I djvdj wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
Adverb of Cause and Effect e‡j| †hgb- Why, therefore, wherefore, hence, accordingly,
consequently cÖf„wZ|
Genetive Adverb: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Possessive Noun n‡Z MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Genetive Adverb
e‡j| †hgb-Once (= of one time), twice(= of two times), thrice(= of three times), always(=
of all ways) cÖf„wZ| G‡K Possessive Adverb I e†j|
wewfbœ e¨w³, cÖYx ev e¯—yi g‡a¨ Zyjbv eySv‡Z Adjective Gi †h wewfbœiƒc e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Comparision
of Adjective e‡j| GwU Degree of Comparision bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
Degree of Comparision wZb cÖKvi; h_v-
1.Positive Degree, 2.Comparative Degree, 3. Superlative Degree.
Zzjbv bv eywS‡q †Kvb Adjective mvavibfv‡e ¸b ev †`vl cÖKvk Ki‡j Zvi Positive Degree nq| †hgb-
Rani is beautiful. He is bad.cÖf„wZ|
hLb ‡Kvb Adjective Øviv `yB‡qi g‡a¨ ¸b ev †`v‡li g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySvq, ZLb Zvi Positive Degree nq|
†hgb-Rani is more beautiful than Ava. He is worse than you. cÖf„wZ|
hLb †Kvb Adjective Øviv `yB‡qi AwaK A_©vr eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySvq, ZLb Zvi Superlative Degree
nq| †hgb-Rani is the most beautiful of all the girls. He is the worst boy in the class. cÖf„wZ|
‡h me word †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Sentence Gi Aš—M©Z Ab¨vb¨ Noun ev Pronoun
Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Preposition (Pre- c~‡e©, Position- Ae¯’vb) e‡j|
A Preposition is a relating (connecting-expressing) word.
‡hgb- On, to, of, into, up, before, above cÖf„wZ|
Preposition ‡K mvavibZ Qq †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq; †hgb- 1.Simple Preposition, 2.Double
Preposition, 3.Compound Preposition, 4.Participle Preposition, 5. Phrase Preposition, Ges
6.Disguised Preposition.
‡h word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word ev Sentence †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction e‡j|
Conjunction is a joining word. ‡hgb-And, or, but, while, also, too cÖf„wZ|
Conjunction mvavibZ wZb cÖKvb;h_v-1.Co-ordinating or Co-ordinative Conjunction,
2.Sub-ordinating or Sub-ordinative, 3.Correlative Conjunction
‡h Conjunction `yBwU mgRvZxq word ev Sentence †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Co-ordinating ev Co-
ordinative Conjunction e‡j| †hgb-And, but, or, as well as, nor, for cÖf„wZ|
Avevi, Co-ordinating or Co-ordinative Conjunction Pvui cÖKvi;h_v-
a. Cumulative or Copulative Conjunction: GwU mvavibfv‡e GKwU e³e¨‡K Aci GKwU e³‡e¨i
mv‡a mshy³ K‡i; †hgb-He is guilty and he is punished. She as well as her sister is well.cÖf„wZ|
GKBfv‡e too, also cÖf„wZ Cumulative or Copulative Conjunction |
b. Adversative Conjunction: GwU ‰ecwiZ¨ ÁvcK e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i; †hgb-But, yet,
still, only, while, whereas cÖf„wZ|
c. Alternative Conjunction: GwU `yBwUi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K evQvB K‡i wb‡q e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab K‡i;
†hgb-Or, nor, else, otherwise cÖf„wZ|
‡h me word Øviv nl©, welv`, N„bv, we¯§q BZ¨vw` g‡bi Av‡eM cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K Interjection e‡j|
An Interjection is an emotion-expressing word.
‡hgb- a. nl© (Joy)-Hurrah! Huzza! b. welv` (Grief)-Alas! c. we¯§q (Surprise)-Ha! What! Oh!
Ah! d. Aby‡gv`b (Approval)-Bravo e. Ab¨vb¨ (Others)-Hush! Hark! cÖf„wZ|
KZ¸‡jv Phrase ev‡K¨i mv‡_ †Kvb cÖKvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb bv K‡i Interjection Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K
Interjectional Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb-Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good heavens! cÖf„wZ|
e¨wZµg-
a. hw` Subordinate Clause Øviv †Kvb wPiš—b mZ¨ (Universal truth) ev Af¨vmMZ (Habitual fact)
Kvh© cÖKvwkZ nq, Z‡e Principal Clause Gi Verb wU Past Tense Gi n‡jI Subordinate Clause Gi
Verb Gi Present Tense n‡e; †hgb-The teacher said that the earth is round. He said that man
is mortal. We knew that blind cann’t see. Alam told me that his brother drinks tea.
Derivatives
k‡ãi g~j‡K root e‡j| †hgb- Boy, good, sun, sing cÖf„wZ|
g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨w¯’Z e‡Y©i cwieZ©b Øviv A_ev g~j k‡ãi Avw` ev A‡š— eY© ev eY©mgwó †hvM K‡i †h mKj bZyb
kã MVb Kiv nq, Zv‡`i †K Derivatives e‡j| †hgb-Adjective Gi †k‡l ent ev ant _vK‡j t Gi ¯’‡j ce
ev cy †hvM K‡i Noun Form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
Absent (Abycw¯’Z) Absency (Abycw¯’wZ) Accept (MÖnb Kiv) Acceptance (MÖnb)
k‡ãi c~‡e© †hme eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ nq, Zv‡`i †K Prefix (DcmM©) e‡j| ‡hgb-Careful-Becareful,
Act-Enact cÖf„wZ|
Punctuation kãwU j¨vwUb kã Punctus †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Punctuas Gi A_© we›`y ev wPý| weiwZ Ávc‡bi
Rb¨ wjwLZ Sentence Gi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l †h we‡kl wPý e¨envi Kiv nq, †mB wPýMy‡jv‡K Punctuation
Marks (hwZ wPý ev weiwZ wPý) e‡j|
Bs‡iwR‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb cÖavb Punctuation Marks Gi bvg I cÖZxK wPý wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv-
1. Note of Interrogation or, Question Mark (?) 8. Apostrophe (’)
2. Note of Exclamation or, Exclamation Mark (!) 9. Dash (-)
3. Full stop (.) 10. Colon-dash (:-)
4. Comma (,) 11. Colon (:)
5. Semi-colon (;) 12.Hyphen (-)
6. Brackets or, Parenthesis Marks/Parenthesis (){}[] 13. Asterisk (*)
7. Inverted Commas or Quotation Mark (“ ”) 14. Marking Omissions (....)
GKwU Sentence †K Zvi e¨vKibMZ iƒc cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ iƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kivi ixwZ‡K Conversion of
Sentence e‡j|
wb‡b¥ Conversion Gi KwcZq `„óvš— Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
a. Affirmative ‡_‡K Negative -
1. Verb ‘to be’ Gi c‡i not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
I am busy. I am not busy. You are weak. You are not weak.
He was good. He was not good. They are playing. They are not playing.
2. Verb ‘to be’ bv _vK‡j g~j Verb Gi c~‡e© do not ev did not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K
Negative Kiv nq| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
I go to school. I do not go to school. You went to school. You did not go to school.
He goes to school. He does not go to school. He went to school. He did not go to school.
[wet`ªt Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î kyay does not e‡m Ges g~j Verb Gi ‘s’ ev‘es’
D‡V hvq|]
3. Verb ‘to have’ Gi Object Gi c~‡e© no ewm‡q A_ev Verb ‘to have’ Gi c~‡e© do not ev does not
ev did not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative
I have a pen. I have no pen. / I do not have a pen.
He had a watch. He had no watch. / He did not have a watch.
Z‡e j¶Yxq-
i. ‘No’ em‡j Article wU‡K Acmvib K‡i| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative
I have a book. I have no book.
5. Imperative Sentence G g~j Verb Gi c~‡e© do not ewm‡q Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
Come here. Do not come here. Beat the boy. Do not beat the boy.
Write to him. Do not write to him. Go there. Do not go there.
b. Assertive Sentence ‡_‡K Interrogative-
1. Auxiliary Verb ‡K Subject Gi c~‡e© wb‡q G‡m Assertive Sentence †K Interrogative Sentence
G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb-
Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
The boy is intelligent. Is the boy intelligent? I had a book. Had I a book?
You are helping him. Are you helping him? He can swim. Can he swim?
He has done the work. Has he done the work? I must do it. Must I do it?
The will win the game. Will they win the game? He was reading. Was he reading?
2. †Kvb Sentence G hw` †Kvb Auxiliary Verb bv _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© do ev does ev did ewm‡q
Interrogative Sentence G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb-
Assertive Interrogative Assertive Interrogative
I hear the sound. Do I hear the sound? He caught a bird. Did he catch a bird?
I called him. Did I call him? He goes to school. Does he go to school?
c. Interrogative ‡_‡K Negative Interrogative-
1. Interrogative Sentence Gi Nominative Gi ci not ewm‡q Negative Interrogative Kiv nq|
Z‡e Subject wU Noun n‡j Zvi c~‡e© not e‡m| †hgb-
Interrogative Negative Interrogative Interrogative Negative Interrogative
Is he a good Is he not a good boy? Was Monir reading? Was Monir not
boy? reading?
Are you Are you not playing? Am I going to Am I not going to
playing? school? school?
a. Parsing word (c` cwiPq): ‡Kvb Sentence Gi Aš—iMZ word ¸‡jvi Parts of Speech wK Ges
Zviv ci¯úi wK m¤úK© i¶v K‡i, Zv †h we‡kl c×wZ‡Z wb‡`©k Kiv nq, Zv‡K Parsing e‡j|
b. Analysis Sentence (evK¨ we‡k−lb): †Kvb GKwU Sentence †hme word wb‡q MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i
ci¯ú‡ii m¤úK© we‡k−lb Kiv‡K Analysis e‡j|
c. Synthesis of Sentence (evK¨ ms‡hvRb): `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Simple, Compound ev Complex
Sentence †K GKwU Simple, Compound ev Complex Sentence G cwibZ Kivi ix‡Z †K Synthesis
of Sentence e‡j|
d. Syntax (evK¨ MVb): Sentence Gi h_v¯’v‡b Dchy³ word ¯’vcb ‡K Syntax e‡j| Laws of
Syntax †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v-1. Laws of Agreement, Ges 2. Laws of Arrangement
1. Laws of Agreement - i. Subject Gi Number I Person Gi mv‡_ Verb Gi Number I
Person Gi m½wZ|
ii. Demonstrative Adjective 'this' I'that' †h Noun ‡K Qualify K‡i Zvi Number Gi m½wZ|
iii. Pronoun ev Ab¨ Noun Gi mv‡_ Noun in Apposition Gi Case Gi m½wZi wbqg‡K Laws of
Agreement ev Concord e‡j|
2. Laws of Arrangement-Sentence G Subject, Object I Ab¨vb¨ word ev Phrase †K h_v¯’v‡b
ms¯’vcb Kivi wbqg‡K Laws of Arrangement e‡j|