Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and Antennas

Part 4 for ECE Board Exam

pinoybix.org/2015/04/transmission-lines-and-antennas-coaching-part4.html

April 12,
2015

(Last Updated On: September 10, 2019)

This is the Coaching materials in

Transmission Lines and Antennas Part 4 as
one topic in ECE Board Exam taken from
various sources including but not limited
to past Board Examination Questions in
Electronic System and Technologies (EST), Communications Books, Journals and other
Communications References. This particular Coaching Notes in Communications
Engineering has random Questions and Answers in random topics. Make sure to familiarize
this review notes to increase the chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.

Transmission Lines and Antennas Coaching Materials Part 4

151. A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate the gain in decibels.

1.43 dBi

152. The ERP of a transmitting station is

17W in a given direction. Express this as an
ERP in dBm so that it can be used with the
path loss equation. Also find EIRP.

ERP = 42.3 dBm; EIRP = 44.44 dBm

153. A helical antenna with eight turns is to be

constructed for a frequency of 1.2GHz (a) calculate
the optimum diameter and spacing for the antenna
and find the total length of the antenna. (b) calculate
the antenna gain in dBi (c) calculate the bandwidth.

(a) 62.5 mm; (b) 14.8 dBi; (c) 36.6 degrees

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154. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of
3 m, an efficiency of 60%, and operates at
a frequency of 4 GHz. Calculate the gain
and beamwidth.

G = 39.8 dBi; beamwidth = 1.78 degrees.

155. A power of 100 W is supplied to an isotropic radiator.

What is the power density at a point 10 km away?

79.6 nW/square meter

156. Find the electrical field strength for a signal power of 100W at a distance of 10 km
away.

5.48 mV/m

157. A 5 kW power, produces a field intensity of 50 uV/m at the receiver, what field intensity
will be received if the power is raised to 20 kW?

100uV/m

158. A transmitter has a power output of 150 W at a carrier frequency of 325 MHz. It is
connected to an antenna with a gain of 12 dBi. The receiving antenna is 10km away and has
a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate the power delivered to the receiver, assuming free-space
propagation. Assume also that there are no losses or mismatches in the system.

404 nW

159. A taxi company uses a central

dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a
15 m tower, to communicate with taxi
cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars, approximately 1.5 m above the ground.
Calculate the maximum communication distance: (a) between the dispatcher and a taxi (b)
between taxis

(a) 21 km (b) 10.1 km

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160. In the right-hand rule for propagation, the thumb points in the
direction of the E field and the forefinger points in the direction of
the H field. In what direction does the middle finger point?

Direction of wave propagation.

161. Which two composite fields (composed of E and H fields) are associated with every
antenna?

Induction field and radiation field

162. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is found stored in the antenna?

Induction field.

163. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is propagated into free space?

Radiation field

164. If a transmitting antenna is placed close to the ground, how should the antenna be
polarized to give the greatest signal strength?

Vertically polarized.

165. What is one of the major reasons for the fading of radio waves which have been
reflected from a surface?

Shifting in the phase relationships of the wave.

166. What are the three layers of the atmosphere?

Troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere

167. Which layer of the atmosphere has relatively little effect on radio waves?

Stratosphere

168. What is the determining factor in classifying whether a radio wave is a ground wave or
a space wave?

Whether the component of the wave is travelling along the surface or over the
surface of the earth.

169. What is the best type of surface or terrain to use for radio wave transmission?

Radio horizon is about 1/3 farther.

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170. What is the primary difference between the radio horizon and the natural horizon?

Seawater.

171. What three factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation?

(a) electrical properties of the terrain (b) frequency (c) polarization of the antenna

172. What causes ionization to occur in the ionosphere?

High energy ultraviolet waves from the sun.

173. How are the four layers of the ionosphere designated?

D,E,F1,F2 layers.

174. What is the height of the individual layers of the ionosphere?

D layer is 30-55 miles, E layer is 55 to 90 miles, F layers are 90 to 240 miles.

175. What factor determines whether a radio wave is reflected or refracted by the
ionosphere?

Thickness of ionized layer

176. There is a maximum frequency at which vertically transmitted radio waves can be
refracted back to earth. What is this maximum frequency called?

Critical Frequency.

177. What three main factors determine the amount of refraction in the ionosphere?

(a) density of ionization of the layer (b) frequency (c) angle at which it enters the layer

178. What is the skip zone of a radio wave?

A zone of silence between the ground wave and sky wave where there is no reception.

179. Where does the greatest amount of ionospheric absorption occur in the ionosphere?

Where ionization density is greatest

180. What is meant by the term multipath?

A term used to describe the multiple pattern a radio wave may follow.

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181. When a wide band of frequencies is transmitted simultaneously, each frequency will
vary in the amount of fading. What is this variable fading called?

Selective fading

182. What are two main sources of EMI with which radio waves must compete?

Natural and man-made interference

183. Thunderstorms, snow storms, cosmic sources, the sun, etc., are a few examples of emi
sources. What type of EMI comes from these sources?

Natural

184. Motors, switches, voltage-regulators, generators, etc., are a few examples of EMI
sources, what type of EMI comes from these sources?

Man-made

185. What are the two general types of variations in the ionosphere?

Regular and irregular variations.

186. What is the main difference between these two types of variations?

Regular variations can be predicted but irregular variations are

Unpredictable

187. What are the four main classes of regular variation which affect the extent of ionization
in the ionosphere?

Daily, seasonal, 11-year, and 27-days variation.

188. What are the three more common types of irregular variations in the ionosphere?

Sporadic E, sudden disturbances, and ionospheric storms.

189. How do raindrops affect radio waves?

They can cause attenuation by scattering.

190. How does fog affect radio waves at frequencies above 2 Gigahertz?

It can cause attenuation by absorption

191. How is the term “temperature inversion” used when referring to radio waves?
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It is a condition where layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool air.

192. How does temperature inversion affect radio transmission?

It can cause vhf and uhf transmission to be propagated far beyond normal line-of-
sight distances.

193. In what layer of the atmosphere does virtually all weather phenomena occur?

Troposphere

194. Which radio frequency bands use the tropospheric scattering principle for propagation
of radio waves?

VHF and above.

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