Diesel Engine

Four stroke diesel engine is similar to gasoline engine except:

 there is no spark plug.
 diesel fuel is injected.
 higher compression ratio.
1. Intake valve
2. Exhaust valve
3. Injection nozzle
4. Combustion chamber
5. Piston
6. Connecting rod
7. Crankshaft

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Diesel Engine-Operation
Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust

Diesel engine has no spark pug, and ignition is due to high compression so it is
called Compression Ignition Engine (CI Engine).
Gasoline engine has spark plug so it is called Spark Ignition Engine (SI Engine)
Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Diesel engine animation

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Comparison between Gasoline and diesel engine
Gasoline Engine Diesel Engine
Spark plug Glow plug (for preheating of air)
Having carburetor for A/F mixture Injector (atomizer) provides fuel

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Combustion chamber types in diesel engine
Direct Injection Type Indirect Injection Type
combustion chamber combustion chamber
(Swirl chamber)

A. Combustion chamber
B. Fuel Injection system
C. Preheating system
(glow pug)

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Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Output control- Gasoline and diesel engine
In gasoline engine the output is In diesel engine there
controlled by a throttle valve that is no throttle valve so
regulates the volume of the air-fuel the flow of intake air
mixture that is drawn into the engine. is constant and output
is controlled by
regulating the volume
of fuel injected.

Throttle body

when driver presses the accelerator

When driver presses the accelerator
pedal, the volume of fuel that is injected
paddle the throttle valve regulates into the cylinders increases, which
the air-fuel mixture. increases the power output of the engine.
Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Performance of Engine- Torque and Power
Torque, T is the twisting or rotational force acting perpendicularly to a
distance from an axis of rotation. SI Unit is Nm.
Torque =1 ft × 10 lb =10 ft-lb
When wrench is 2 ft long then
the same 10 lb force will
produce a torque of 20 ft-lb.
1ft-b=1.3558 Nm

Power, P is the rate of doing work. The unit of power is J/s or W.

2 NT
P 33000 ft-lb N  T [ft-lb]
60 1 hp  P [hp] 
1 minute 5252
N is the RPM
Old German unit for horse power is Pferdestarke (PS)
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Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Engine Performance curve

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Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
Quiz- Identify the type of engine-gasoline or diesel ?
Engine A Engine B

A gasoline direct-injection (GDI) system

injects fuel under high pressure directly
into the combustion chamber.
Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 9
 Comparison between Gasoline and diesel engine
SI Engine CI Engine
Gasoline (More volatile therefore Diesel (Less volatile therefore less
prone to Self -ignition/knocking) prone to self-ignition/knocking)

Low compression ratio 8-12 (lower High compression ratio 12-24

efficiency) (higher efficiency)

Light construction (Less noise and Rugged and heavy construction

vibrations) Light duty applications (More Vibrations and noise)

Light duty applications (cars) Heavy duty applications (trucks)

High peak engine RPM (3000- Low peak engine RPM (2000-
8000) 3000)
Maximum torque at high RPM Maximum torque at low RPM

Quantity of A/F mixture is Quantity of fuel is controlled

controlled

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)
 Valve timing mechanisms

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 11
 Rocker arm ratio

A 1.5:1 ratio rocker arm means that

dimension A is 1.5 times the length of
dimension B. Therefore, if the pushrod is
moved up 0.4 in. by the camshaft lobe,
the valve will be pushed down (opened)
0.4 ×1.5=0.6 in.

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 12
 Valve timing diagram
Valve timing diagram refers to the opening and closing of the valves in
relation to the crankshaft rotation.

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 13
 Valve timing diagram

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 14
Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 15
 Lobe separation angle

 Intake duration + Exhaust duration   Overlap 

Lobe separation angle =   
 4   2 

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 16
 Variable Valve timing-animation

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 17
 Problem: Valve timing diagram
Using the given valve timing diagram below calculate:
(i). Valve overlap
(ii). Intake duration
(iii). Exhaust duration
(iv). Lobe separation angle

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 18
 1NZ-FE ENGINE from Toyota

The 1NZ-FE engine is a newly developed in-line 4-cylinder, 1.5-liter, 16-valve DOHC
engine. This engine has adopted the VVT-i (Variable Valve Timing-intelligent) system
and has been developed to realize high performance, quietness, fuel economy and clean
emissions.
Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 19
 ENGINE specifications of 1NZ-FE

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine) 20
 Assignment questions
Q1. How compression ratio of an engine can be changed ?
Q2. What will be the effect of altitude (going well above sea level) on the
power output of an engine?
Q3. Find out engine specifications for the Engines of the newest model of
Suzuki Mehran (or Wagon-R), Toyota Corolla, and Honda City. (Make sure
you understand all the parameter mentioned in the engine specification.)
Q4. From the engine specifications of Q3 or from their corresponding valve
timing diagram calculate:
(i). Valve overlap
(ii). Intake duration
(iii). Exhaust duration
(iv). Lobe separation angle
Q5. What will happen to diesel engine when petrol is fed or diesel is fed into
petrol.

Introduction to Automotive Systems by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid Hashmi (Lecture 3- Gasoline and Diesel Engine)