CMY1501/101/3/2020

Tutorial letter 101/3/2020

Introduction to Criminology:
Crime, Offenders and Criminal
Behaviour
CMY1501

Semesters 1 & 2

Department of Criminology and Security

Science

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
 CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES 4
2.1 Purpose 4
2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria 4
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 5
3.1 Lecturer(s) 5
3.2 Department 6
3.3 University 6
4 RESOURCES 6
4.1 Prescribed books 6
4.2 Recommended books 6
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) 6
4.4 Library services and resources information 6
4.5 E-tutoring services offered to students 7
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES 7
6 STUDY PLAN 8
7 PRACTICAL WORK 8
8 ASSESSMENT 8
8.1 Assessment plan 8
8.2 General assignment numbers 8
8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers 9
8.2.2 Assignment due dates 9
8.3 Submission of assignments 9
8.4 Assignments 12
9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS 29
10 EXAMINATION 29
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 30
12 IN CLOSING 30

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Dear Student

As part of this tutorial letter, we wish to inform you that Unisa has implemented a transformation
charter based on five pillars and eight dimensions. In response to this charter, we have also placed
curriculum transformation high on the agenda. For your information, curriculum transformation
includes the following pillars: student-centred scholarship, the pedagogical renewal of teaching and
assessment practices, the scholarship of teaching and learning, and the infusion of African
epistemologies and philosophies. These pillars and their principles will be integrated at both the
programme and module levels, as a phased-in approach. You will notice the implementation thereof
in your modules, and we encourage you to fully embrace these changes during your studies at Unisa.

1. INTRODUCTION

We are pleased to welcome you to this module and hope that you will find it both interesting and
rewarding. We shall do our best to make your study of this module successful. You will be well on
your way to success if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments
properly.

You will receive a number of tutorial letters during the year. A tutorial letter is our way of
communicating with you about teaching, learning and assessment.

The study material for this module consists of the following:

 One study guide

 Tutorial letters 101 and 301 after registration and you will receive a number of additional tutorial
letters during the year

Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and
assignments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working
through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing
questions to your lecturers.

Please read Tutorial letter 301 in combination with Tutorial letter 101 as it gives you an idea of
generally important information when studying at a distance and within a particular college. In this
tutorial letter (101), you will find the assignments and assessment criteria as well as instructions on
the preparation and submission of the assignments.

We have also included certain general and administrative information about this module. Please
study this section of the tutorial letter carefully. Right from the start we would like to point out that you
must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as
they always contain important and sometimes urgent information.

Please note that students must visit the myUnisa website for CMY1501 on a regular basis to receive
the latest announcements. The postal service has unfortunately become notoriously unreliable of late
and it can therefore occur that a student's hard copy tutorial letter never reaches its destination. All
information relevant to the module is, however, placed on the myUnisa website and students should
therefore never be in a position where they are not aware of any announcements. If you cannot
access the myUnisa website from a personal computer, please visit an internet café, library or post
office where these facilities are available to the public. It will be students' own responsibility to
ensure that they are up to date with all the relevant announcements regarding CMY1501 placed on
the myUnisa website.

I hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!

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2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES

2.1 Purpose

The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and
competencies about crime, offenders and criminal behaviour.

2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria

The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and
competencies about crime, offenders and criminal behaviour.

The curriculum for CMY1501 (module1) covers the following topics:

 Understanding the term “ criminology”

 Giving an overview of the role of criminologists in South Africa
 Sketch the shifting parameters of crime
 Describing the juridical and nonjuridical approaches to the study of crime

Theme 1: What is Criminology?

Demonstrate and apply a comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of criminology,
especially in terms of crime, criminals and criminal behaviour.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

After you have completed this theme you should be able to:

 demonstrate your understanding of the term “criminology”

 give an overview of the role of criminologists in South Africa
 sketch the shifting parameters of crime
 describe juridical and non-juridical approaches to the study of crime
 explain the various schools of criminological thought within the context of Africa and South
Africa
 demonstrate awareness of how criminology relates to cognate areas, such as the role of the
criminologist, approaches to the study of crime and schools of criminological school of thought

Outcomes for Theme 2: Crime in South Africa

Demonstrate systematic knowledge of and insight into the crime problem in South Africa.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

When you have completed this theme you should be able to:

 Sketch the reasons why crime is classified and why it is necessary to produce reliable
information on crime
 Discuss official crime statistics
 Indicate the dropout of offenders as they move through the legal system
 Demonstrate the shortcomings in official statistics
 Give an overview of crime information according to unofficial sources
 Investigate victim surveys

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 Argue the advantages and drawbacks of victim surveys

 Describe self-report studies

Outcomes for Theme 3: Individuals in the crime situation

Demonstrate the ability to construct a profile of the offender and to understand the needs and
motives for criminal behaviour

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

When you have completed this theme you should be able to:

 Define the term “criminal”

 Describe the general profile of the offender with regard to cultural and ethnic diversity, gender
and age
 Give an overview of key concepts such as “needs”,” drives”, “motivation” and “emotion”
 Explain the motivation process
 Understand the different categories of needs
 Illustrate the different types of crime according to specific emotions

Outcomes for Theme 4: Explanation of criminal behaviour

Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of crime causation and explanation (risk factors that
contribute to crime and theories that explain criminal behaviour)

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

When you have completed this theme you should be able to:

 Understand the different dimensions (biological, psychological and social) of the causation of
criminal behaviour.
 Describe the general and specific risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour
 Illustrate the application of crime theories in understanding criminal behaviour
 Use your knowledge about crime causation and explanation to solve well-defined problems
presented scenarios.

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer(s)

Prof AE Hesselink
Brooklyn House G-52
Veale Street 337
Brooklyn
Telephone number 012 433 9484
E-mail address: hesselae@unisa.ac.za

NB: You are welcome to contact me for all your academic enquiries via-email or telephone. You may
also visit me personally, but make sure that you phone me beforehand in order to make an
appointment or send me an email.

In the event that I am unavailable, you can also contact the secondary lecturer.

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Secondary lecturer:

Dr M Barkhuizen
Brooklyn House 1-77
Veale Street
Brooklyn, Pretoria
Email address: barkhm@unisa.ac.za
Telephone: 012 4339483

Students are advised to make contact via e-mail so that a record of the communication can be
retained.

3.2 Department

Department of Criminology and Security Science

P O Box 392
UNISA
0003

Departmental Secretary: Zanele Skhosana – 012 433 9434 (skhoszp@unisa.ac.za)

Administrative Assistant: Ms Judy Motha – 012 433 9475 (maponjm1@unisa.ac.za)

3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module, please
consult the publication Study@Unisa which you received with your study material. This booklet
contains information on how to contact the university, for example to whom you may write, important
telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of times certain facilities are open.

4 RESOURCES

4.1 Prescribed books

There are no prescribed books for this module. This means that you do not have to buy any
additional books. You only need to study your study guide and tutorial letters.

4.2 Recommended books

There are no recommended books

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no e-Reserves in this module.

4.4 Library services and resources information

The Unisa Library offers a range of information services and resources:

 For brief information go to: https://www.unisa.ac.za/library/libatglance

 For more detailed Library information, go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library
 For research support and services (e.g. Personal Librarians and literature search services), go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library/Library-services/Research-support

The Library has created numerous Library guides: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za

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Recommended guides:

 Request and find library material/download recommended material:

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/request
 Postgraduate information services: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/postgrad
 Finding and using library resources and tools: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/Research_skills
 Frequently asked questions about the Library: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask
 Services to students living with disabilities: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/disability

Important contact information:

 https://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask - Ask a Librarian

 Lib-help@unisa.ac.za - technical problems accessing library online services
 Library-enquiries@unisa.ac.za - general library related queries
 Library-fines@unisa.ac.za - for queries related to library fines and payments

4.5 E-tutoring services offered to students

Please be informed that, with effect from 2013, Unisa offers online tutoring (e-tutoring) to students
registered for certain modules at NQF levels 5, 6 and 7 for qualifying first, second and third year
modules. Please communicate with your module leader to find out if any of the modules that you
have registered for falls in this category.

Once you have registered for a qualifying module, you will be allocated to a group of students with
whom you will be interacting during the tuition period as well as an e-tutor who will be your tutor
facilitator. Hereafter, you will receive a sms informing you about your group, the name of your e-tutor
and instructions on how to log onto myUnisa in order to receive further information on the e-tutoring
process. Please note not all students will be allocated to an e-tutor, if there is not a sufficient number
of e-tutors some students will be without an e-tutor.

Online tutoring services are provided by qualified e-tutors who are appointed by Unisa. These
services are offered to students free of charge. You will however need access to a computer and
internet connection to participate in the e-tutoring services. If you live close to a Unisa regional centre
or a Telecentre contracted by Unisa, please visit these facilities to access the internet. All e-tutoring
services occur on myUnisa where you are expected to connect with other students in your allocated
group. It is the role of the e-tutor to guide you through your study material. In order for you to benefit
from the online tutoring, you need to participate in the online discussions that the e-tutor will be
facilitating.

There are modules, which students repeatedly fail and in this regard, face-to-face tutors and tutoring
services are offered (for these modules) at the Unisa regional centres free of charge. However, in
order for you to participate in this, you need to register at your nearest Unisa Regional Centre to
secure attendance of these classes.

5. STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES

Free computer and internet access

Unisa has entered into partnerships with establishments (referred to as Telecentres) in various
locations across South Africa to enable you (as a Unisa student) free access to computers and the
Internet. This access enables you to conduct the following academic related activities: registration;
online submission of assignments; and engaging in e-tutoring activities; signature courses; and in
myUnisa module discussion forums. Please note that any other activity outside of these is for your
own cost such as, printing and photocopying services. For more information on the Telecentre
nearest to you, please visit www.unisa.ac.za/telecentres.

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Important information appears in your Study@Unisa brochure.

6 STUDY PLAN

Use Study@Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 PRACTICAL WORK

There are no practicals for this module.

8 ASSESSMENT

8.1 Assessment plan

All students that submit both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will
automatically receive admission to the examination.

Both Assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory, and therefore you must submit both Assignments
to qualify for the exam. The year mark comprises of 20 per cent of the Assignments’ marks (thus,
each Assignment counts 10 per cent towards the year mark). This 20 per cent (that comprises of
both Assignments’ 10 per cent marks) will then be included with the examination mark (which counts
80 per cent) in order to calculate your final mark for this module. No extension will be granted for
submission of the Assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under any
circumstances. Please make an effort to commence with your Assignments as soon as possible in
order to avoid late submission.

Both Assignments form part of the learning material for this module. When you prepare for the
Assignments, thoroughly peruse through the study guide content and discuss the work with fellow
students or read-up on, or research the topic you are studying – this learning process is known as
‘actively learning’ and it will be a sound foundation for your exam preparation.

The assessment criteria provided above are broad guidelines of the Themes in the study guide and
comments on both the compulsory Assignments will be forwarded to all students registered for this
module in follow-up tutorial letters.

In terms of a decision made by the Senate and by the College of Law, all students must submit two
(compulsory) Assignments per module. One of the reasons for this is that a student is required to
provide evidence that he or she “actively studied” the module material before being allowed to
engage in the examination. The Department of Higher Education requires evidence of registered
students’ active academic participation before a specific date, and consequently no extension of
submission dates for the Assignments is allowed.

Another reason why students will not be permitted to submit Assignments after the due date is that
commentaries on the Assignments will be mailed to the students and will also be available on
myUnisa under “Official study material”. This will enable students to study the Assignment comments
and answer guidelines for examination purposes. We trust that you understand the importance of the
Assignments and the fact that both Assignments must be submitted on time.

8.2 General Assignment numbers

This tutorial letter contains two (2) compulsory Assignments for each semester:

Semester 1: Assignment 01 and 02

Semester 2: Assignment 01 and 02

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8.2.1 Unique Assignment numbers

In addition to the general Assignment numbers (01 or 02), a unique Assignment number (e.g.
205207) should also appear on the cover docket of your Assignment.

First semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 653832

Assignment 02: Unique number: 641444

Second semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 563294

Assignment 02: Unique number: 836237

8.2.2 Assignment due dates

First semester

Submission date for Assignment 01 is: 4 March 2020

Submission date for Assignment 02 is: 6 April 2020

Second semester

Submission date for Assignment 01 is: 14 August 2020

Submission date for Assignment 02 is: 16 September 2020

8.3 Submission of Assignments

Students may submit the Assignments on mark-reading sheets either by post, through Mobile MCQ
submission or electronically via myUnisa. Please note that the Assignments may not be submitted by
fax or e-mail or sent to lecturers. For detailed information on Assignment submissions, please refer to
my Study@Unisa brochure, which you received with your study package.

To submit an Assignment via myUnisa:

 Go to myUnisa
 Log in with your student number and password
 Select the module
 Click on “Assignments” in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen
 Click on the Assignment number you want to submit
 Follow the instructions

Please ensure that the following information appears on your Assignment cover:

Course code
Semester code
Assignment number
Student number
Unique number
Assignment date

You will receive the correct answers to multiple questions automatically. As noted above, comments
on compulsory Assignments will be forwarded to all students registered for this module in a
follow-up tutorial letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments. The tutorial
letter number will be 201. The 201 will also be available on myUnisa: official study material.
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As soon as you have received the comments and feedback please check your answers. The
Assignments and the comments constitute an important part of your learning and should assist you to
be better prepared for the next Assignment and for the examination.

How to approach multiple-choice questions

Please read through the following remarks on answering multiple-choice questions and think about
them. Of course, you do not need to learn them, but please make sure that you understand what is
being said.

A multiple-choice question is the type of short question with a number of options from which the
student has to select the one he or she thinks is correct. The following is a simple example of a
multiple-choice question:

Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime?

(1) rehabilitation
(2) individual deterrence
(3) incapacitation
(4) passive deterrence

The components of a multiple-choice question consist of

Problem statement or question

Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime?

(1) rehabilitation
Distracters (2) individual deterrence
(3) incapacitation
Correct answer (4) passive deterrence

The problem statement or question provides the perspective from which, or the context within which
you have to work to find the most correct alternative. It gives an indication of how to approach the
question. Therefore, always read and consider the problem statement carefully. It is thus the function
of the problem statement to ensure that one alternative is more correct than another.

What is the perspective from which or the context within which you have to work to find the most
correct alternative or answer to the question in the above example?

The key words are objectives of punishment and prevention of crime.

In the example, the key words objectives of punishment are important indicators because the
distractors 1 to 3 can all be classified as objectives of punishment.

You know that all the mentioned objectives of punishment are designed to prevent crime. Therefore,
alternative 4 is incorrect and thus the most correct answer.

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It is important to consider all the alternatives from the perspective provided by the problem statement
or question. Sometimes students choose one of the first alternatives without even looking at the next.
That chosen alternative may be correct (1) rehabilitation in the above example), but one of the later
examples may be even more correct in the light of the perspective provided by the problem
statement.

Bear in mind that the distracters in a multiple-choice question are not necessarily wrong. You must
choose the most correct alternative.

Note that an incorrect answer does not mean that a mark or a fraction of a mark will be subtracted
from the number of correct answers, but merely that no mark is awarded for that answer.

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8.4 Assignments

SEMESTER 1

ASSIGNMENT 01 - COMPULSORY

DUE DATE: 4 MARCH 2020

UNIQUE NUMBER: 653832

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions which appear in the booklet entitled “Instructions for mark-reading sheet”.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all twenty five (25) questions asked below in the manner
explained above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 01: MULTIPLE- CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Differences in the availability of employment, alcohol and drug abuse, peer pressure and social
stressors, and an early onset of crime are … factors that contribute to the high crime rate
among the youth.

1. biological
2. social
3. cultural
3. transitional

2 Crimes such as counterfeiting, embezzlement and fraud are associated with:

1. Social fabric crimes

2. Crimes heavily dependent on police action for tracing
3. Property-related crimes
4. Commercial crimes

3 According to … theory of …, basic needs must be satisfied before one’s self-esteem can be
satisfied.

1. Agnew’s; self-control
2. Sutherland’s; social learning
3. Hirschi’s; social bonds
4. Maslow’s; content

4 Limited empathy and impulsiveness are linked to criminal behaviour and are perceived as …
and … factors.

1. individual; physical
2. genetic; heredity
3. physical; biological
4. biological; personal

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5 According to …, both the victim and the offender are ignored, and the social environment
regulates criminal involvement.

1. feminist criminology
2. the social learning theory
3. critical criminology
4. the social milieu school of thought

6 The … theory focuses on the breakdown in institutions such as the family, schools and
employment in inner-city neighbourhoods.

1. consensus
2. social disorganisation
3. conflict
4. rational choice

7 Who is regarded as the father of American Criminology?

1. Toppinard
2. Sutherland
3. Carafallo
4. Quetelet

8 When a person is labelled as criminal, the label becomes part of his/her personal identity and it
evokes the behaviour the label signifies. This statement is linked to the … theory.

1. social control
2. social disorganisation
3. cultural deviance
4. social action

9 The process of motivation is …. driven.

1. action
2. thought
3. economic
4. need

10 According to …, the traditional explanations of crime ignore the role of ethnicity, gender and
race.

1. feminist criminology
2. the neo-classical school of thought
3. positivistic criminology
4. the social milieu school of thought

11 Poor self-control and good discipline in child rearing are principles linked to the … theory of
crime.

1. trait
2. rational choice
3. general
4. strain

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12 Which one of the following options reflects variations in crime rates with regard to racial and
ethnic groups?

1. Social, educational and economic differences

2. Cultural, political and economic differences
3. Educational, social and political differences
4. Economic, social and cultural differences

13 Which one of the following risk factors is referred to as a “disease” and is one of three
facilitating factors that is often present when crimes are committed?

1. Alcohol
2. Drugs
3. Firearms
4. Low self-control

14 Before an act can be defined as a crime, …. law must regard it as such and …. must be in
place.

1. customary; an effective criminal justice system

2. common; adequately trained police officers
3. private; a lack of overcrowded correctional centres
4. criminal; suitable punishment

15 The … theories explain how people become offenders through learning.

1. consensus
2. process
3. structure
4. feminist

16 Which option below relates to Criminologists and research in the criminal justice system?

1. The formulation of new policies, to shape social and economic policy to prevent crime,
and research on suitable treatment for offenders.
2. To lecture upcoming law students, to shape political and economic policies, and to
conduct research to empower all members of the society.
3. To assist with training of judicial officers in crime and offending behaviour and to develop
policies to address inadequate research practices and economic inequality.
4. The formulation of new laws, to shape economic and political policies, and to conduct
research on suitable treatment for mentally ill persons.

17 The motivation theories that describe and explain how behaviour is started, energised,
sustained and directed comprises the …theories.

1. social learning, choice and control

2. motivation, intent and power-control
3. trait, social and moral reasoning
4. instrumental, content and process

18 The concept of … is an attempt to account for the acquisition of maintenance of criminal

behaviour in terms of contact with particular environments and social groups.

1. criminogenic risk factors

2. external events
3. biological dimension
4. differential association

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19 Which one of the following options refers to the notion that interpersonal conflict shapes human
behaviour and those who maintain social power will use it to further their own needs?

1. Structure
2. Process
3. Consensus
4. Conflict

20 Strain and social isolation are unique elements of lower-class culture. These elements result in
disorganised neighbourhoods and are linked to the … theory.

1. social control
2. social disorganisation
3. cultural deviance
4. social action

21 Population explosion is far greater in urban than in rural areas and urban areas are placed
under increasing pressure to support the growing population. This statement refers to … as a
general factor that contributes to crime.

1. rapid migration from rural to urban areas

2. inadequate welfare services
3. rapid urbanisation
4. the population structure

22 The … theory states that everybody has the potential to become a criminal, that most people
are controlled by their bond to society, and that motivations towards criminal behaviour are
curbed through learned behaviour.

1. social control
2. social disorganisation
3. social action
4. strain

23 The extent to which a theory “enjoys real-life and empirical support” refers to:

1. Evidence of validity.
2. Falsifiability
3. Predictability
4. Plausibility

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24 Which theorist observed the need to address the inequalities in the treatment of respectable
persons who commit crime versus people without power who offend?

1. Beccarria
2. Sutherland
3. Bentham
4. Quetelet

25 Risk factors such as interpersonal conflict, marital conflict, parental neglect and parental
deviance are associated with … as a risk indicator for criminal involvement.

1. family functioning
2. family structure
3. socialisation
4. personality and temperament

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SEMESTER 1

ASSIGNMENT 02 - COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 641444

DUE DATE: 6 APRIL 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained
above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 02: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Factors such as protection of the community as a whole, reconciliation, compensation, political

instability, and unreliable statics refer to:

1. Marxism feminism
2. Black feminism
3. Critical criminology
4. Criminology in Africa

2 Various motivation theories exist. In this regard, … theories state that punishment and reward
serve as a means to ensure that people act in a certain way.

1. process
2. instrumental
3. content
4. structure

3 Serial rapists are motived to rape by … and …

1. frustration; anger.
2. power; anger.
3. control; anger.
4. lust; control.

4 The four (4) types of violent offenders identified by Conklin (2013) include:

1. Situationally violent, criminally violent, pathologically violent and culturally violent

offenders.
2. Criminally violent, gratuitously violent, situationally violent and culturally violent offenders.
3. Gratuitously violent, pathologically violent, criminally violent and situationally violent
offenders.
4. Culturally violent, chronically violent, situationally violent and pathologically violent
offenders.

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5 Factors such as cognition and criminal or non-criminal thought processes are included in an
offender’s …

1. rational choice ability.

2. mind-set.
3. morals and values.
4. problem-solving skills.

6 According to … the major principle that should govern legislation is “the greatest happiness for
the greatest numbers” and the government should be “of the people, by the people, for the
people” – also known as …

1. Bentham; punishment,
2. Lombrosso; determinism.
3. Beccaria; hedonistic principle.
4. Beccaria; utilitarianism.

7 When referring to a ‘good theory’, evidence of validity refers to:

1. Contradiction of ideas
2. Predictions made from research findings
3. Facts fitting together harmoniously to guide policy implications
4. Generalisation of ideas

8 A paramilitary group that metes out justice because of the absence of effective victim
assistance services, resides under … justice.

1. informal
2. formal
3. organised
4. unorganised

9 The term ‘criminology’ means the study of crime and was first used by:

1. Durkheim
2. Toppinard
3. Bentham
4. Lombrosso

10 The enjoyment of warm relationships to master the environment and to acquire a sense of
belonging and competence, is linked to … needs and conditions that are essential for the
maintenance of life.

1. psychological
2. physiological
3. social
4. emotional

11 Which one of the following options refers to problems with self-report studies/surveys?

1. The questions predominantly focus on violent and aggressive crimes.

2. The focus is mostly on juvenile delinquency and young offenders.
3. The questions are not topic-focused, and a wide range of questions are asked.
4. It does not measure attitudes toward crime and social variables.

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12 Determinism is an assumption of … criminology that states that individual differences in

behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or not entirely within, the control of individuals.

1. classical
2. neo-classical
3. positivistic
4. critical

13 Historic credibility problems of the criminal justice system, the absence of effective victim
assistance services and the formation of people’s courts have contributed to … as specific
factors that contribute to crime in South Africa.

1. victim centres and victim impact statements

2. vigilantism, revenge and self-defence
3. political culture, violence and crime
4. access to firearms and political rivalry

14 Cultural deviance is perceived as a … theory.

1. social process
2. social structure
3. trait
4. rational choice

15 Common characteristics of potential offenders include …

1. good frustration tolerance and looking for adventure.

2. impulsiveness and short-sightedness.
3. handling physical pain and above average intelligence.
4. sensitivity and poor self-image.

16 Which one of the options below measures the association between crime and education,
income and attitudes toward crime?

1. Crime mapping
2. Victimisation surveys
3. Systematic observation
4. Self-report surveys

17 Adolescents and adults judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society’s views and
expectations. This means that adolescents try to be a “good boy” or a “good girl” to live up to
society’s views and expectations. These stages are associated with Kohlberg’s … level of
moral development.

1. pre-conventional
2. conventional
3. inter-conventional
4. post-conventional

18 Crime rates are far from being a perfect measure of police activity and, therefore, can create a
misleading image of the horrific rises in certain types of crime. These premises refer to …

1. the social milieu school of thought.

2. postmodern criminology.
3. critical criminology.
4. feminist criminology.

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19 Parental socialisation, deviancy, neglect and insensitivity refer to … as a risk factor for criminal
causation.

1. intelligence
2. personality
3. family structure
4. family functioning

20 With … rape, the act of rape can be viewed as the offender’s expression of ….

1. anger; anger and frustration.

2. revenge; frustration and control.
3. power; retaliation and obsessive fantasies
4. retaliation; power and control.

21 Which one of the options below refers to ‘short-lived, subjective-psychological-functional-

expressive phenomena that organise and orchestrate interrelated aspects of experience’?

1. Cognitions
2. Circumstances
3. Emotions
4. Choices

22 Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning explains that individuals pass through different
phases of moral behaviour. When a child is asked by his/her parents to do a chore and the
parents offer the child an incentive to do the chore, this is an example of … in stage ... of
Kohlberg’s theory.

1. authority and social order; four

2. self-interest; two
3. ethical principles; six
4. obedience; one

23 Which one of the following options is an assumption of positivism, which states that individual
differences in behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control
of individuals?

1. Determinism
2. Free will
3. Social learning
4. Rational choice

24 According to Sheldon’s somatotypes, … refers to a heavy build, slow movement, the body
shape is soft and round, and the personality is extrovert, friendly and sociable.

1. ectomorph
2. mesomorph
3. somamorph
4. endomorph

25 Feminist criminology views women as oppressed both by gender and class and they propose
that inequality is firmly rooted in the … of criminology.

1. rational choice theory

2. social process theory
3. critical or conflict fraction
4. social structure approach
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 CMY1501/101/3/2020

SEMESTER 2

ASSIGNMENT 01 – COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 563294

DUE DATE: 14 AUGUST 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained
above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 01: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Punishment should deter and control behaviour, fit the crime and be swift. To which school of
thought does the above excerpt refer?

1 Social milieu
2 Classical
3 Positivist
4 Critical

2 Which feminist perspective focuses on the importance of patriarchy, and argues that
prostitution is the product of a patriarchal society, inequality and unequal power relations?

1. Postmodern
2. Socialist
3. Radical
4. Liberal

3 Burton (2007), reports that … is a route into gang membership for children that live in
communities in Cape Town where gangs are rife.

1. a sense of belonging
2. negative peer association
3. poor parental supervision
4. substance use

4 The components of emotions include:

1. Feelings, body arousal, a sense of purpose and social expression.

2. Aspirations, social expression, a sense of purpose and feelings.
3. A need for achievement, a sense of purpose and a sense of belonging.
4. A sense of belonging, body arousal, aspirations and social expression.

5 Some offenders weigh the costs and benefits of crime and then the involvement in crime
becomes a decision-making process. This statement is linked to:

1. Social learning
2. Positivism
3. Rational choice
4. Determinism

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6 Which criminologist stated that criminal behaviour is learned during interaction with others,
mostly in small groups, and that criminals learn to favour criminal behaviour over noncriminal
behaviour through association with both forms of behaviour in different degrees?

1. Robert Merton
2. Cesare Beccaria
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. Edwin Sutherland

7 An inability to manipulate abstract concepts, to foresee the consequences of delinquent and

offending behaviour, to appreciate the feelings of victims, as well as frustration associated with
poor verbal abilities, refer to:

1. Physical and biological factors as risk factors associated with criminal causation.
2. Personality and temperament as criminal risk predictors.
3. Mental and psychological disorders as criminal risk factors.
4. Intelligence as a risk indicator of criminal causation.

8 The idea that ‘people differ in the extent to which they are vulnerable to the temptations of the
moment’ refers to:

1. Victim empathy
2. Self-control
3. Moral values
4. A sense of power

9 Classical criminology pronounces that …

1. laws are not equally applied to all citizens.

2. crime cannot be controlled by the fear of punishment.
3. crime is the result of free will and personal choice.
4. people cannot choose to commit criminal activities.

10 The … incident is an example of possessive jealousy and envy that are motivators of criminal
behaviour.

1. Tina Rodrigues
2. Oscar Pistorius
3. Eersterus vigilante
4. Nancy Kerrigan

11 Post-modern criminology proposes … as suggestions to prevent and control crime.

1. education for all, eradication of poverty and unemployment and restoring family values
2. adequate infrastructure, smaller population and less overcrowding in the family
3. gender inequality, political amalgamation and a multicultural population
4. law and order, control of alcohol and drug abuse and uniformity of social classes

12 Research indicates that … may be a critical factor in explaining gender variances in

delinquency.

1. status
2. emotional intelligence
3. differential association
4. slyness

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13 The breakdown of the family and inner-city neighbourhoods may create pressure, which in turn
can produce crime and deviance. This statement refers to:

1. Social disorganisation
2. Rapid urbanisation
3. Problems with the criminal justice system
4. Rapid migration

14 Which option below correlates with age and criminality and the notion that younger people
commit crime more often than older people?

1. Age is inversely related to criminality and research proves that young offenders have the
highest crime rate.
2. As offenders mature, their offending rate increases.
3. Young people are arrested at a proportionate rate to their numbers in the population.
4. Universally, there is a tendency for criminal involvement to peak during adolescence and
upscale thereafter.

15 To … a theory is to consider the theory’s usefulness, comprehensiveness and adequacy in the

explanation of crime.

1. validate
2. predict
3. evaluate
4. falsify

16 Basic body types are usually categorised by physical and personality characteristics. An
introverted personality, a small skeleton and a fragile body shape are characteristics associated
with …

1. symatomorphs.
2. mesomorphs.
3. ectomorphs.
4. endomorphs.

17 According to the … theory, offenders are physically and mentally unique and factors such as
genetics and problems with the nervous system explain crime.

1. strain
2. trait
3. social cognitive
4. social control

18 The labelling theory is also known as the … theory.

1. social action
2. social control
3. rational choice
4. relative deprivation

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19 Which one the following paths of antisocial behaviour have been identified during the
developmental process of a child?

1. The erratic, overt and covert pathways.

2. The overt, covert and conflict pathways.
3. The conflict, erratic and overt pathways.
4. The covert, conflict and erratic pathways.

20 Human behaviour is directed by needs, interests and desires that direct a person’s behaviour
toward the fulfilment of an aroused need. This statement refers to:

1. Cognitions
2. Needs
3. Emotion
4. Internal motives

21 Regarding the social dimension that is associated with studying human behaviour, which one of
the options below refers to a lack of parental love, a hostile parent, and emotionally neglected
children?

1. Parental rejection
2. Parental control
3. Parental conflict
4. A broken home

22 The … theory views crime as offence-specific (based on the characteristics of the crime) and
offender-specific (i.e. requirement of certain skills).

1. trait
2. conflict
3. rational choice
4. social disorganisation

23 Criminologists use … to separate the truth from error by demanding …

1. causes; science.
2. experiments
3. the philosophical method, motivation.
4. the scientific method; evidence.

24 Human behaviour is often influenced by physiological disorders that have a/n … and … effect
which may result in acts of truancy and juvenile delinquency.

1. health; social
2. biological; psychological
3. environmental; social
4. health; biological

25 According to the … theory, crime is a spontaneous, unrestrained, natural human impulse that
requires little skill- with minimal short-term satisfaction.

1. self-control
2. trait
3. rational choice
4. social learning

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SEMESTER 2

ASSIGNMENT 02 - COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 836237

DUE DATE: 16 SEPTEMBER 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained
above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 02: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Human behaviour is a product of social, biological, psychological or economic forces that call
for treatment rather than punishment. This premise relates to the …

1. feminist theory.
2. postmodernist approach.
3. positivistic approach.
4. social structure approach.

2 Which option below is linked to one’s beliefs, expectations and self-concept?

1. Emotions
2. Cognitions
3. Needs
4. Motives

3 The … theory forms part of the … theories.

1. trait; biological
2. social disorganisation; social control
3. cultural deviance; social structure
4. rational choice; feminist

4 For … offenders, an early onset of crime is a risk factor and they usually only take stock of their
lives in their late thirties or early forties.

1. juvenile
2. habitual
3. child
4. mentally ill

5 Concerning the use of one or more data sources, various computational methods are used to
analyse large data sets. This research method refers to:

1. A self-report survey
2. A victim survey
3. Data mining
4. Crime mapping

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6 The causes of criminal behaviour are linked to a person’s character and personal background.
This statement relates to the … school of thought.

1. positivist
2. classical
3. critical
4. neo-classical

7 The … theories outline the way in which society is organised and how it influences people’s
behaviour.

1. conflict
2. process
3. consensus
4. structure

8 The classification of crime in South Africa consists of 35 categories and is linked to:

1. Official crime statistics

2. Crime trends
3. The dark figure of crime
4. The code of crime list

9 Which one of the models below promotes the importance of human rights and is linked to the
idea that the criminal justice process is beset by human error?

1 Crime control
2. Criminal justice
3. Problem-orientation
4. Due process

10 Circumstantial factors, such as an absence of socialisation, truancy and substance abuse are
linked to a poor self-control and the …

1. rational choice theory.

2. social learning theory.
3. general theory of crime.
4. conflict theory.

11 The goal of criminology is to understand the … and to determine how that understanding can
benefit the …

1. offenders; prisons.
2. subject matter; society.
3. victims; criminal justice system.
4. crime differences; community.

12 Cognitions exist of cognitive sources (motivation) and include …, … and …

1. goals, plans; expectancies.

2. moral reasoning; needs; competence.
3. self-control; emotions; wellbeing.
4. empathy; socialisation; achievement.

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13 The … feminists state that females’ lower crime rate (as opposed to their counterparts) can be
ascribed to womens’ second class economic and social status in society.

1. liberal
2. postmodern
3. radical
4. socialist

14 Human beings are studied in terms of different dimensions. Social problem solving and locus of
control are associated with the … dimension.

1. psychological
2. social
3. biological
4. societal

15 Which one of the following criminologists is associated with the term ‘white-collar crime’?

1. Beccaria
2. Sutherland
3. Bentham
4. Lombrosso

16 Which one of the following options relates to a limitation of victim surveys?

1. Victim surveys reflect the number of crimes, but not the number of offenders.
2. Victim surveys reflect the number of victims, but not the number of offenders.
3. Certain offences are committed once-off.
4. Victim surveys reflect accurate and representative crime statistics.

17 The … school of thought is based on the premises that the victim and offender should not be
ignored and attention should be given to punishment and rehabilitation.

1. feministic
2. critical
3. social-environment
4. positivistic

18 Theories that are forward-looking and that direct researchers to new facts, refer to:

1. Plausibility
2. Evidence of validity
3. Predictability
4. Falsifiability

19 The school environment and peer group influences refer to the … dimension according to
which human behaviour is studied.

1. psychological
2. social
3. biological
4. psychosocial

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20 The number of unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics are referred to as:

1. Unreliable official statistics

2. Dark figure of crime
3. Limited police crime reports
4. Predictive official statistics

21 Anger, depression and feelings of humiliation and sadness are linked to … as a component
within the psychological dimension when human behaviour is studied.

1. power and criminal behaviour

2. decision-making and criminal behaviour
3. emotion and criminal behaviour
4. social learning and criminal behaviour

22 Criminology is a science that is … as it is constantly … as new knowledge and insights become

available.

1. theoretical, hypothesising
2. dynamic; developing
3. settled, theorising
4. fluctuating; struggling

23 The … and … approaches are related to the social milieu school of thought.

1. due process; control model

2. social structure; social process
3. socialisation; control model
4. social process; due process

24 Numerous African states apply … criminology to explain and control crime.

1. positivist
2. radical
3. classic
4. critical

25 To be oriented to the present rather than the future and to display risk-taking behaviours that
are self-centred, refer to:

1. Poor coping mechanisms

2. An inadequate support structure
3. An intelligence deficit
4. Low self-control

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9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

For students attending e-tutoring sessions, the e-tutors may also set additional tasks and give
feedback in class.

10 EXAMINATION

For general information and requirements as far as examinations are concerned, see the brochure
Study@Unisa which you received with your study material.

Examination admission

All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates)
will automatically receive admission to the examination.

How will this work in practice?

Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on
20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year
mark) which will be added to the examination mark (which counts 80 percent) to calculate the final
mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments
and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances.

Examination period

This module is offered in a semester period of 15 weeks. This means that if you are registered for
the first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2020 and the supplementary
examination will be written in October/November 2020. If you are registered for the second semester
you will write the examination in October/November 2020 and the supplementary examination will be
written in May/June 2021.

The Examination Section will provide you with information about the examination in general,
examination venues, examination dates and examination times during the course of the semester in
question.

Examination paper

You will write one two-hour paper on an official examination mark-reading sheet as the exams will
consist only of multiple-choice questions.

The paper counts 50 marks.

Your examination mark out of 50 will be adapted to a mark out of 100.

Your examination mark out of 50 (calculated to represent the 80 percent examination mark) together
with your year mark (based on the 20 percent of your assignment marks) will be added to calculate
your final mark for this module.

Previous examination papers are only available to students on myUnisa. Additionally, you may
accept that the self-evaluation questions and activities in the study guide will help you prepare for the
exams.

29
Suggestions on how to approach the examination

It goes without saying that in order to achieve success in any examination there is no substitute for a
sound knowledge of the subject, which can be attained only by way of a thorough study of the study
guide!

However, our experience has been that students who apparently have a good knowledge of the
subject sometimes fail to obtain a pass mark. It is a good idea first to read carefully through each
question on the paper before you attempt to answer it.

Our endeavour is always to ensure that examination papers are not too long and to set a paper that
will test your knowledge in a fair and proper manner and to maintain sound standards. Therefore,
students who have obtained a degree from this University may take pride in their achievement.

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Please read through Study@Unisa brochure which contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

12 IN CLOSING

I hope that you will enjoy this module and I wish you the very best for your studies!

Prof AE Hesselink

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