Capstone 2 New

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department
CE 509
CE Projects 2
Design of an Extension Building of Mayamot National High School in Antipolo Rizal
PREPARED BY:
Lumbania, Hirokatsu
Remoquillo, Kimberly Anne
Rovedillo, Jamil
CE51FC2
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Rhonnie Estores
Instructor
December 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to the persons below who
made this design project possible. They were there in every instance, providing strength and encouragement.
To Engr. Mico Cruzado, for his dedication and keen interest and above all, his overwhelming attitude
to help his students finish the task to a great extent; I extremely appreciate your positive attitude, and
unending appreciation.
To our family, we would not be able to finish this work without your provision, and never-ending
understanding and encouragement. It has given us a much deeper sense of finishing this task and provided
us strength through all the days of work.
To Engr. Prospero Cabornay, our internal advisor, it was your support and constant motivation to us
that helped ease the struggles of every day. We will always appreciate your effort, understanding and
advices.
Above all, we would like to thank God for giving us the chance, the knowledge and wisdom, and
more significantly the perseverance to fulfill this task. we owe Him our deepest and profound gratitude.
ABSTRACT
This project entitled as “Design of a solar powered extension building of Samson College of Science
and Technology, Quezon City” is presented by Alex Carlos, Nick Lopez, Hirokatsu Lumbania, and Kimberly
Anne Remoquillo in partial fulfillment for the requirements in CE 506 (Design Project 1).
The project Design of a Solar Powered Extension Building of Samson College of Science and
Technology, Quezon City which utilized three considerable tradeoffs in order to impose the best possible
transaction. The parts investigated and calculated included the following: beams, columns, and slabs. Also,
the parts of the building selected were considered to be the most critical, computed through the use of a
structural analysis and design software. All load combinations were utilized in the analysis. Consequently,
design specifications from the National Building Code of the Philippines and National Structural Code of the
Philippines were applied during the design procedures. The design schedule and member details of the
structure were then created for the design proper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: PROJECT BACKGROUND 1

1.1 The Project 1
1.2 Project Location 2
1.3 Project Objectives 3
1.3.1 General Objectives 3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives 3
1.4 The Client 3
1.5 Scope & Limitations 3
1.5.1 Scope 3
1.5.2 Limitation 4
1.6 Project Development 4
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN CRITERIA AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6
2.1 Design Criteria 6
2.1.1 Demography 6
2.1.2 Geotechnical Investigation Report 6
2.1.3 Classification of the Structure 12
2.2 Design Loads 12
2.2.1 Dead Loads 12
2.2.2 Live Load 13
2.2.3 Seismic Design Load 15
2.2.4 Wind Load Parameters 16
2.3 Design Plan 17
2.3.1 Architectural Plans 18
2.3.2 Elevation Plans 26
2.3.3 Sectional Plans 29
2.4 Computer Programs used for the Design Project 31
2.4.1 Microsoft Excel 31
2.4.2 AutoCAD 31
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2.4.3 STAAD.Pro 31
2.4.4 ETABS 31
2.5 Review of Related Literature 32
2.5.1 Local Literature 32
2.5.2 Foreign Literature 34
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS AND STANDARDS 37
3.1 Design Constraints 37
3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints 37
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraint 38
3.2 Tradeoffs 39
3.2.1 Structural Trade-off 39
3.2.2 Geotechnical Trade-off 43
3.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking 46
3.4 Initial Estimate and Ranking Computation 48
3.4.1 Raw Ranking for Structural Trade-offs 51
3.4.2 Raw Ranking for Geotechnical Trade-offs 58
3.5 Trade-offs Assessment 65
3.5.1 Trade-offs Assessment for Structural Trade-offs 65
3.5.2 Trade-offs Assessment for Geotechnical Trade-offs 66
3.6 Design Standards 68
3.6.1 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015 68
3.6.2 National Building Code of the Philippines 68
APPENDIX A: REFERENCES 69
APPENDIX B: CODES AND STANDARDS 72
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Project Location 2

Figure 1-2: Lot plan 2
Figure 1-3: Project Development 5
Figure 2-1: Elevation Contour Map of Quezon City 7
Figure 2-2: Topographic Map of Samson College of Science and Technology, QC 7
Figure 2-3: Borehole Locations in Quezon City 8
Figure 2-4: Specifications of k-NN Analysis 10
Figure 2-5: Cross Validation Accuracy 11
Figure 2-6: Elevations vs Confidence per Soil Type 11
Figure 2‑7: Distance of Project Site to the West Valley Fault 15
Figure 2-8: Project Perspective 17
Figure 2-9: Site Development Plan 18
Figure 2-10: Ground Floor Plan 19
Figure 2-11: Second Floor Plan 20
Figure 2-12: Third Floor Plan 21
Figure 2-13: Fourth Floor Plan 22
Figure 2-14: Fifth Floor Plan 23
Figure 2-15: Sixth Floor Plan 24
Figure 2-16: Roof Deck Plan 25
Figure 2-17: Front Elevation 26
Figure 2-18: Rear Elevation 27
Figure 2-19: Side Elevations 28
Figure 2-20: Longitudinal Section 29
Figure 2-21: Cross Section 30
Figure 3-1: Structural Steel 40
Figure 3-2: Pure Lightweight Concrete 41
Figure 3-3: Normal Weight Concrete 42
Figure 3-4: Jet Grouting 44
Figure 3-5: Ground Replacement 45
Figure 3-6: Lime Solution Method 46
Figure 3-7: Ranking Scale 47
Figure 3-8: Computation of Ranking for Structural Steel vs Pure Lightweight Concrete 51
Figure 3-9: Subordinate Rank of Pure Lightweight concrete Plotted in Ranking Scale 52
Figure 3-10: Computation of Ranking for Structural Steel vs Normal Weight Concrete 52
Figure 3-11: Subordinate Rank of Normal Weight Concrete plotted in Ranking Scale 52
Figure 3-12: Computation of Ranking for Normal Weight Concrete vs Pure Lightweight Concrete 53
Figure 3-13: Subordinate Rank of Pure Lightweight Concrete Plotted in Ranking Scale 54
Figure 3-14: Computation of Ranking for Normal Weight Concrete vs Structural Steel 54
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Figure 3-15: Subordinate Rank of Structural Steel Potted in Ranking Scale 54
Figure 3-16: Computation of Ranking for Structural Steel vs Pure Lightweight Concrete 55
Figure 3-17: Subordinate Rank of Pure Lightweight Concrete Plotted in Ranking Scale 56
Figure 3-18: Computation of Ranking for Structural Steel vs Normal Weight Concrete 56
Figure 3-19: Subordinate Rank of Normal Weight Concrete Plotted in Ranking Scale 56
Figure 3-20: Computation of Ranking for Ground Replacement vs Jet Grouting 58
Figure 3-21: Subordinate Rank of Jet Grouting Plotted in Ranking Scale 59
Figure 3-22: Computation of Ranking for Ground Replacement vs Lime Solution 59
Figure 3-23: Subordinate Rank of Lime Solution Plotted in Ranking Scale 59
Figure 3-24: Computation of Ranking for Ground Replacement vs Jet Grouting 60
Figure 3-26: Computation of Ranking for Ground Replacement vs Lime Solution 61
Figure 3-27: Subordinate Rank of Lime Solution Plotted in Ranking Scale 61
Figure 3-28: Computation of Ranking for Lime Solution vs Jet Grouting 62
Figure 3-30: Computation of Ranking for Lime Solution vs Ground Replacement 63
Figure 3-31: Subordinate Rank of Ground Replacement Plotted in Ranking Scale 63
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Total Population in the Past Five (5) years of Samson College of Science and Technology,
Quezon City 6
Table 2-2: Soil Classification 9
Table 2-3: Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials 12
Table 2-4: Minimum Design Dead Loads 13
Table 2-5: Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads 14
Table 2-6: Seismic Data 16
Table 2-7: Wind Design Inputs 16
Table 3-1: Initial Estimates of Structural Trade-Offs 48
Table 3-2: Initial Estimates of Geotechnical Trade-Offs 49
Table 3-3: Initial Estimated value for Economic Constraint of Structural Trade-offs 51
Table 3-4: Initial Estimated value for Sustainability Constraint of Structural Trade-offs 53
Table 3-5: Initial Estimated value for Constructability Constraint of Structural Trade-offs 55
Table 3-6: Designer’s Raw Ranking for Structural 57
Table 3-7: Initial Estimated value for Economic Constraint of Geotechnical Trade-offs 58
Table 3-8: Initial Estimated value for Sustainability Constraint of Geotechnical Trade-offs 60
Table 3-9: Initial Estimated value for Constructability Constraint of Geotechnical Trade-offs 62
Table 3-10: Designer’s Raw Ranking for Geotechnical 64
Table 3-11: Designer’s Raw Ranking for Structural 65
Table 3-12: Designer’s Raw Ranking for Geotechnical 66
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LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation 3-1: Percent Difference 47

Equation 3-2: Subordinate Rank 47
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CHAPTER I: PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1 The Project
With increasing population, the number of school going children is increasing much faster than the
number of schools is increasing. The death of good schools and the greed of school authorities are filling
up classrooms to the brim. Numbers of people complain about their children going to schools where
children’s sit in classes where there is no place to keep chairs and tables.
Education plays a very important role in shaping the life of any citizen in his or her communities
which he/she finds him/her self. The school or learning to be environment must be conducive for learning to
be effective, in other words, conducive environment assists students in their academics and pave way to
learn. The classroom is the heart of any educational system. No curriculum planning is complete without
implementation and evolution, both of which are mainly carried out in the classroom. Most of the class
activities take place while students are seated. The sitting arrangement is therefore too important to suffer
the kind of neglect being experienced by many secondary schools in the country. Overpopulation makes
sitting arrangement in a classroom become so complex in the sense that the number of students will be
greater than the seat available.
School construction has become a current topic in education. With aging school facilities, changes
in building safety codes, over-crowded classrooms, and advances in technology, district officials are faced
with the dilemma to either upgrade or invest in new construction in order to bring their facilities into the 21st
Century. With the high percentage of increase in population in the population in the Philippines, school
building has become an issue in many terms, hereby deficiency in classrooms.
School building is important for preparing the future human resources and directly contribute to
social and economic development of a place. Mayamot National High School (MNHS) is a public high
school located in Mayamot, Antipolo recognized by the Department of Education (DepEd). Due to
increasing population. The researchers present an appropriate solution to the need of establishments and
improve the quality of life and services of the ever-growing community in Mayamot National High School.
They proposed a Five-storey school building that multiple students and teachers have a pleasant
classroom. The proposed Five-storey school building will comprise at most 25 classrooms equally on both
sides (5 rooms per floor), where it aims to have a diverse establishment that students will have a
convenient room. This project is very timely and exact at the locale.
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1.2 Project Location
Figure 1-1: Project Location

(Source: Google Maps)
The proposed project is within the vicinity of the Mayamot National Highschool grounds. It is located in
barangay Mayamot in the city of Antipolo, Province of Rizal. The total area of the lot is 450 square meters.
The area is a green field with no difference in elevations. In figure 1-1, a satellite image of the vacant lot is
shown.
1.3 Project Objectives
In a manner corresponding to Student Outcomes of Technological Institute of the Philippines, Civil

Engineering Department, the project objectives should use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering
tools necessary for engineering practice and should apply knowledge of contemporary issues to provide
overall studies for what the project is trying to achieve.
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1.3.1 General Objectives
The general objective of the project is to design a safe, secure, and economical extension building of
Mayamot National Highschool in Barangay Mayamot, Antipolo City.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives are the following:
● To design a structure that complies with the specifications in the National Structural Code of the
Philippines and National Building Code of the Philippines.
● To provide a design of an extension building that can help in resolving the overpopulation faced by
the school.
● To design an extension building considering multiple trade-offs and constraints.
1.4 The Client
Mayamot National Highschool is a government-funded school. In this case, the client for this project should
be the city government of Antipolo. However, the designers will not be directly in contact with government
officials. Thus, the client of this proposal is Mr. Reynaldo L. Agustin. He is the Principal IV of Mayamot
National Highschool and will serve as a Middle-Man between the designers and the financer, which is the
city government of Antipolo. The client would like to have an extension building within the school grounds as
he is planning to provide a solution to its growing population.
1.5 Scope & Limitations
1.5.1 Scope
● Present a detailed representation of a school extension building of Mayamot National Highschool.
● Present the layout design and perspective of the structure using AUTOCAD and SketchUp
● Provide load analysis of the structure which includes dead loads, live loads, earthquake loads, and
wind loads by using STAAD and ETABS
● Provide three trade-offs each for Structural and Geotechnical properties of the structure.
1.5.2 Limitation
● The water-related design of the building will not be included in the project.
● The structure will not be constructed as it is only a design proposal.
● Electricity distribution and load schedules will not be included.
● Computation for electrical loads will not be included.
● The electrical layout for the structure will not be included.
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1.6 Project Development
The project development will be focusing on the designing of a school extension building. The project
development process will go through different stages wherein various solutions were made. The design will
be dependent on the project development process to be guided and focused solely on the needs of the
project. The figure below will show us the necessary procedures that need to be followed.
1. Evaluation of the existing condition: Initial phase of the project wherein site investigation is done.
2. Draft of Plans: Initial designs of architectural and structural plans are done in this phase.
3. Consideration of Constraints: The phase where we consider all possible constraints that would affect
our project in all aspects.
4. Devising possible tradeoffs: The phase where we produce 3 possible tradeoffs that would help the
designers and the client to choose the most viable choice for the project.
5. Viable tradeoff: Choosing the best tradeoff for the project.
6. Design of structure: Considering the constraints and tradeoffs, the initial design will be manipulated
and redesigned by the designers.
7. Cost Estimate: The cost estimate is where we estimate the total cost of the whole project.
8. Final design output: In this phase, we evaluate all of the data in the project design, making sure that
the structure will follow the necessary codes and provisions in the Philippines.
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Figure 1-3: Project Development
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CHAPTER 2: DESIGN CRITERIA AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Design Criteria
The designers gathered data from various sources to establish a basis for constraints and trade-offs to be
considered for the design project. They will propose three trade-offs with multiple criteria to determine the
best option to be used in constructing an extension building of Mayamot National Highschool.
2.1.1 Demography
Demography is a statistical analysis of the human population in a certain area according to size, structure,
density, and distribution. The proposed project is located in Mayamot National Highschool, Barangay
Mayamot, Antipolo City. Provided below is a table that shows the number of students of the school for the
last five (5) years.
Table 2-1: Total Population in the Past Five (5) years of Mayamot National Highschool, Antipolo City
School Year Junior High Senior High
2015-2016 4028 -
2016-2017 4015 713
2017-2018 3994 1176
2018-2019 3986 1343
2019-2020 4150 1473
(Source: Mayamot National Highschool, Antipolo City)
Table 2-1 provides the number of students currently enrolled in the institution. This population is composed
of Junior High and Senior High students. As per the data, the school is experiencing an increase in population.
As per the school administration, they are unable to follow the prescribed student-classroom ratio of the
Department of Education which is 45:1. An extension building of the school will be able to satisfy the
increasing student population while following the regulation imposed by DepEd.
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2.1.2 School Buildings Information
Figure 2-1: School Buildings Information

(Source: Mayamot National Highschool)
Figure 2-1 shows the information about the school buildings used in Mayamot National Highschool. The
school currently has 12 buildings used for teaching. There are five buildings used for teaching Junior
Highschool and seven buildings used for teaching Senior Highschool. Since there is less number of buildings
for Junior High, the main focus of this proposed design project will be with the aforementioned educational
level. In total, there are 45 classrooms used for teaching the Junior High level.
2.1.3 Geotechnical Investigation Report

In terms of geologic structure, Antipolo is predominantly a folded area. Its hilly and rugged terrain is a product
of diastrophic folding processes. During this period of orogenic processes, the frontal collision between the
Asiatic and Pacific plates crumpled their edges, resulting in volcanism and the formation of meridional
mountain systems marked by synclines and anticlines. This is evident in the mountains of the Philippines
such as Sierra Madre Mountains on whose foothills lies the City of Antipolo.
2.1.3.1 Topography and Climate

Antipolo City is generally hilly and mountainous. Its hilly portions lie in the west while the mountainous areas
are concentrated in the east as part of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Valleys are located in the middle
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and in its northern and southern edges. Plateaus of over 200 meters above sea level are seen in the western
half of the study area, including the site of the Poblacion and portions of Barangay Cupang and San Juan. In
the eastern half, these are seen in Brgy. Calawis and San Jose overlooking the Boso-Boso River Valley to
the west.
Based on PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration) Antipolo
has type I climate which is marked by two (2) distinct seasons – the Wet from May to December and the Dry
from January to April. The main climatic control operating in the climate of the area is actually the monsoon
wind system. The warm southwest monsoon wind brings the rain to the city after gathering moisture from the
Indian Ocean while the cool northeast monsoon moves as a dry wind and comes even
drier
after crossing the Sierra Madre geographic barrier.
Figure 2-2: Topographic Map of Antipolo City
(Source: Antipolo City Hall)
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2.1.3.2 Elevation
Around eighty-seven percent (85.8%) of the City's total land area comprises landforms below 500 meters in
altitude. These are concentrated in its westem and southern sections, areas that are good for raising warm
lowland crops and for urban development. The cool elevation of at least 500 meters above sea level totals
5,095.86 hectares representing 13.2 percent of her total land area. These are found in its northern and
eastem edges.
Figure 2-3: Elevation Categories

Figure 2-4: Antipolo City Contour Map
(Source: City Planning and Development Office, CPDO)
2.1.3.3 Slope
Land areas with 0 to 18 percent slope comprise 23,877.82 hectares or 62 percent of the city's total land area.
They are good for agriculture and urban use and abound in the westem half of the city, along the Boso-Boso
River and the Pintong Bucawe arca in Barangay San Juan. Areas with 18 percent to 50 percent slope totaling
74,34.94 hectares or 37.3 percent are scattered all over the landscape and is good for silviculture or orchards.
Above 50 percent gradients occupy only 288 hectares and occur as patches in the southern and northern
portions, near the mid-section of the City.
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Figure 2-5: Slope Categories
(Source: City Planning and Development Office, CPDO)
Figure 2-6: Slope Map
2.1.3.4 Flood and Landslide Risk Assessment

The Geohazard Assessment Team of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) conducted a survey in the City in March 2012 to identify areas
that are susceptible to flood and landslide with the corresponding recommendations specific to each
barangay. Below are the parameters used by the Geohazard Assessment Team during the
survey/assessment:
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Figure 2-7: Landslide Susceptibility Parameters
(Source: Results of the MGB-DENR Geohazards Assessment and Mapping of Antipolo City, August 2012)
Figure 2-8: Flood Susceptibility Parameters
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Figure 2-9: Brgy. Mayamot Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Result
Figure 2-10: Brgy. Mayamot Flood Susceptibility Assessment Result
Among the City’s 16 barangays, six have low flood susceptibility; two have low-to-moderate susceptibility
(Beverly Hills & Dela Paz); and eight are highly susceptible. These highly susceptible barangays are
Mayamot, Cupang, Calawis, Inarawan, San Jose (Lower), San Roque, Mambugan and Muntindilaw. These
areas experience perennial flooding that reaches at least three meters, often caused by the swelling of the
creeks/rivers flowing quickly towards the low-lying areas aggravated by poor drainage system.
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2.1.3.5 Soil Profile
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) of the Department of Agriculture (DA) identified in
2013 seven soil series found in the City. The table below shows the total soil series cover from three pedo-
ecological zones/ namely: soils of the warm cool upland (San Manuel, Antipolo' and Pinugay
series); soils of hillyland (Antipolo, Pinugay, Inarawan, and Faraon series); and soils of the warm cool lowland
(Quingua and Binangonan series).
Figure 2-11: Soil Series of Antipolo City Figure 2-12: Soil Map of Antipolo City
(Source: DA-Bureau of Soils and Water Management (DA- (Source: Antipolo City Hall)
8SWM), 2013)
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Figure 2-13: Area Distribution and Percentage of Soil Map Units of Antipolo City
(Source: DA-Bureau of Soils and Water Management (DA-8SWM), 2013)
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2.1.4 Classification of the Structure
Buildings and other structures shall be classified based on the nature of occupancy Table 103-1 from NSCP
2015. According to table 103-1, the building classification falls on Category I, which has Essential Facilities.
2.2 Design Loads
The design load parameters provided below are in line with the National Structural Code of the Philippines
(2015).
2.2.1 Dead Loads
The Dead loads are the weight of all construction material incorporated into the structure. The table below
shows the values of dead loads used from table 203-1 and table 204-2 of NSCP 2015
Table 2-2: Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
CLASSIFICATION DENSITY (KN/M3)
Concrete Reinforce:
Stone including gravel 23.6
Masonry Ashlar Stone:
Granite 25.9
Marble 27.2
Sandstone 22.6
Masonry Concrete (Solid Portion):
Lightweight Units 16.5
Medium weight Units 19.6
Normal weight Units 21.2
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015), Chapter 2: Minimum Design Loads, Table 204-1
Table 2-3: Minimum Design Dead Loads
CLASSIFICATION LOAD (KPA)
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Ceilings:
Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05
Gypsum Board (per mm. thk) 0.008
Plaster on tile of concrete 0.24
Suspend steel channel 0.1

system
Floor Fill:
Cinder Concrete (per mm) 0.017
Lightweight concrete (per 0.015

mm)
Cement finish (25mm) on 1.44

stone
Frame walls:
Exterior stud walls 50x100 0.53

@ 400mm 15mm
gypsum, insulated, 10mm

siding
2.2.2 Live Load

Live loads are based on the Occupancy Structures and Function of each room. The table shows the values
of live load used from table 205-1 NSCP 2015
These data are needed to design our structures.
Table 2-4: Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION UNIFORM LOAD CONCENTRATED LOAD

(KPA) (KN)
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1. Exit - 4.8 0
Facilities
Reading Rooms 2.9 4.5

2. Libraries
Stack Rooms 7.2 4.5
3. Restrooms - - -
4. Roof Decks Same as area served or - -

occupancy
Classrooms 1.9 4.5

5. Schools
Corridors above ground floor 3.8 4.5
Ground floor corridors 4.8 4.5
6. Storage Light 6.0 -
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015), Chapter 2: Minimum Design Loads, Table 205-1
2.2.3 Seismic Design Load
The designers used the Fault Finder application created by PHIVOLCS to determine the location and distance
of the nearest fault line to the project location. The proposed project, located at Barangay Mayamot, has a
distance of approximately 3.7 kilometers from the West Valley Fault. Since the West Valley Fault is capable
of producing large scale earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or higher, it is classified as Seismic Source Type
A.
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Figure 2‑14: Distance of Project Site to the West Valley Fault
(Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Fault Finder)
LEGEND:
Red Pin - Proposed Project Location
Red Broken Lines - West Valley Fault line
Blue Solid Line - Distance of West Valley Fault to Project Location
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Table 2-5: Seismic Data
Importance Factor 1.5
Soil Profile Type Sc
Seismic Zone 4
Seismic Source Type A
Occupancy Category I
Distance from Fault Line (Km) 3.7km
The data was acquired from NSCP Chapter 2 with their corresponding tables. Seismic source type (Table
208-4), Zone factor (Table 208-3), Soil Profile type (Table 208-2) and Occupancy Category (Table 208-1).
2.2.4 Wind Load Parameters
The proposed design project is located in Barangay Mayamot, Antipolo City. The following parameters are
taken from Section 207 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015.
Table 2-6: Wind Design Inputs
PARAMETERS
Basic Wind Speed 200 kph
Exposure Category B
Building Classification Category I
Structural type Building Structure
Enclosure Classification Enclosed Building
Importance Factor 1.5
Topographic Factor 1.0
Gust Effect Factor 0.85
Direct Factor 0.85
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2.3 Design Plan
In every structural analysis and structural design report, design plans including the architectural plan is ought
to be presented in order to give an idea on how the structure will look like with the representation of design
plans.
Figure 2-8: Project Perspective
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2.3.1 Architectural Plans
Figure 2-9: Site Development Plan
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Figure 2-10: Ground Floor Plan
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Figure 2-11: Second Floor Plan
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Figure 2-12: Third Floor Plan
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Figure 2-13: Fourth Floor Plan
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Figure 2-14: Fifth Floor Plan
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Figure 2-15: Sixth Floor Plan
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Figure 2-16: Roof Deck Plan
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2.3.2 Elevation Plans
Figure 2-17: Front Elevation
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Figure 2-18: Rear Elevation
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Figure 2-19: Side Elevations
39
2.3.3 Sectional Plans
Figure 2-20: Longitudinal Section
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Figure 2-21: Cross Section
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2.4 Computer Programs used for the Design Project
2.4.1 Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program included in the Microsoft Office suite of applications. Spreadsheets
present tables of values arranged in rows and columns that can be manipulated mathematically using both
basic and complex arithmetic operations and functions.
2.4.2 AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a 2-D and 3-D computer-aided drafting software application used in architecture, construction,
and manufacturing to assist in the preparation of blueprints and other engineering plans.
2.4.3 STAAD.Pro
STAAD. Pro is a structural analysis and design software which is widely used to analyze and design
structures for bridges, towers, buildings, transportation, industrial and utility structures.
2.4.4 ETABS
ETABS is a highly efficient analysis and design program developed especially for building systems. It is
loaded with an integrated system with an ability to handle the largest and most complex building models and
configurations.
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2.5 Review of Related Literature
For the related literature review, The designers incorporated various articles from various scholastic journals,
reports, etc. that were taken into account in the design process methodologies. Electricity is one of the major
problems in the Philippines. Due to the growing demand for electricity, it is safe to assume that in the next
few years a power shortage will be a major problem. Electricity bills continue to get expensive in time. There
are many ways in gathering energy through a renewable source.
Solar energy is one of the few sources to gather electricity. By using solar panels, it will become a new source
of renewable energy in gathering electricity. Solar panels has its own advantages. Low maintenance costs,
a renewable source, reduces electricity bills, etc. The usage of panels will also protect the roof, should it be
installed in the roof of the building. It will be a huge benefit in installing panels in establishments and
agricultural places such as malls, buildings, farm sites, schools, etc.
2.5.1 Local Literature
The growing use of solar power in the Philippines is undeniable, particularly since the world's biggest solar
run shopping mall came to life at Robinsons Starmills that is placed in San Fernando, Pampanga. Introduced
on May 30, 2016, the 2.88 megawatts is composed of 10,880 solar power panels covering a whopping 1.75
hectares of roof space. With all the method slated to offset as many as 95% of daytime demand, the center
is seen to reduce co2 emissions by 2.25 million kilograms. This nearly equivalent to growing 100,000 trees
or even removing 5.5 million miles worth of CO2 emissions from automobiles. (Chua, 2016) Over 6,300 PV
modules now are fitted in the top of Mactan Cebu International Airport (MCIA) Terminal one. The sun grid
tied product is anticipated to create 2,169,900 kWh of power every season which is going to offset a
significant quantity of the day load peaks for the second busiest airport in the Philippines. The 1.64MW PV
system is calculated to protect 1,301,580 kg of CO2 annually. (Crisostomo, 2017) SM Prime, in partnership
with Solar Philippines, made a 1.5 megawatt (1,500 kilowatt) solar rooftop at SM City North Edsa that will be
utilized to run up a major component of the mall 's energy demands. Based on Inquirer, SM North Edsa's
auto parking developing had been fitted with 5,760 solar panels as well as sixty inverters covering over 12,000
square meters. (Diangson, 2014) Based on the International Energy Agency, solar energy is turning into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation capacity in most places, particularly in Asia. The Philippines
ranked no.1 among developing countries in Asia in terminology of the usage of solar photovoltaic systems
for power generation, based on a Dutch consultancy firm. (Domingo, 2018) Senate President Pro Tempore
Ralph Recto is batting for the assembly of solar power panels in state owned structures to minimize
government 's P24 billion yearly energy bill. In a statement, Recto on Wednesday observed that federal
structures "consume a minimum of P24 billion worth of power a year," adding the quantity is "growing by P1
billion annually." The senator also included that solar power panels are great economics that a 5% drop in
electricity bill can lead to P1.2 billion cost savings annually. (Fernandez, 2019) The biggest self-use sun
rooftop energy plant in the nation was released yesterday in a shopping mall in Laguna. The 700 kilowatt
Central Mall Biñan solar rooftop project is an element of the country 's efforts to market the usage of unlimited
energy and also minimize the public 's dependency on coal fired power plants. Spreading more than 700
43
square meters of sunlit roof area, the solar energy plant consists of 2,514 excellent solar power panels on
steel mounting components which could tolerate wind speeds of up to 200 kph. (Orosa, 2014) Department
of Energy (DOE) Secretary Alfonso G. Cusi said the inauguration of the first Filipino-owned solar panel facility
in Batangas on Wednesday is a testament to the government’s progress in revitalizing the local renewable
energy (RE) industry for the benefit of consumers and the economy. He said that with more energy options
available, consumers are expected to gear towards finding the right balance and ‘diskarte’ in satisfying their
energy needs. He also pointed out that having more energy choices would also support the implementation
of Retail Competition and Open Access (RCOA) under the Electric Power Industry. (Online, 2017) PNOC
Renewables Corp. (PNOC RC), the inexhaustible energy arm of state run Philippine National Oil Co. is
establishing more solar rooftop systems in government related services during the thrust of its to market the
usage of unlimited energy and energy efficient projects. It's signed a memorandum of agreement with the
Philippine International Convention Center to use a 1.2 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic facility at the PICC
Complex. When finished, it is going to be PNOC-RC 's largest solar rooftop project in government buildings.
(Rivera, 2017) Shopwise Cebu's PV process is forecasted to yield 827,000 kilowatt hours of solar power each
year, every one of that will probably be eaten by the list areas beneath the two story facility. Connected in
the top are 1,920 parts monocrystalline PERC solar modules from DMEGC Solar and transformerless energy
inverters from Austria based Fronius International GmbH. Solenergy's increased program requirements, that
comes with a hands-on after sales service, exhibits a viewpoint of effective customer relationship that rivals
the lifetime of the sturdy methods they offer. (Sanchez, 2018) A large scale solar photovoltaic (PV) system
sits ergonomically upon the 4,224sqm expanse of Landmark Alabang's roof; it's effective at utilizing
approximately 1,025,600kWh of solar power a season. Constructed to energize almost all 7 floors of the great
supermarket department shop complex, the effective system 's quality pieces comprise 2,640 Canadian Solar
CS6K 280 PV modules and thirty three Austrian made Fronius Symo 20.0-3-M inverters - selections which
collectively guarantee the project should keep going efficiently and safely. (Mikee, 2018) In San Fernando,
Pampanga, Robinsons Starmills nevertheless boasts being the world's biggest solar energy plant installed in
commercial setting or a mall. A total of 10,880 solar power panels have been placed on the sprawling
shopping complex 's roof by Solenergy Systems, enabling the center, launched in May 2016, to create 2.88
megawatts of electrical energy. Based on business estimates, by bringing Starmills away from the power
system, carbon dioxide emissions are cut by 2.25 million kilograms, the same as the planting of 100,000
trees. This came barely a year after Robinsons Land launched a solar energy panel power grid in Robinsons
Place Palawan, at first to be a 1.2 megawatt facility, the company’s very first. (Summit Team, 2018) Electrical
Systems and sonic Lighting is a strong advocate of clean energy and environment protection. In this regard
consequently it's definitely taking part in the promotion of Solar technology. Solar energy is made by collecting
sunlight and transforming into power, lighting and heat. This is accomplished through the use of solar power
panels to transform the sun to power, and utilizing solar thermal collectors to absorb solar power for heating
water. (Sonic User, 2016) There are three aspects commonly considered by the structural engineer when
constructing a building, or any structure; these are expressed in the triangle of safety – serviceability – cost.
The principle has been implemented in the Philippines to low-cost housing units, four versions of about 60
sqm. The section of the ground was investigated. Such houses ' structural structures are traditional reinforced
concrete, modular block system, beam system and adapted framework. The I beam house suffered the
lowest SSI of 0.682 among the four, while the traditional had the highest SSI of 0.986. (ARCILLA & ONG,
44
2013) This research focuses on evaluating the soil bearing capacity of Metro Manila, Philippines, different
cities and municipalities. Using geotechnical parameters such as relative density and angle of internal friction,
the allowable soil bearing capacities to be used for foundation development are determined through different
theories and studies. Not all low-rise construction projects choose to undertake soil exploration due to
economic constraints. Because of this, soil data is generally missing and can cause problems when
constructing shallow foundations for structures of this kind. The study could help engineers design shallow
foundations in line with this type of situation by providing them with a reference to the permissible soil bearing
capacity of any region within Metro Manila. (Dungca, Christian, Concepcion, & Lumyuen, 2017) Steel is a
prerequisite for the basic industry in the pursuit of development and industrialization of a country. The
industry's vital role stems from its connections with various sectors, where its products serve as a vital input
for countless uses such as building projects and construction, automotive, shipyards and refurbish,
electronics, packaging, etc., and its equally important contributions to job creation, growth, and industrial
activity promotion, etc. This paper seeks to examine the factors in the regional investment climate and how
they impact the steel industry's firm-level competitiveness as a basis for identifying and refining industry-
specific policy needs and programs that foster increased productivity and global competitiveness. (Garcia &
Vicente)
2.5.2 Foreign Literature
While it is never been easier to add solar to a facility, it has nevertheless a significant capital challenge. Main
projects, poorly planned, result in time-consuming and costly trouble. At the core of its, solar photovoltaic
technology captures photons from the sunshine and also changes them into electric power. With no cost for
the fuel, solar power is really 100% renewable, reliable and cost-effective. Typically, the drive to add solar to
one's operations is really a mix of these motivations. (Gleason & Aviles, 2019) China, continuously straddling
the line between clean tech pioneer and super-polluter, has unveiled what for your moment being is actually
the world's largest solar powered office building. An absence of fossil fuel burning indeed tends to make the
construction decidedly green, though it's structure hides several other energy and resource saving
innovations like sophisticated wall insulation as well as roofing that help trim thirty % its electricity usage as
compared to the national average. (Dillow, 2009) Charles M. Schulz-Sonoma County Airport is actually going
solar energy, joining a growing selection of business airfields across the nation which are actually putting up
sections and plugging into natural power solutions to bring down power costs and set a dent contained
greenhouse gas emissions. The county experiences approximately eleven million miles traveled each day,
generating approximately 6,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, based on the county's
transportation expert. (Fixler, 2019) To provide energy could be pricey. The Department of Energy (DOE)
estimates that energy costs run schools six dollars billion annually. Schools and universities spend
approximately sixty seven cents a square foot when working with electrical power and nineteen cents per
square foot when working with gas. Solar power use of schools and universities is a practical choice a lot of
school leaders are thinking about. Schools and universities are a rational option for modeling solar power
use. Many of them are actually leading the way, with one third of the solar power schools in California. (Lynch,
2019) Sol Invictus Tower, a proposed 60-story, 520 unit residential skyscraper would include photovoltaic
cells in its façade and store the captured energy in Tesla like batteries, The Sydney Morning Herald reports.
45
The ultimate aim is actually to allow the structure to be completely off of the grid in phrases of electricity; a
bit of an ambitious goal, actually according to the designers themselves, but one they are pursuing
nonetheless. (Malone, 2016) EPFL is now the coordinator of Be Smart, an EU research challenge which is
designed to step upwards the deployment of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and also lower the costs
of theirs by 75% between today and 2030. The project was launched around reaction to EU regulations which
need brand new buildings to be nearly zero energy by 2020. (Clara, 2019) New York at this point ranks sixth
among American towns in the capability of its installed solar power panels, based on Environment America,
an advocacy team. Nevertheless, its total of approximately 200 megawatts is actually much less than one
half of the capability in Los Angeles, which has probably the highest capacity of every city in the nation. A lot
of the first adopters were homeowners who fitted panels on their roofs to minimize the electric bills of theirs.
Hawaii is actually the sole place in the nation where consumers typically pay higher rates for electrical energy.
(McGeehan, 2019) Solar energy is actually set to be the world's largest source of energy by 2035 as the price
of renewables falls, a brand new report has found. Publishing the fourth annual analysis of its of worldwide
energy trends, the inexhaustible energy company Statkraft said that solar PV is today the world's fastest
growing source of energy, because of the ever lowering production cost of solar panels and increased need
for unlimited energy. The lifetime costs for solar energy PV will decrease by around half of the following 3
decades, while wind will become 40% cheaper. The company believed that solar PV and wind vitality will
help make up 70% of power generation by 2050, with renewables making up more than 80% of the global
energy sector in total. (Ogden, 2019) Businesses are continuing to purchase pure energy at record speed,
making corporate buyers a main professional in the unlimited energy sector. Figures from BloombergNEF
show that companies have opted to purchase 8.6GW of healthy energy up to the conclusion of July, up
through 7.2GW over the same time last year, hinting that the market place is actually set to comfortably go
over the 2018 complete of 13.6GW, that was itself a shoot. Once more, the industry is actually dominated by
the US, which accounted for 69% of capacity, or maybe 5.95GW, near the figure with the whole of 2018.
(Scott, 2019) An angular office building sits among a cityscape at dusk. The structure includes a circular
cutout on its slanted roof, carving out vistas for spaces within. The driven building features a slanted,
pentagonal roof covered in solar power panels. All told, the structure is clad in over 32,000 square feet of
solar power panels which produce around 500, zero kWh a season. The power produced during the very
long days of summer is going to be saved on site and used during the darker winter season. (Stinson, 2019)
All of it started with Edmond Becquerel, a younger physicist operating in France, whom in 1839 observed as
well as found the photovoltaic impact - a method which generates a voltage or maybe electric current when
subjected to radiant or light energy. Even though this patent wasn't for a solar energy panel, these winter
generators have been developed in order to either convert heat straight into power or even to change that
power into power for cooling and heating. (Chu & Tarazano, 2019) The University of Idaho now ranks 6th in
the country for the clean energy use of its. That's based on a national higher education sustainability index
called STARS (Sustainability Tracking, Assessment & Rating System). STARS rates 800 other universities,
and also analyzes and compares aspects of sustainability at universities, from curriculum and faculty
research, to energy usage and food sourcing. The faculty has a goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030.
"We know that 80% of our emissions come from building use," says Jeannie Matheison, U of I's Director of
Sustainability. She states the campus is focusing on reducing those emissions, which includes infrastructure
improvements. (Wampler, 2019) Manufacturing steel generates carbon dioxide emissions, which is expected
46
to be halved by climate change experts over the next 37 years. More than one-quarter of the steel produced
each year is used in building construction. Another choice is designing and building more effectively, often
providing the same product from buildings but using less steel to do so. Steel use in buildings could be
drastically reduced by planning for minimal volume rather than minimum cost, resulting in an equal reduction
in ' embodied ' carbon emissions. (Moynihan & Allwood, 2014) A new proposed method for designing normal
concrete mixes is the workability-dispersion-cohesion method. The method uses special coefficients called
factors of workability-dispersion and cohesion of workability. These coefficients are related to the concrete
mix's mobility and stability. The approach can be used in countries where product classification or fineness
varies from standard international standards (such as ASTM or BS). Documents are consistent with the mix
model methods of ACI and British. To cover all forms of concrete, the method can be expanded. (Qasrawi,
2016) Due to its applicability in almost all soil types, jet grouting is one of the most common ground
improvement techniques. In this summary, the historical history of jet grouting technology is briefly described,
followed by the development of empirical and theoretical
47
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints
In project designing, it is important to consider the design constraints that the designers will have to address.
These design constraints will be the basis of limitations and conditions that need to be satisfied to consider
a project successful. These will also assist in defining all possible procedures for a project and produce the
best method that fits with the needs of the client.
There are two types of design constraints. These are the Quantitative and Qualitative constraints.
Quantitative constraint pertains to constraints that can be measured using a measurement process such as
project costs and sustainability. On the contrary, Qualitative constraint pertains to constraints that cannot be
measured through any measurement process, rather these are constraints that are subjective, descriptive,
and solely depends on the client's or designer's preference.
3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints

These constraints are measurable and are generally descriptive in nature. It can be conveyed in any unit
needed with the study.
3.1.1.1 Economic Constraints (Material Cost)
Project cost is one of the most significant constraints that need to be considered in every project. This
constraint is dependent on the budget that will be allocated by the client and should never exceed the said
amount. The designers will devise three trade-offs and a comparative analysis of the three will be done. Once
the best option is selected without compromising the strength, functionality and aesthetic value of the
structure, it will then be presented to the client.
● Limitation: Building cost is in fact a constraint in the project thinking about the client's finances. The
percentage for the proportional factors concerning materials, fabrications, and labor costs are in fact
all incorporated in the allocated spending budget. The client’s estimated budget is around 30 million
pesos.
3.1.1.2 Sustainability Constraint (Life Span)
One of the requirements in designing a structure is its sustainability. A structure must remain effective for a
long time so that it can also be used by the future populace. The proposed design project will function as an
educational facility that will cater to huge amounts of people. Thus, the structure will carry heavy loads every
day and should be able to withstand these days to day loads without compromising the ability of future
generations to satisfy their own needs in times to come.
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● Limitation: The main interest of the client is the best possible functionality and a reliable structure
at a minimal cost. It will be very beneficial for the prospect if the proposed project is not just
economical but can also sustain life dependability in terms of safety and security in the long run. The
client expects the structure to be usable until the year 2070.
3.1.1.3 Constructability Constraint (Duration of the Project)
Every project must have a plan in implementing constructability. It has its own advantages and objectives.
Constructability is a key in every successful construction project. It relates to the planning, procurement,
identification of barriers that might be faced, etc. It will result in an easier project to manage, a more accurate
estimation of duration of the project, and a more cost-effective project. Therefore, it will have a huge effect
on the proposed project.
● Limitation: The client's very first concern is finishing the proposed project as soon as possible. With
this, the building period is going to become one of the restrictions which will unquestionably have an
effect on the value factor of the tradeoffs. The designers will then select which trade off can have
probably the shortest possible period in phases of achievement of construction. As per the client’s
request, he would like the structure to be usable for the school year 2021-2022.
3.1.1.4 Risk Assessment (Safety)
One of the key factors in designing a structure is its safety. The designers are required to identify the hazards
and risk factors that can potentially cause harm to the users of the structure and its surroundings. Once
identified, the designers will need to consider these safety hazards into the designs that will be contrived to
ensure its safety. With that, risk assessment is considered as a constraint which can have a huge impact on
the designing phase.
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraint

These constraints are immeasurable and are generally descriptive in nature but cannot be conveyed in any
unit needed with the study.
3.1.2.1 Aesthetic Constraint
The proposed project location is within the school grounds of Mayamot National Highschool. The school itself
is a public institution wherein many students are currently enrolled. Thus, there will be many people who will
see the facade of the building. The outer design of the structure should be considered and it should be
appropriate for a school setting.
3.1.2.2 Environmental Constraint (Weather)
The proposed project is an extension building that will be used by Junior Highschool students. The Philippines
is known to have two seasons which are the wet and dry season. The wet season runs from June to October
49
while the dry season runs from March to May. The rainfall and dryness of the season will affect the soil
formation and the topography of the area. These seasons will have a substantial impact on the construction
of the proposed extension building. Thus, this constraint should also be considered in design planning.
3.1.2.3 Social
People are very influential when it comes to ideas and other things. In this project, the higher authorities and
engineers of the government might give ideas, specifications and some requests which might alter the work
of the designer. Demands from these people might affect the decision of the client and the designer.
3.1.2.4 Health and Safety
Definitely, the client would require having the safest building to be constructed making safety constraint as
one of the most important one. The magnitude of deflection, cracks and vibration may disrupt the intended
use of the structure. This constraint measures the reliability of a design ruled by each trade-off which will also
help the designers come up with the best method for the project.
3.1.2.5 Political
Politics has a huge role in doing the project. Given that it is a school building, it would be the government’s
concern. The government is a very influential entity so it would greatly affect the construction of the project.
Including if the project will be approved by the government and if this will be supported by the administration.
3.1.2.6 Risk Assessment

The Risk Assessment may need to be done and revisited at various stages of the project. Initially it would be
completed by the Contract Manager. Once a contractor has been selected the Risk Assessment should be
reviewed with the contractor.
3.1.2.7 Extensibility Constraint (Modification)

The proposed project is a four-story school extension building with a roof deck on top. It is a constraint
because of future changes that will happen to the proposed project. Retrofication is common work in all
projects. Any additional features such as an addition of one story will affect the design. The designers will
have to consider the necessary renovations to the project.
3.2 Tradeoffs
To address and consider the constraints mentioned, the designers developed 3 trade-offs for the solar
powered commercial building. The trade-offs must suit the restrictions that the designers had put out and
after a complete assessment of the tradeoffs the design team will choose best what trade-off is the most
appropriate in the project.
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3.2.1 Structural Trade-off
3.2.1.1 Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF)
Figure 3-1: Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF)

(Source: Google Images)
Special moment resisting concrete frames are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings
that are designed to resist earthquakes. Beams, column, and beam-column joints in moment frames are
proportioned and detailed to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions that result as a building sways through
multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground shaking. Special proportioning and detailing
requirements result in a frame capable of resisting strong earthquake shaking without significant loss of
stiffness or strength. These moment-resisting frames are called “Special Moment Frames” because of these
additional requirements, which improve the seismic resistance in comparison with less stringent detailed
Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.
Table 3-1: Advantages and disadvantages of Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● Flexible in terms of aesthetic design ● Has weak beam
● Can be easily constructed ● Produces greater deflection than other
● Moments are distributed framing system
● Possesses strong columns ● Uses double plates which is expensive
● Great in terms of resisting earthquakes due to fabrication to strengthen the
columns
● Heavier per linear foot
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3.2.1.2 Special Reinforced Concrete with Shear Wall
Figure 3-2: Special Reinforced Concrete with Shear Wall

Structural walls also commonly referred to as shear walls are walls that are proportioned and detailed to
resist combinations of shear, moment and axial force that are as a result of lateral load actions on buildings
derived from wind and earthquakes. As a lateral system to resist earthquake loads structural wall systems
can be broadly grouped to ordinary and special reinforced concrete walls that are part of a bearing wall
system, building frame system or dual system.
Table 3-2: Advantages and disadvantages of Special Reinforced Concrete with Shear Wall
● Since shear walls carry large horizontal
● Provide large strength and stiffness in the earthquake forces, the overturning effects
direction of the orientation on them are large
● Easy construction and implementation ● Produces large bearing pressure at the
● Significantly reduces lateral sway foundation duo to self-weight of walls
● Efficient in terms of construction cost ● It can interfere with architectural and
services requirements
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3.2.1.3 Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing
Figure 3-3: Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing
Structural steel special moment frames are often used as part of the seismic force-resisting systems in
buildings designed to resist earthquakes with substantial inelastic energy dissipation. Braced frames develop
their resistance to lateral forces by the bracing action of diagonal members. The braces induce forces in the
associated beams and columns so that all work together like a truss with all members subjected to stresses
that are primarily axial. Braced frames act in the same manner as shear walls, though they may be of lower
resistance depending on their detailed design.
Table 3-3: Advantages and disadvantages of Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing
● Easy to assemble
● Can be an obstruction to the aesthetic
● Resist wind seismic forces much more
design of the building
than non-braced buildings
● Limited ductility
● Economical
● Dominated by buckling under large
● Flexibility to design for meeting the
seismic forces
required strength and stiffness
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3.2.2 Geotechnical Trade-off
3.2.2.1 Jet Grouting
Figure 3-4. Jet Grouting

Jet grouting is a method of soil stabilization which involves the injection of a stabilizing fluid into the subsoil
(or the soil under treatment) under high pressure under high velocity. The injection process involves a certain
amount of site preparation as well as injection equipment. The soil stabilization by jet grouting is occurs due
to the hardening of grouted fluid within the soil. These hardened bodies forms like cemented columns which
are grouted in numerous numbers as per requirement, thus stabilizing the soil. These columns are called as
jet columns or jet grouted columns.
Table 3-4. Advantages and disadvantages of Jet Grouting
● Simple system and equipment ● Smallest geometry achieved
● Good to seal vertical joint ● Hardest to control heave
● Good in cohesion less soil ● Difficult to control quality in cohesive soil
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3.2.2.2 Soil Compaction
Figure 3-5. Soil Compaction

Compaction is a process that brings about an increase in soil density or unit weight, accompanied by a
decrease in air volume. There is usually no change in water content. The degree of compaction is measured
by dry unit weight and depends on the water content and compactive effort (weight of hammer, number of
impacts, weight of roller, and number of passes). For a given compactive effort, the maximum dry unit weight
occurs at an optimum water content. Compaction is employed in the construction of road bases, runways,
earth dams, embankments and reinforced earth walls. In some cases, compaction may be used to prepare
a level surface for building construction. Soil is placed in layers, typically 75 mm to 450 mm thick. Each layer
is compacted to a specified standard using rollers, vibrators or rammers. Soil compaction is defined as the
method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is a significant part of the building
process. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance
costs or structure failure. Almost all types of building sites and construction projects utilize mechanical
compaction techniques.
Table 3-5. Advantages and disadvantages of Soil Compaction
● Increases load-bearing capacity ● Soil becomes less dense
● Prevents soil settlement and frost damage ● Loss of aggregation
● Provides stability ● Damage coarse-textured soils, the impact
● Reduces water seepage, swelling and is less severe.
contraction
● Reduces settling of soil
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3.2.2.3 Vibro Replacement
Figure 3-6. Vibro-replacement

Vibro-Replacement is a method of constructing densely compacted stone columns using a depth vibrator to
densify the aggregate backfill and surrounding granular soil. The technology is used to treat clays, silts and
mixed stratified soils and improve their load bearing and settlement characteristics. Stone is introduced either
down the side or from the tip of the vibrator and is compacted bottom-up in controlled stages. The stone
columns reinforce soft soil, accelerate drainage and mitigates liquefaction due to a seismic event. Typical
applications for stone columns include settlement and stability improvement below embankments and
stockpiles; foundations for all types of building especially warehousing and industrial buildings; wind turbines
and liquid storage tanks.
Table 3-6. Advantages and disadvantages of Vibro Replacement
● Effective treatment for soft/weak soils at ● Densification generally cannot be achieved
depths 2m > 20m when granular soil contains more than 12
● Highly economical and often results in to 15 percent silt or more than 2% clay
greater time savings ● Vibro-compaction is only effective granular
● Reduce the risk of seismically induced and non-cohesive soil
liquefaction
● Optimized and localized treatment solution
for differing soils
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3.3 Initial comparison of trade-offs
3.3.1 Raw Designer’s Ranking

The designer used the model of trade-off strategies in engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991) to
give the client an overview to which design will prevail among the trade-offs based on each constraint. The
criterion was scaled from 0 to 10 with 10 being the highest and likewise, the ability to satisfy the criterion was
also scaled from 0 to 10 with 10 being the highest.
Computation of ranking for the ability to satisfy the criterion:

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 10 (Equation 3-1)
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) (Equation 3-2)

The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designer. It depends on the designer’s own discrepancy
on ranking the importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3-2 is a variable that
corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
The designers have decided to set the corresponding rank of importance for each criterion to be considered.
Economic constraint is set at ten (10) because the project is financed by the government, which means less
funding. Constructability is set at six (8) because the longer the project takes time to complete, the higher
the cost of labor and the higher the total cost of the project. Structural safety is set to (8) since considering
the building’s sustainability most likely affects the safeness of the structure. Sustainability is set at seven (7)
to emphasize the decrease of negative impact on the environment while taking full advantage of the
structures’ strength. The longer the life of the project, the more useful it is for people. We used the existing
price list of the companies offering these services for economic constraints. We considered the factors that
could affect the duration of the project such as the availability of materials and equipment as well as the man
hours.
3.3.2 Initial Estimates

3.3.2.1 Structural Trade-offs
The designers provided an initial cost estimate for all the structural proposed tradeoffs. With this, the designer
can decide is best suitable to the structure considering the constraints: economic, constructability, structural
safety and sustainability whichever will possess the highest bid in the ranking.
Table 3-7. Tabular data of Structural trade-offs
Special Moment
Special Moment Special Reinforced Resisting Steel
Constraints Resisting Concrete Concrete with Shear Frame with Diagonal
Frames (SMRCF) Wall Bracing
57
1. Economic (Php) 6,885,254.16 7,950,142.52 9,501,650.74
2. Constructability (Days) 208 196 153
3. Safety (Maintenance Cost) 378,950.12 565,045.78 724,184.25
4. Sustainability (Years) 50 60 70
3.3.2.2 Geotechnical Trade-offs
The designers provided an initial cost estimate for all the geotechnical proposed tradeoffs. With this, the
designer can decide is best suitable to the structure considering the constraints: economic, constructability,
structural safety and sustainability whichever will possess the highest bid in the ranking.
Table 3-8. Tabular data of Geotechnical trade-offs
Constraints Jet Grouting Soil Compaction Vibro Replacement
1. Economic (Php) 848,293.36 362,684.06 955,614.18

2. Constructability (Days) 28 21 26
3. Safety (Maintenance Cost) 42,414.668 16,334.203 47,780.71
4. Sustainability (Years) 57 103 73
3.3.3 Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion:

3.3.3.1 Computation of ranking of Structural Trade-offs
3.3.3.1.1 Computation for Economic Constraints

A. Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Reinforced Concrete with
Shear Wall
7,950,142.52 − 6,885,254.16
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 10
7,950,142.52
% Difference = 1.34
Subordinate rank = 10 - 1.34 = 8.66
Figure 3-7. Economic Constraints, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Reinforced Concrete with
Shear Wall
B. Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Moment Resisting Steel
Frame with Diagonal Bracing
58
9,501,650.74 − 6,885,254.16
9,501,650.74
% Difference = 2.75
Figure 3-8. Economic Constraints, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Moment Resisting Steel
3.3.3.1.2 Computation for Constructability Constraint

A. Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing vs. Special Moment Resisting
Concrete Frames (SMRCF)
208 − 153
208
% Difference = 2.64
Figure 3-9. Constructability Constraint, Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing vs. Special Moment
Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF)
B. Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing vs. Special Reinforced
Concrete with Shear Wall
196 − 153
196
% Difference = 2.19
59
Figure 3-10. Constructability Constraint, Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with Diagonal Bracing vs. Special Reinforced
Concrete with Shear Wall
3.3.3.1.3 Computation for Risk or Safety

A. Special Reinforced Concrete with Shear Wall vs. Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frame
(SMRCF)
565,045.78 − 378,950.12
565,045.78
% Difference = 3.29
Subordinate rank = 10 – 3.29 = 6.71
Figure 3-11. Risk or Safety, Special Reinforced Concrete with Shear Wall vs. Special Moment Resisting Steel Frame with
Diagonal Bracing
724,184.25 − 378,950.12
378,950.12
% Difference = 4.77
Figure 3-12. Risk or Safety, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Moment Resisting Frame with
Diagonal Bracing
3.3.3.1.4 Computation for Sustainability Constraint

A. Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Reinforced Concrete with
Shear Wall
60 − 50
60
% Difference = 1.67
60
Figure 3-13. Sustainability Constraint, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Reinforced Concrete
with Shear Wall
70 − 50
70
% Difference = 2.96
Figure 3-14. Sustainability Constraint, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF) vs. Special Moment Resisting Steel
3.3.3.2 Computation of ranking of Geotechnical Trade-offs
3.3.3.2.1 Computation for Economic Constraints

A. Vibro-replacement vs. Soil Compaction
955,614.18 − 362,684.06
955,614.18
% Difference = 6.20
Figure 3-15. Economic Constraints, Vibro-replacement vs. Soil Compaction
B. Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
848,293.36 − 362,684.06
848,293.36
61
% Difference = 5.72
Figure 3-16. Economic Constraints, Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
3.3.3.2.2 Computation for Constructability Constraint

A. Jet Grouting vs. Soil Compaction
28 − 21
28
% Difference = 2.5
Figure 3-17. Constructability Constraint, Jet Grouting vs. Soil Compaction
B. Soil Compaction vs. Vibro-Replacement
26 − 21
26
% Difference = 2
Subordinate rank = 10 - 2 = 8
Figure 3-18. Constructability Constraint, Soil Compaction vs. Vibro-Replacement
3.3.3.2.3 Computation for Risk or Safety

A. Vibro-Replacement vs. Soil Compaction
47,780.71 − 16,334.203
47,780.71
% Difference = 6.58
62
Figure 3-19. Structural Safety, Vibro-Replacement vs. Soil Compaction
B. Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
42,414.668 − 16,334.203
42,414.668
% Difference = 6.15
Figure 3-20. Risk or Safety, Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
3.3.3.2.4 Computation for Sustainability Constraint

A. Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
65 − 34
65
% Difference = 4.80
Figure 3-21. Sustainability Constraint, Soil Compaction vs. Jet Grouting
B. Jet Grouting vs. Vibro-replacement

53 − 34
53
% Difference = 3.58
63
Figure 3-22. Sustainability Constraint, Jet Grouting vs. Vibro-replacement
3.4 Initial Assessment of Tradeoffs

The importance of the criterion enlisted in the table would be utilized in the decision-making process. The
constraint that were established would be assessed. Comparative analysis of the trade-offs will be based on
the constraints mentioned. For economic constraint, the cost of each trade-off analysis will be considered. In
environmental constraint, the factor of safety for each trade-off is considered. In sustainability constraint, the
designers will consider the serviceability of each trade-off. In constructability constraint, the designers will
evaluate the duration of each trade-off as its basis. Each constraint will have a rank (10) if the designers
assessed that constraint if it will govern.
Table 3-9. Tabular data of Structural Trade-offs Criterion
Ability to satisfy the criterion (0 to 10)

Decision Criteria Criterions Special Moment SMRCF with Steel SMRF with
Importance (on a Resisting Shear Walls Diagonal Bracing
scale of 0 to 10 ) Concrete Frames
(SMRCF)
Economic 10 10 8.66 7.25
Constructability 8 7.36 7.81 10
Risk or Safety 8 10 6.71 5.23
Sustainability 7 10 8.33 7.04
Overall 308.88 261.07 243.62
Based on the table shown above, in the structural trade-offs, the Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frame,
won among the three structural tradeoffs with regards to the designer’s raw ranking. Special Moment
Resisting Concrete Frame with shear walls also deemed to be a good tradeoff but it is not merely economical.
Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame with diagonal bracing ranked the lowest because it has the lowest
ranking in risk or safety even though it ranked highest in the constructability constraint.
Table 3-10. Tabular data of Geotechnical Trade-offs Criterion
Ability to satisfy the criterion (0 to 10)

Decision Criteria Criterions Jet grouting Soil Compaction Vibro-
Importance (on a replacement
scale of 0 to 10)
Economic 10 4.28 10 3.80
Constructability 8 7.5 10 8
Safety 8 3.85 10 3.42
Sustainability 7 10 5.20 6.42
Overall 203.6 296.4 174.3
64
While in the geotechnical trade-offs, Soil Compaction deemed to be the trade-off to be utilized based on the
designer’s raw ranking results. Jet Grouting can also be considered since it ranked as second. And Vibro-
replacement fell to the lowest rank.
3.4.1 Economic Assessment

The cost of construction is one of the major considerations when it comes to structural projects. When it
comes to economic assessment, Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frame shown to be the most
economical and Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame with diagonal bracing was the most expensive. In
the geotechnical trade-offs, Vibro-replacement placed as the most costly and Soil compaction was assessed
to be most economical.
3.4.2 Constructability Assessment

The faster the completion of a project, the better for the client is and also results in a lower labor cost. Based
on the initial estimate, in the structural, the use of Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame with diagonal
bracing generated the shortest number of days. And in geotechnical, Soil compaction induces the least
number of days.
3.4.3 Risk or Safety Assessment

Considering all the risk, not only in the construction phase but also in the maintenance phase of the project,
and the design focuses on being resilient during earthquake, in the structural aspect, the designers come up
with Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames as the most flexible structure among the three trade offs
that makes it the winning tradeoff. And in the geotechnical assessment, it is the Soil Compaction trade-off.
3.4.4 Sustainability Assessment

The estimated life will be the basis for the sustainability constraint. Among the trade-offs the Special Moment
Resisting Concrete Frames come up with the value of longest life span of the building. This initial value was
affected by different factors but being concrete as the main material of this trade-offs made it a very
sustainable building. And for the geotechnical aspect, Soil Compaction was initially estimated with the longest
life span among the three geotechnical trade-offs.
3.5 Design Standards
The design standards serve as designers' references in project design. To guarantee that the design operates
correctly, these design requirements included the requirements and laws. The following are the primary
sources used by the designers for codes and standards in each tradeoff's design process.
1. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010

2. National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)
65
3.5.1 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
Minimum standards are provided by this code to safeguard limb or life, public welfare and property by
regulating and managing the layout, building, quality of supplies pertaining to the structural facets of all the
structures as well as buildings within its jurisdiction. The provision of this particular code shall utilize to the
building, alteration, switching, demolition, fix, use and maintenance of any construction or maybe structure
within the jurisdiction of its, except work located mainly in a public manner, public utility towers & poles,
hydraulic flood management structures, as well as indigenous family dwellings.
3.5.2 National Building Code of the Philippines
The National Building Code of the Philippines, also referred to as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was
developed as well as adopted as a consistent design code to embody up-to-date and stylish specialized
information on building maintenance, occupancy, use, construction, and design. The Code provides for all
the buildings and structures, a formwork of bare minimum standards and conditions to regulate and control
location, site, design, and quality of materials, occupancy, use, construction, and maintenance.
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
4.1 Methodology
For this proposed design project, three trade-offs governed by constraints provided by the client were
conceptualized.
The designers will use the specifications, codes, and data gathered throughout the study. The structure
design was analyzed using STAAD Pro to determine the maximum design loads due to dead loads, live
loads, and earthquake loads applied to the structure as well as the prescribed design sections of the structural
members.
66
Figure 4-1: Methodology of Structural Framing
4.2 Tradeoff 1: Design of Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames
Many construction projects use Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames due to its benefits to the overall
design of the structure. It works well with multistory buildings that contain wide, open spaces. Also, it better
accommodates taller and expansive windows. Lastly, it is known to have high seismic resistance compared
to Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.
67
Figure 4-2: Methodology of Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames
68
4.2.1 Material Properties
4.2.2 Structural Models
4.2.3 Load Models
4.2.4 Structural Analysis and Results
4.2.5 Structural Design
4.2.6 Working Drawing
4.3 Tradeoff 2: Design of Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames with Shear Walls
4.3.1 Material Properties
4.3.2 Structural Models
4.3.3 Load Models
4.3.4 Structural Analysis and Results
4.3.5 Structural Design
4.3.6 Working Drawing
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Fixler, K. (2019, September 10). Business. Retrieved from Sonoma County airport going 100%
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Gleason, P., & Aviles, K. (2019, May 3). News. Retrieved from Where to Start When Your Building
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APPENDIX B: CODES AND STANDARDS
Herein provided the standards and codes used in designing the architectural and structural plan of
the apartment building. The following are listed below:
National Building Code of the Philippines
● Section 401. Types of Construction
Type IV. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by the Code.
● Section 701. Occupancy Classified.

Group E. Business and Mercantile. Division 2 – Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking
and dining establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing plants,
police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or combustible materials
and paint stores without bulk and handlings.
● Section 805. Ceiling Heights

Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.4 meters
measured from the floor to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of more than one (1) storey, the
minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second story 2.40
meters and the succeeding stories shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not
less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above-stated rooms with natural ventilation shall have
ceiling heights of not less than 2.70 meters.
● Section 806. Size and Dimension of Rooms

Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
1.) Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.9 meters.
● Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads

General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements of
buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:
a. Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof
shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per
occupant as determined by the Secretary.
b. Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall
be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall
be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this Code.
73
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Notations used for the formulas and codes:
𝐴𝑔 = gross area of section, mm2.

𝐴𝑠 = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement (bars and steel shapes), mm 2.
𝐴𝑣 = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2.
𝐴𝑣𝑓 = area of shear-friction reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴′𝑠 = area of compression reinforcement, mm2.
𝑏 = width of compression face of member, mm.
𝑏𝑤 = web width, mm.
𝑐 = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
𝑐𝑐 = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement,
mm.
𝐶𝑚 = a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram.
𝐷 = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑏 = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm.
𝑑𝑐 = thickness of concrete cover measure from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire located closest
thereto, mm.
𝑑𝑠 = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑡 = distance from extreme compression fiber to extreme tension steel, mm.
𝐸 = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐸𝑐 = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa.
𝐸𝐼 = flexural stiffness of compression member, N-mm2.
𝐹 = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum
heights, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑓′𝑐 = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa.
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = specified yield strength fy
𝐻 = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related internal moments
and forces.
ℎ = overall thickness of member, mm.
𝐼 = moment of inertia of section beam about the centroidal axis, mm4.
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, mm4.
𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4.
74
𝐼𝑔 = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm4.
𝐿 = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐿𝑑 = development length, mm.
𝑙𝑛 = length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
𝑀𝑎 = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = cracking moment.
𝑃𝑏 = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions
𝑃𝑛 = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.
𝑉𝑐 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
𝑊 = wind load, or related integral moments and forces.
𝑤𝑐 = unit weight of concrete, kN/m3.
𝑤𝑢 = factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
𝛼𝑓 = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by
center line of adjacent panel, if any on each side of beam.
𝛼𝑓𝑚 = average value of 𝛼𝑓 for all beams on edges of a panel.
𝛽1 = factor
𝜀𝑡 = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
𝜆 = modification factor reflection the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete.
𝐴
𝜆𝛥 = multiplier for additional long-time deflection 𝜌 = ration of nonprestressed tension reinforcement = 𝑏𝑑𝑠
𝐴′𝑠
𝜌′ = ratio of nonprestressed compression reinforcement = 𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑏 = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
𝛷 = strength-reduction factor.
Minimum Design Loads
● Section 203 – Combination of Load

a. Minimum densities for design loads from materials
b. Minimum design loads
c. Minimum uniform and concentrated load
● Section 206 - Other Minimum Loads

a. 206.3 Impact loads
b. 206.3.1 Elevators
c. 206.3.2 Machinery
● Section 207 - Wind Load

a. 207.4 Basic Wind Speed
b. 207.5 Velocity Pressure
c. 207.6 Exposure
d. 207.7.2 Topographic Factor
e. 207.8 Wind Directionality Factor
75
f. 207.9 Importance Factor
● Section 208 - Earthquake Loads

a. 208.5.1.1 Earthquake Loads
b. 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
c. 208.5.2.2 Structure Period
Wind Load
● Section 207.4 Basic Wind Speed
- The basic wind speed V, used in the determination of design wind loads on buildings and other
structures for the different wind zones of the country is tabulated in Table 207-1
● Section 207.5.4 Wind Directionality Factor

- The wind directionality factor, Kd, shall be determined form Table 207-2. This factor Shall only
be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Section 203.3 and
203.4.
● Section 207.5.5 Importance factor

- An importance factor Iw, for the building or other structure shall be determined from Table 207-3
based on building and structure categories listed in Table 103-1.
● Section 207.5.6 Exposure

- For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be based on ground
surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and constructed
facilities.
● Section 207.5.7 Topographic factor

- The wind speed up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using the
factor kzt. If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in
Section 207.5.7.1 the kzt= 1.0
● Section 207.5.8 Gust Effect factor

- The gust effect factor shall be calculated as permitted in Sections 207.5.8.1 to 207.5.8.5, using
appropriate values for natural frequency and damping ratio as permitted in Section 207.5.8.6.
● Section 207.5.9 Enclosure Classifications

- For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified as
enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 207.2.
76
● Section 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure
- Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation
qz= 47.3x10-6 kz kzt kd V2 Iw.
● Section 207.5.11 Pressure and Force Coefficients

- Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi, shall be determined from fig. 207-5 based on building
enclosure classifications determined from Section 207.5.9
● Section 207.5.12 Rigid Building for all heights

- Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of a building of all heights shall be determined by the
following equation;
P= qGCP – qi (GCPi)
● Section 207.5.13 Design Wind Loads on Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed
Roofs
- Plus, and minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from the top surface of the roof,
respectively.
● Section 207.5.14 Design Wind Loads on Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
- The design wind force for solid freestanding walls and solid signs shall be determined by the
following formula:
F= qhGCfAs
● Section 207.5.15 Design Wind Loads on other Structures

- The design wind force for other structures shall be determined by the following equation:
F=qzGfCfAf
Basic Wind
Provinces
Speed
Metro
V = 200 kph
Manila
Table 207-1 Basic Wind Speed for the Provinces of the Philippines
Directionality Factor
Structural Type
Kd
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting 0.85
System
Table 207-6 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
Occupancy Catergory Description Iw

I Essential 1.15
II Hazardous 1.15
III Special Occupancy 1.15
77
IV Standard Occupancy 1
V Miscellaneous 0.87
Table 207-7 Importance Factor, Iw
Exposure (Note 1)
B C D
Height above Ground Level (m) Case 1 Case 2 Cases 1& 2 Cases 1&2
0-4.5 0.7 0.57 0.85 1.03
6 0.7 0.62 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.7 0.66 0.94 1.12
9 0.7 0.7 0.98 1.16
12 0.76 0.76 1.04 1.22
15 0.81 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 0.85 1.13 1.31
Table 207-8 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients
Earthquake Load
● Section 208.4.2 Occupancy Categories
- For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the
occupancy categories. Table 208-1 Assigns importance factors I and Ip, and structural
observation requirements for each category.
● Section 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear

- The total base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation:
𝐶𝑣𝐼𝑊
𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
- The total design base shear need not exceed the following
2.5𝐶𝑎𝐼𝑊
𝑉= 𝑅
- The total base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎𝐼𝑊
-In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the following:
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣𝐼𝑊
𝑉= 𝑅
● Section 5.2.2 Structure Period
- The value of T shall be determined using Method A:
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡(ℎ𝑛)3/4
Seismic Importance Factor, Seismic Importance Factor,

Occupancy Category
I Ip
I. Essential Facilities 1.5 1.5
II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.5
III. Special Occupancy Structures 1 1
78
IV. Standard Occupancy
1 1
Structures
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1 1
Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors
Ave Properties for Top 30m Soil Profile

Soil Profile Soil Profile Name
Shear Wave Velocity SPT Undrained Shear Strength
SA Hard Rock >1500
SB Rock 760 to 1500
SC Very Dense Soil 360 to 760 >50 >50
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE Soft Soil Profile <180 <15 <50
SF Soil Requiring Site-Specific Evaluation See Section 208.4.3.2.1
Table 208-2 Soil Profile Types
Zone 2 4
Z 0.2 0.4
Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor Z
Closest Distance Known

Seismic Type Source Seismic Source
≤5 Km ≥10 Km
A 1.2 1
B 1 1
C 1 1
Table 208-4 Near-Source Factor, Na
Closest Distance Known

Seismic Type Source Seismic Source
≤5 Km ≥10 Km ≥ 15 Km
A 1.6 1.2 1
B 1.2 1 1
C 1 1 1
Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor, Nv
Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SA 0.16Na 0.32Na
SB 0.2Na 0.40Na
SC 0.24Na 0.40Na
SD 0.28Na 0.44Na
SE 0.34Na 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca
79
Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SA 0.16Nv 0.32Nv
SB 0.20Nv 0.40Nv
SC 0.32Nv 0.56Nv
SD 0.40Nv 0.64Nv
SE 0.64Nv 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
System Limitation and
Building Height Limitation by
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ω0
Seismic Zone, m
Zone2 Zone 4
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
Special reinforced concrete moment frames 8.5 2.8 NL NL
D. Dual Systems
Special reinforced concrete shear walls 8.5 2.8 NL NL
Table 208-11A Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
80

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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Design of an Extension Building of Mayamot National High School in Antipolo Rizal

CHAPTER I: PROJECT BACKGROUND 1

Figure 1-1: Project Location 2

Equation 3-1: Percent Difference 47

1.1 The Project

Figure 1-1: Project Location

1.3 Project Objectives

In a manner corresponding to Student Outcomes of Technological Institute of the Philippines, Civil

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are the following:

1.4 The Client

1.5 Scope & Limitations

2.1 Design Criteria

School Year Junior High Senior High

2016-2017 4015 713

2017-2018 3994 1176

2018-2019 3986 1343

2019-2020 4150 1473

(Source: Mayamot National Highschool, Antipolo City)

Figure 2-1: School Buildings Information

2.1.3 Geotechnical Investigation Report

2.1.3.1 Topography and Climate

Figure 2-2: Topographic Map of Antipolo City

(Source: Antipolo City Hall)

Figure 2-3: Elevation Categories

(Source: City Planning and Development Office, CPDO)

Figure 2-6: Slope Map

(Source: Antipolo City Hall)

2.1.3.4 Flood and Landslide Risk Assessment

Figure 2-8: Flood Susceptibility Parameters

Figure 2-10: Brgy. Mayamot Flood Susceptibility Assessment Result

(Source: DA-Bureau of Soils and Water Management (DA-8SWM), 2013)

2.2 Design Loads

2.2.1 Dead Loads

Table 2-2: Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials

CLASSIFICATION DENSITY (KN/M3)

Stone including gravel 23.6

Masonry Ashlar Stone:

Masonry Concrete (Solid Portion):

Lightweight Units 16.5

Medium weight Units 19.6

Normal weight Units 21.2

Table 2-3: Minimum Design Dead Loads

CLASSIFICATION LOAD (KPA)

Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05

Gypsum Board (per mm. thk) 0.008

Plaster on tile of concrete 0.24

Suspend steel channel 0.1

Cinder Concrete (per mm) 0.017

Lightweight concrete (per 0.015

Cement finish (25mm) on 1.44

Exterior stud walls 50x100 0.53

gypsum, insulated, 10mm

2.2.2 Live Load

These data are needed to design our structures.

Table 2-4: Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION UNIFORM LOAD CONCENTRATED LOAD

Reading Rooms 2.9 4.5

Stack Rooms 7.2 4.5

4. Roof Decks Same as area served or - -