LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Impact of Series Compensation 22

1.2 The typical Set-up circuit diagram of a Series Capacitor 23
1.3 Stepped Distance Relaying Zones 25
1.4 Typical Impedance Diagram Showing Line and MHO Relay
Characteristic 26
1.5 System Transient condition 32
1.6 Voltage Reversal condition 34
1.7 Current Reversal condition 36
1.8 Series Capacitor with a conducting MOV (a) Voltage drop across
MOV(b)Current in Series Capacitor (c) Current in MOV 38
1.9 (a) Series Capacitor with MOV (b) Equivalent fundamental frequency
impedance (c) Sample MOV characteristic (d) Sample current dependent
parameters of equivalent impedance 38
1.10 Distance Relay overreaching due to Series Compensation 40
2.1 A simple sinusoidal function 43
2.2 Time - Frequency representation of a sinusoidal function 44
2.3 Examples of Different Wavelet Functions 49
2.4 Approximation of the input signal, (a) the input signal
(b) Approximation of the input signal using Haar scaling function 56
2.5 Multilevel representation of an input signal using the Haar scaling
Function 58
2.6 Moving to a finer space using the wavelet, Wj^t) and scaling
function, 0j,k(t) 59
2.7 Multilevel representation of an input signal using wavelet function 61
2.8 One stage MRA and Wavelet Filters -(a) decomposing into detail and
approximated version,(b) Coiflt-5 scaling and wavelet function and their
frequency response,(c) Spectrum division and coefficients
size compression 62
2.9 Five level multi-resolution signal decomposition 63

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2.10 Evolution of Wavelet Publication in Power System 64
2.11 Percentage of Wavelet publications in different power system areas 65
3.1 Parallel Power Gap 69
3.2 System Transients during Faults 70
3.3 Simplified arrangement of MOV 71
3.4 The clamping action due to MOV 72
3.5 Flow Chart of Proposed Scheme 75
3.6 Model used for simulation studies 78
3.7 Sample calculation and Capacitor protection simulation 81
3.8 MOV Protection Simulation Circuit 82
3.9 Plots for A-g Fault at 20% Line Length 83
3.10 FFT Plots for A-g Fault at 20% Line Length 84
3.11 Plots for A-B-C-g Fault at 20% Line Length 85
3.12 FFT Plots for A-B-C-g Fault at 20% Line Length 87
3.13 Plots for A-B-C-g Fault at 40% Line Length 88
3.14 Plots for A-B-g Fault at 50% Line Length 89
3.15 FFT Plots for A-B-g Fault at 50% Line Length 91
3.16 Plots for A-B-g Fault at 50% Line Length 92
3.17 FFT Plots for A-B-g Fault at 50% Line Length 94
3.18 Plots for A-g Fault at 50% Line Length 95
3.19 Plots for A-B Fault at 60% Line Length 96
3.20 FFT Plots for A-B Fault at 60% Line Length 98
3.21 Plots for A-B-C Fault at 60% Line Length 99
3.22 FFT Plots for A-B-C Fault at 60% Line Length 101
3.23 Plots for A-C-g Fault at 80% Line Length 102
3.24 Plots for A-B-C-g Fault at 80% Line Length 103
3.25 FFT Plots for A-B-C-g Fault at 80% Line Length 105
4.1 Basic Current Differential Principle 109
4.2 Operating Characteristic of Percentage Restraint Current Differential
Relay 110
4.3 External Fault Case (11-12 = 0) 111
4.4 Internal Fault Case (11-12 ^ 0) 111
4.5 Characteristic Curves for CDPR 112
4.6 Flow Chart of Proposed Scheme 115

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4.7 Pattern of Spikes at the end of Transmission lines for the case of
External Fault ■ 117
4.8 Pattern of Spikes at the end of Transmission lines for the case of
Internal Fault 117
4.9 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B fault at
20% Line Length 122
4.10 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C fault at
40% Line Length 123
4.11 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C fault at
60% Line Length 125
4.12 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for B-C fault at
60% Line Length 126
4.13 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-C fault at
80% Line Length 127
4.14 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C fault at
80% Line Length 129
4.15 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-g fault at
80% Line Length 130
4.16 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C-g fault at
20% Line Length 132
4.17 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C fault at
Middle of Line 133
4.18 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A-B-C fault at
Middle of Line 134
4.19 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 135
4.20 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for B- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 136
4.21 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for C- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 137
4.22 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for A- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 138
4.23 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for B- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 139

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4.24 Plots showing magnitudes of fault spikes for C- Phase on both the
ends for A-B External Fault 140
5.1 A multi-line Series-compensated System 145
5.2 Flowchart for fault zone identification 147
5.3 Flowchart for fault classification 148
5.4 Plots showing Im:Modal signal, dl :Value of dl coefficients and d8:Value
of d8 coefficients, ratio of spectral energy for 1-1-1-g External fault 150
5.5 Plots showing Im: Modal signal, dl: Value of dl coefficients and d8: Value
of d8 coefficients, ratio of spectral energy for 1-1-1-g internal fault 151
5.6 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-g fault on backward
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 157
5.7 Plots based on Modal voltage signal for A-g fault on backward
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 158
5.8 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-g fault on backward
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 159
5.9 Plots based on Modal voltage signal for A-g fault on backward
line section (Rf= 0.01 ohm) 160
5.10 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 161
5.11 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 162
5.12 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-B-C-g fault on protected
line section (Rf =100 ohm) 163
5.13 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-B-C-g fault on protected
line section (Rf= 100 ohm) 164
5.14 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for B-C fault on protected
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 165
5.15 Plots based on Modal current signal for B-C fault on protected
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 166
5.16 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 50 ohm) 167
5.17 Plots based on Modal current signal for B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf =50 ohm) 167
5.18 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-B-C fault on protected

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 line section (Rf = 100 ohm) 169
5.19 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-B-C fault on protected
line section (Rf = 100 ohm) 170
5.20 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 171
5.21 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 172
5.22 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 173
5.23 Plots based on Modal current signal for B-g fault on protected
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 174
5.24 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for B-C fault on protected
line section (Rf = 50 ohm) 175
5.25 Plots based on Modal current signal for B-C fault on protected
line section (Rf = 50 ohm) 176
5.26 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-B-C-g fault on forward
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 177
5.27 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-B-C-g fault on forward
line section (Rf = 0.01 ohm) 178
5.28 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for A-C fault on forward
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 179
5.29 Plots based on Modal current signal for A-C fault on forward
line section (Rf = 1 ohm) 180
5.30 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for C-g fault on forward
line section (Rf = 100 ohm) 181
5.31 Plots based on Modal current signal for C-g fault on forward
line section (Rf = 100 ohm) 182
5.32 Plots based on Modal current signal for Switching operation on Bus-B3 183
5.33 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for Switching operation on Bus-B3 184
5.34 Plots based on Modal current signal for Switching operation on Bus-B2 185
5.35 Plots based on Modal Voltage signal for Switching operation on Bus-B2 186

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