TUMAMPOS, JULJANE C.

ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY

THE ORAL CAVITY REPORT DENISTRY II

 THE ORAL CAVITY

- First part of the digestive tract.
-PRIMARY FUNCTIONS:
 to serve as an entrance of the alimentary tract
 to initiate the digestive process.
 also involved in tasting and the modification of signs to facilitate communication

 ORAL MUCOSA
 Mucous membrane lining inside the mouth.
 From the lips it is continuous with the skin.
 At the pharynx it is continuous with the moist mucosa lining the rest if the gut.
 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TISSUE “oral epithelium”
 FUNCTIONS:
- PROTECTION = protects deeper tissues from mechanical forces, surface
abrasions and microorganisms.
- SECRETION = saliva – produced by glands maintains surface moist
- SENSORY = by receptors (pain, touch, thirst) reflex (swallow, gagging,
salivatory) and tongue taste buds
- THERMAL REGULATION = through panting, evaporation of water

 3 MAIN TYPES OF ORAL MUCOSA:

1. MASTICATORY- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(gingiva and hard palate)
2. LINING - non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(floor of the mouth, ventral of the tongue, alveolar mucosa, vestibular
mucosa and soft palate)
3. SPECIALIZED - possess taste buds, small epithelial derived structures
responsible for the perception of taste.
(dorsal and posterior-latera; surfaces of the tongue)

 2 DIVISIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

1. VESTIBULES - the space external to the teeth and gums
2. THE ORAL CAVITY PROPER -the second region of the mouth
 BOUNDARIES OF THE ORAL VESTIBULES:
• EXTERNALLY:
- lips, cheek mucosa
• INTERNALLY
- alveolar process, teeth

 2 ORAL VESTIBULES:
1. Labial Vestibule
2. Buccal Vestibule

 LIMITATIONS OF ORAL CAVITY

o Anteriorly and Laterally:
-TEETH AND GUMS
o Superiorly :
- HARD AND SOFT PALATES
o Posteriorly:
- FAUCIAL ARCHES
o Inferiorly:
- 2 MYLOHOID MUSCLE

 PARTS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

 Lips
 Palates
 Tongue
 Retromolar trigone
 Gingiva
 Floor of the mouth
 Tonsils
 Salivary glands

 LIPS
 Composed of:
 Muscular skeleton = ORBICULARIS ORIS MUSCLE
 Connective tissue = LAMINA PROPRIA
  Covered externally = STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Covered internally = ORAL MUCOSA

 VERMILLION – red portion of the lip, represents change of epidermis, feature

characteristic of humans, where lipstick usually goes.
 VERMILLION BORDER – sharp junction of the vermillion and the skin.

 PALATES - Forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oral and nasal cavities.

 DIVIDED INTO:
Anteriorly: immovable HARD PALATE
Posteriorly: Movable SOFT PALATE
 COMPOSED INTO:
HARD PALATE: Comprised of BONE
SOFT PALATE: Comprised of muscle fibers covered in mucous membrane
HARD PALATE is covered by a masticatory, keratinized mucosa that is firmly
bound down to underlying bone and also contains some taste buds.

On the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate are the plicae, irregular ridges in the
mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backward towards the larynx
The Palatine Rugae are elevated ridges in the anterior part of the hard palate. It radiates
transversely from the incisive papilla and the anterior part of the palatine raphe. This pattern is
unique to individuals and like fingerprints this can be used for forensic purposes to help identify
individuals.
 3 main foramina/ canals in the HARD PALATE:
1. INCISIVE CANALS - located in the anterior midline, transmits the
nasopalatine nerve.
2. GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - located medial to the third molar
tooth, transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels
3. LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - located in the pyramidal process of the
palatine bone, transmits the lesser palatine nerve.

 TONGUE - Muscular organ with its base attached to the floor of the mouth
- development process starts around the 4th-5th week of the gestation
period.
- begins at the 4th week of intrauterine life
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th pharyngeal arches contribute to tongue development.
- Attached to the inner surface of the mandible
 - Gains support below from the hyoid bone.
- The junction of the palatal and pharyngeal parts is marked by the
SULCUS TERMINALIS (shallow V groove)

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE:

- - It begins at the growth of the first medial swelling from the 1st pharyngeal
arch known as TUBERCULUM IMPAR.
- Gradually 2 lateral lingual swellings start to grow in the 5th week from the
same arch.
- As these swellings increase in size, they will eventually merge forming
anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
- - the mucosa in this area of the tongue receives innervation from the
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
- Meanwhile from the mesoderm of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th arches another median
swelling form known as the HYPOBRACHIAL EMINENCE
- - the mucosa in this area of the tongue receives innervation from the
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
- Posterior most part of the tongue develops from a 3rd median swelling from
the 4th pharyngeal arch
- - the mucosa in this area of the tongue receives innervation from the
SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE
- The muscles of the tongue receive innervation from the XII cranial nerve
(HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE)
 MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE:
- Muscles of the tongue are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES: Allow tongue to move directions
(Genioglossus, Palatoglossus, Styloglossus, hyoglossus)
INTRINSIC MUSCLES: Responsible for the changing shape of the
tongue.
(Superior longitudinal, Verticals, Inferior longitudinal, Transverses
muscle)
 FUNCTIONS OF THE TONGUE:
1. MASTICATION
2. SWALLOWING
3. SPEECH
4. SENSORY FUNCTION: TASTE

 BOUNDARIES OF THE TONGUE:

 INFERIOR: floor of the mouth
  MIDLINE: extending to the floor of the mouth lies the lingual
frenum
 UPPER (DORSAL): subdivided into:
anterior two-thirds: PALATAL
posterior one-third: PHARYNGEAL
 PAPILLAE’S OF THE TONGUE:
1. Circumvallate Papillae:
-Dome-shaped
-Largest papillae in the palatal surface of the tongue.
-Immediately In front of sulcus terminalis
2. Fungiform Papillae:
-Mushroom shaped
-Dorsal of the tongue
-But mainly at the tip and lateral
-Interspersed between the filiform papillae
-Isolated reddish prominences
3. Filiform Papillae:
-Long v-shaped cones
-Most numerous
-Dorsal of the tongue
-Appear as whitish conical elevations
4. Foliate Papillae:
-Short vertical folds
-Lateral of the tongue
-Serous gland drains into the folds
-Appear as series of parallel slit-like folds of mucosa on each lateral
border of the tongue.

 GINGIVA- Gums or the gingiva, the oral mucosa covering the alveolar bone and the
necks of the teeth
 2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE GINGIVA:
1. Alveolar mucosa – the portion or lining the lower part of the alveolus
loosely attached to the periosteum via a diffused submucosa
- appears red, the gingiva pale pink
2. MUCO-gingival junction- it is delineated from the gingiva by a well-
defined junction
 GINGIVA CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO:
 1. Attached gingiva- is firmly bound to the periosteum of the alveolus of
the teeth
2. free gingiva- lie unattached around the cervical region of the teeth

 FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

- Movable floor of the mouth is small, horse-shoe shaped region above the
mylohyoid muscle and beneath the movable part of the tongue is covered by a
lining of non-keratinized mucosa.
 TONSILS
- The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear
of the throat (pharynx). Each tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph
nodes, covered by pink mucosa (like on the adjacent mouth lining).
- The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear
of the throat (pharynx). Each tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph
nodes, covered by pink mucosa (like on the adjacent mouth lining).
- Microscopically, the tonsil is a mass of lymphoid follicles supported on a
connective tissue framework. The luminal surfaces of the tonsils are coated in
non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, which is the same tissue of
the surrounding oropharynx.
- The tonsils begin developing early in the third month of fetal life. They arise
from the endoderm lining, the second pharyngeal pouch, and the mesoderm of
the second pharyngeal membrane and adjacent regions of the first and second
arches. Both right and left tonsils form part of the cricopharyngeal lymphoid
ring

FUNCTIONS OF THE PARA-ORAL TISSUES:

1. Ingestion – the engulfing or taking of foods with the help of the lips and teeth in
particular.
2. Mastication – the process of biting, cutting, crushing and grinding of foods by the teeth
with the aid of the lips, cheeks, tongue and palate.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHEW AND MASTICATE?
As verbs the difference between masticate and chew is that masticate is
to chew (food) while chew is to crush with the teeth by repeated closing and
opening of the jaws; done to food to soften it and break it down by the action of saliva
before it is swallowed.
3. Deglutition - The act of swallowing foods that has been processed in the oral cavity.
Biting in centric occlusion, pressing the tip of the tongue to the lingual of the lower of the
anterior teeth and force the mid-dorsum of the tongue to the hard palate and with forceful
contraction of mylohyoid muscle, the Dorsum of the anterior part of the pushing bolus of
the foods into the esophagus.
4. Taste -Dorsum of the tongue possess lingual papillae pf various forms. The fungiform
papillae and the vallate papillae have taste buds that react to different basic taste like
sweet, sour, bitter and salty. Soft palate also contains few taste buds
5. Digestion - the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the
alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body. Physical digestion of foods
involves mastication and lubrication. The chemical digestion involves preliminary
digestion of carbohydrates thru the action pf the ptyalin the cheeks, tongue, palate,
salivary glands are engaged in this function.
6. Speech - The lips, cheeks, tongue, hard and soft palate play a role inn speech especially
In the pronunciation of consonants.