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{
x
|x |
f(x) = , x≠0
1 , x=0
Solution:
Given:
{
x
|x |
f(x) = , x≠0
1, x = 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) =limx →0 - f(x) = lim h→0f(0 - h) = lim h→0f(-h)
-h -h
Question:2
A function f(x) is defined as,
{
x 2 -x -6
x -3
f(x) = ; if x≠3
5 ; if x = 3
Show that f(x) is continuous that x = 3.
Solution:
Given:
{
x 2 -x -6
x -3
f(x) = , x≠3
5, x = 3
We observe
(LHL at x = 3) = limx →3 - f(x) = lim h→0f(3 - h)
(3-h) 2 - (3-h) -6 9+ h2 -6h-3+ h-6 h2 -5h
(3-h) -3 -h
=l imh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0 -h = limh→0(5 - h) = 5
Also, f(3) = 5
Question:3
A function f(x) is defined as
{
x 2 -9
f(x) = x -3 ; if x≠3
6 ; if x = 3
Show that f(x) is continuous at x = 3
Solution:
Given:
{
x 2 -9
f(x) = x -3 , if x ≠ 3
6, if x = 3
We observe
(LHL at x = 3) = limx →3 - f(x) = limh→0f(3 - h)
(3-h) 2 -9 32 + h2 -6h-9 h2 -6h h(h-6)
Given:
f(3) = 6
Question:4
{
x 2 -1
{
x 2 -1
f(x) = x -1 , if x ≠ 1
2, if x = 1
We observe
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h)
(1-h) 2 -1 1+ h2 -2h-1 h2 -2h h(h-2)
Given:
f(1) = 2
Question:5
{
sin 3x
x
If f(x) = , when x≠0
1 , when x = 0
Find whether f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
Given:
{
sin3x
x
f(x) = , when x ≠ 0
1, when x = 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
sin( -3h) -sin(3h) 3sin(3h) sin(3h)
-h -h 3h 3h
= l imh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0 = 3limh→0 = 3·1 = 3
Given:
f(0) = 1
But here,
limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ≠ f(0)
Question:6
If f(x) =
{ e1/ x , if x ≠ 0
1 , if x = 0
find whether f is continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
Given:
{
1
x
f(x) = e , if x ≠ 0
1, if x = 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
()
1 1
-1 1 1
h h
h e limh →0 e
= l imh→0e = limh→0 = =0
= l imh→0e h = ∞
Given:
f(0) = 1
But here,
limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x)
{
1-cos x
x2
Let f(x) = , when x≠0
1 , when x = 0
Show that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution:
Given:
{
1-cosx
x2
f(x) = , when x ≠ 0
1, when x = 0
Consider:
( )
x x
2
() ( )
2sin2 2 2 sin 2
( ) ()
x
()
x
x2 sin 2 2
()
x
( )
1-cosx 2sin2 2 4 4 2 2 1 1
4 2 x
x2 x2
limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4 limx →0 2
⇒ limx →0f(x) = 2 · 12 = 2
Given:
f(0) = 1
Question:8
{
x - |x |
2
Show that f(x) = , when x≠0
2 , when x = 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution:
{
x -x
2
, when x > 0
f(x) = x + x
2
, when x < 0
2, when x = 0
{
0, when x > 0
⇒ f(x) = x, when x < 0
2, when x = 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h) = limh→0(-h) = 0
And, f(0) = 2
∴ limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ≠ f(0)
Question:9
{
|x -a|
x -a
Show that f(x) = , when x≠a
1 , when x = a
is discontinuous at x = a.
Solution:
{
x -a
x -a
, when x > a
f(x) = a-x
x -a
, when x < a
1, when x = a
{
1, when x > a
⇒ f(x) = -1, when x < a
1, when x = a
⇒ f(x) = { 1, when x ≥ a
-1, when x < a
We observe
(LHL at x = a) = limx →a - f(x) = limh→0f(a - h) = limh→0(-1) = - 1
Question:10
Discuss the continuity of the following functions at the indicated points:
{
1
i f(x) =
|x| cos x ,
() x≠0
at x = 0
0 , x=0
{
1
ii f(x) = ()
x2sin x , x ≠ 0
at x = 0
0 , x=0
{(
1
iii f(x) = ) ( )
x - a sin x -a , x≠a
at x = a
0 , x=a
{
ex -1
iv f(x) = log(1+ 2x ) , if x ≠ a at x = 0
7 , if x = 0
{
1-x n
{ | x -1 |
2
vi f(x) = x -1
, for x ≠ 1 at x = 1
2 , for x = 1
{
2|x | + x 2
x
vii f(x) = , x ≠ 0 at x = 0
0 , x=0
{
1
viii f(x) = ( )
|x - a|sin x -a , for x ≠ a
at x = a
0, for x = a
Solution:
i Given:
{
1
f(x) = ()
|x| cos x , x ≠ 0
0, x = 0
We observe
1 1 1
ii Given:
{
1
2 x
f(x) = x sin , x ≠ 0
0, x = 0
We observe
1 1 1
iii Given:
{
1
f(x) =
(x - a) sin x -a , x ≠ a
( )
0, x = a
iv Given:
{
ex -1
f(x) = log(1+ 2x ) , if x ≠ 0
7, if x = 0
We observe
( )
( )
e x -1
( )
e x -1
x
limx →0 x
= 2×1 = 2
1
And, f(0) = 7
⇒ limx →0f(x) ≠ f(0)
v Given:
{
1-x n
f(x) = 1-x , x ≠ 1
n - 1, x = 1
Here, f(1) = n - 1
1-x n
[
limx →1f(x) = limx →1 1-x ⇒ limx →1f(x) = limx →1 (1 - x)n-1 + C1n(1 - x)n-2x + C2n(1 - x)n-3x2 + . . . + Cn - 1n(1 - x)0xn-1 ]
⇒ limx →1f(x) = 0 + 0. . . + (1)n-1 = 1 ≠ f(1)
vi Given:
{ | x -1 |
2
f(x) = x -1
, x≠1
2, x = 1
{
x + 1, x < - 1
-x - 1, - 1 ≤ x < 1
⇒ f(x) =
x + 1, x > 1
2, x = 1
We observe
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h) = limh→0 - (1 - h) - 1 = limh→0 - 2 + h = - 2
And, f(1) = 2
vii Given:
{
2|x | + x 2
x
f(x) = , x≠0
0, x = 0
{
2x + x 2
x
, x>0
⇒ f(x) = -2x + x 2
x
, x<0
0, x = 0
{
(x + 2), x > 0
⇒ f(x) = (x - 2), x < 0
0, x = 0
We observe
viii Given:
{
1
f(x) = ( )
|x - a|sin x -a , for x ≠ a
0, for x = a
{
1
( )
(x - a)sin x -a , x > 0
( )
⇒ f(x) =
(x + a)sin x + a , x < 0
0, x = a
We observe
( )
(LHL at x = a) = limx →a - f(x) = (-a + a)sin -a+ a
1
=0
( )
(RHL at x = a) = limx →a + f(x) = (a - a)sin a-a =0
⇒ limx →a - f(x) = limx →a + f(x) = f(a)
Question:11
Solution:
Given:
f(x) =
{ 1 + x2, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 - x, if x > 1
We observe
(
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h) = limh→0 1 + (1 - h)2 = limh→0 2 + h2 - 2h = 2 ) ( )
(RHL at x = 1) = limx →1 + f(x) = limh→0f(1 + h)= = limh→0(2 - (1 + h)) = limh→0(1 - h) = 1
Question:12
{
sin 3x
tan 2x
, if x < 0
3
Show that f(x) = 2
, if x = 0 is continuous at x = 0
log(1+ 3x )
e2x -1
, if x > 0
Solution:
Given:
{
sin3x
tan2x
, if x < 0
3
f(x) = 2
, if x = 0
log(1+ 3x )
e2x -1
, if x > 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
( ) ( )
3sin3h sin3h
limh →0 3h 3limh →0 3h
( )
3sin3h
( )= ( )=
3h 2tan2h tan2h
sin3( -h) sin3h 3× 1 3
( ) ( )
2tan2h limh →0 2h 2limh →0 2h
( )
log (1 + 3h )
limh →0 3h
( ) ( )
log (1 + 3h ) log (1 + 3h )
3h 3h 3h
( )
( )
e 2h -1
( ) (e )
( )
log(1+ 3h) 2h e 2h -1 3 2h -1
3 limh →0 2h 3× 1 3
e2h -1 2 2
= limh→0 = limh→0 2h
= limh→0 2h
= = 2× 1 = 2
And, f(0) = 2
Question:13
Find the value of 'a' for which the function f defined by
{
π
f(x) =
( )
asin 2 x + 1 , x ≤ 0
is continuous at x = 0.
tanx -sinx
x3
, x>0
Solution:
{
π
a sin 2 (x + 1), x ≤ 0
Given: f(x) = tan x -sin x
x3
, x>0
We have
π π
tan h-sin h
h3
(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h) = limh→0
(
h h
sin h sin h 2sin2 2 tan h sin2 2 tan h
cos h -sin h cos h ( 1 -cos h) (1-cos h)tan h h2 2 h2 1
h3 h3 h3 4 4 ×h ×h
⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = 4 limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = 2 limh→0
4
⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0
Question:14
Examine the continuity of the function
f(x) =
{ 3x - 2, x ≤ 0
x+1 , x >0
at x = 0
{
3x - 2, x < 0
f(x) = 3(0) - 2, x = 0
x + 1, x > 0
{
3x - 2, x < 0
⇒ f(x) = -2, x = 0
x + 1, x > 0
We observe
Question:15
Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at the point x = 0, where
{
x, x > 0
f(x) = 1, x = 0
-x, x < 0
Solution:
Given:
{
x, x > 0
f(x) = 1, x = 0
-x, x < 0
And, f(0) = 1
Question:16
Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at the point x = 1/2, where
{
x, 0 ≤ x < 1/2
f(x) = 1/2, x = 1/2
1 - x, 1/2 < x ≤ 1
Solution:
Given:
{
1
x, 0 ≤ x < 2
1 1
f(x) = 2
, x= 2
1
1 - x, 2 < x ≤ 1
We observe
1 1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
(LHL at x = 2 ) = limx → 2 f(x) = limh→0f 2 - h = l imh→0 2 - h = 2
-
1 1 1
( ) ( ( ))
1 1
(RHL at x = 2 ) = limx → 2 f(x) = limh→0f 2 + h = limh→0 1 - 2 + h = 2
+
1 1
Also, f 2
() = 2
()
1 1
∴ limx → 2 f(x) = limx → 2 f(x) = f 2
- +
Question:17
Solution:
f(x) =
{ 2x - 1 , x < 0
2x + 1 , x ≥ 0
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = 2(0) - 1 = - 1 (RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 ⇒ limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0+ f(x)
Question:18
For what value of k is the following function continuous at x = 1?
{
x 2 -1
f(x) = x -1 , x≠1
k , x=1
Solution:
{
x 2 -1
Given: f(x) = x -1 , x ≠ 1
k, x = 1
If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then
limx →1f(x) = f(1)
x 2 -1
⇒ limx →1 x -1 = k
(x -1) (x + 1)
x -1
⇒ limx →1 = k
⇒ limx →1(x + 1) = k
⇒k =2
Question:19
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function
{
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
f(x) = , if x ≠ 1 is continuous at x = 1
k , if x = 1
Solution:
Given:
{
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
f(x) = , if x ≠ 1
k, if x = 1
If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then,
limx →1f(x) = f(1)
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
⇒ limx →1 = k
(x -2) (x -1)
⇒ limx →1 x -1 = k
⇒ limx →1(x - 2) = k
⇒k = -1
Question:20
For what value of k is the function
{
sin 5x
3x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0?
k , if x = 0
Solution:
Given:
{
{
sin5x
3x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0
k, if x = 0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0)
sin5x
⇒ limx →0 3x = k
5 sin5x
⇒ limx →0 3× 5x = k
5 sin5x
⇒ 3 limx →0 5x = k
5
⇒ 3 ×1 = k
5
⇒k = 3
Question:21
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function
f(x) =
{ kx2, if x ≤ 2
3 , if x > 2
is continuous at x = 2.
Solution:
Given:
f(x) =
{ kx2, if x ≤ 2
3, if x > 2
If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then
limx →2 - f(x) = lim x →2 + f(x) = f(2) ...1
Now,
And, f(2) = 3
From 1, we have
4k = 3 ⇒ k = 4
Question:22
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function
{
sin 2x
5x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0.
k , if x = 0
Solution:
Given:
{
sin2x
5x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0
k, if x = 0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0)
sin2x
⇒ limx →0 5x = k
2sin2x
⇒ limx →0 5× 2x = k
2 sin2x
⇒ 5 limx →0 2x = k
2
⇒ 5 ×1 = k
2
⇒k = 5
Question:23
Find the values of a so that the function
f(x) =
{ ax + 5, if x ≤ 2
x - 1 , if x > 2
is continuous at x = 2.
Solution:
Given:
f(x) =
{ ax + 5, if x ≤ 2
x - 1, if x > 2
We observe
(LHL at x = 2) = limx →2 - f(x) = limh→0f(2 - h) = l imh→0a(2 - h) + 5 = 2a + 5
Question:24
Prove that the function
{
x
2
f(x) = |x | + 2x , x≠0
k , x=0
remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless the choice of k.
Solution:
{
x
x + 2x 2
, x>0
f(x) = -x
x -2x 2
, x<0
k, x = 0
{
1
2x + 1
, x>0
⇒ f(x) = 1
2x -1
, x<0
k, x = 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
1
=limh→0 -2h-1 = - 1
=limh→0 2h+ 1 = 1
So, limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x) such that limx →0 - f(x) &limx →0 + f(x) are independent of k.
Question:25
Find the value of k if f(x) is continuous at x = π/2, where
{
k cos x
π -2x
f(x) = , x ≠ π/2
3 , x = π/2
Solution:
Given:
{
kcosx π
π -2x
, x≠ 2
f(x) = π
3, x = 2
π
If f(x) is continuous at x = 2 , then
π
()
π
limx → 2 f(x) = f 2
π
kcosx
Putting 2 - x = h, we get
( )
π
k cos 2 -h
( )
π
k cos x
π π -2 2 -h
From 1, we have
( )
π
k cos 2 -h
( ) =3
π
π -2 2 -h
limh→0
k sin h
2h
⇒ limh→0 =3
k sin h
h
⇒ limh→0 =6
sin h
h
⇒ k limh→0 =6
⇒k×1 =6
⇒k=6
π
Hence, for k = 6 , f(x) is continuous at x = 2 .
Question:26
Determine the values of a, b, c for which the function
{
sin (a+ 1)x + sinx
x
, for x < 0
c , for x = 0
f(x) = is continuous at x = 0.
√x + bx2 - √x
bx 3 / 2
, for x > 0
Solution:
{
sin (a+ 1) x + sin x
x
, for x < 0
c , for x = 0
f(x) =
√x + bx2 - √x
3
2
bx
, for x > 0
{
sin (a+ 1)x + sin x
x
, for x < 0
⇒ f(x) = c , for x = 0
√1+ bx -1
bx
, for x > 0
We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
-sin (a+ 1)h-sin ( -h) -sin (a+ 1)h sin h
= limh→0 [ h
( ) ( ) ( )
1
=limh→0 bh
= limh→0
bh ( √1+ bh+ 1 ) = limh→0
( √1+ bh+ 1 ) = 2
And, f(0) = c
⇒ -a-1 = 2 =c
1 1
⇒ - a - 1 = 2 and c = 2
-3 1
⇒a= 2, c= 2
√1+ bx -1
Now, bx exists only if bx ≠ 0 ⇒ b ≠ 0.
∴ b ∈ R - {0}
Question:27
{
1-cos kx
x sin x
, x≠0
If f(x) = 1
is continuous at x = 0, find k.
2
, x=0
Solution:
{
1-coskx
xsinx
, x≠0
Given: f(x) = 1
2
, x=0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0) ...1
Consider:
( )
kx
1-cos kx 2 sin2 2
kx
( )
2 sin2 2
( )
sin x
x2 x
( )
( )
2k2 kx
2
( )
4 sin 2
( )( )
kx sin x
2
2 x
( )
kx
2
( )
sin 2
( )( )
kx sin x
2k 2 2
2
x
( )
( )
kx 2
sin 2
( )
kx 2
2
limx →0
2k 2 sin x
limx → 0 x
⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4
2k 2 k2
⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4 × 1 = 2
⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒k = ±1
Question:28
{
x -4
|x -4|
+ a, if x<4
If f(x) = a+b , if x = 4 is continuous at x = 4, find a, b.
x -4
|x -4|
+ b, if x>4
Solution:
Given:
{
x -4
|x -4|
+ a, if x < 4
f(x) = a + b, if x = 4
x -4
|x -4|
+ b, if x > 4
We observe
(LHL at x = 4) = limx →4 - f(x) = limh→0f(4 - h)
4-h-4 -h
( )
= limh→0 |4-h-4| + a = limh→0 | -h| + a = a - 1
( )
(RHL at x = 4) = limx →4 + f(x) = limh→0f(4 + h)
4+ h-4 h
(
= limh→0 |4+ h-4| + b = limh→0 |h| + b = b + 1
) ( )
And f(4) = a + b
Question:29
For what value of k is the function
{
sin 2x
x
f(x) = , x≠0
k , x=0
continuous at x = 0?
Solution:
{
sin2x
x
Given: f(x) = , x≠0
k, x = 0
⇒ limx →0 x =k
2sin2x
⇒ limx →0 2x =k
sin2x
⇒ 2limx →0 2x = k
⇒2×1 =k
⇒k=2
Question:30
( ) ( )
x x
log 1+ a -log 1- b
x
Let f(x) = , x ≠ 0. Find the value of f at x = 0 so that f becomes continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
x
( ) ( )
x
log 1+ a -log 1- b
x
Given: f(x) = , x≠0
( )
x
( ) ( )
x
log 1+ a -log 1- b
x
⇒ limx →0 = f(0)
( ) ( )
x
( )
log 1+ a log 1- b
ax bx
a b
⇒ limx →0 - = f(0)
( ) ( )
x
( ) ( )
log 1+ a log 1- b
1 1
()
x -x
⇒ a limx →0 a
- - b limx →0 b
= f(0)
[ ]
1 1 log(1+ x ) 1 1 a+ b
()
⇒ a × 1 - - b × 1 = f(0) Using: limx →0 x
= 1 ⇒ a + b = f(0) ⇒ ab = f(0)
Question:31
{
2x + 2 -16
x
If f(x) = 4 -16 , if x ≠ 2 is continuous at x = 2, find k.
k , if x = 2
Solution:
Given:
{
2x + 2 -16
x
f(x) = 4 -16 , if x ≠ 2
k , if x = 2
(
4 2x -4 ) 4 4
2x + 2 -16 4 1
Question:32
{
cos 2 x -sin2 x -1
limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→0cos2x-sin2x-1x2+1-1=k⇒limx→01-sin2x-sin2x-1x2+1-1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1-1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1+1x2+1-1x2+1+1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1+1x2=k⇒-2limx→0sin2xx2+1+1x2=k⇒
⇒-2×1×1+1=k⇒k=-4
Question:33
Extend the definition of the following by continuity
fx=1-cos7 (x-π)5 (x-π)2 at the point x = π.
Solution:
Given:
fx=1-cos7x-π5x-π2, x=π
limx→πfx=fπ⇒limx→π1-cos7x-π5x-π2=fπ⇒25limx→πsin27x-π2x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin27x-π2494x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin27x-π272x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin7x-π272x-π2=fπ⇒25×494×1=fπ⇒15×49
⇒4910=fπ
Question:34
If fx=2x+3 sinx3x+2 sinx, x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find f 0.
Solution:
Given:
fx=2x+3sinx3x+2sinx, x≠0
limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→02x+3sinx3x+2sinx=f0⇒limx→0x2+3sinxxx3+2sinxx=f0⇒limx→02+3sinxx3+2sinxx=f0⇒limx→02+3sinxxlimx→03+2sinxx=f0⇒2+3limx→0sinxx3+2limx→0sinxx=f0⇒2+3×13+2×1=f0⇒55=
⇒f0=1
Question:35
Find the value of k for which
fx=1-cos 4x8x2, whenx≠0 k , whenx=0is continuous at x = 0;
Solution:
Given: fx=1-cos4x8x2, when x≠0k, when x=0
Question:36
In each of the following, find the value of the constant k so that the given function is continuous at the indicated point;
i fx=1-cos 2kxx2, ifx≠0 8 , ifx=0at x = 0
vi fx=x2-25x-5,x≠5 k ,x=5at x = 5
ii Given:
fx=x-1tanπx2, if x≠1k, if x=1
iii Given:
fx=kx2-2x, if x<0cosx, if x≥0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0kh2+2h=0
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0cosh=1
∴limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx
iv Given:
fx=kx+1, if x≤πcosx, if x>π
We have
(LHL at x = π) = limx→π-fx=limh→0fπ-h=limh→0kπ-h+1=kπ+1
(RHL at x = π) = limx→π+fx=limh→0fπ+h=limh→0cosπ+h=cosπ=-1
v Given:
fx=kx+1, if x≤53x-5, if x>5
We have
(LHL at x = 5) = limx→5-fx=limh→0f5-h=limh→0k5-h+1=5k+1
(RHL at x = 5) = limx→5+fx=limh→0f5+h=limh→035+h-5=10
vi Given:
fx=x2-25x-5, x≠5k, x=5
⇒fx=x-5x+5x-5, x≠5k, x=5
⇒fx=x+5, x≠5k, x=5
viii Given:
fx=kx2+2, if x≤03x+1, if x>0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0k-h2+2=2k
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→03h+1=1
ix Given:
fx=x3+x2-16x+20x-22, x≠2k, x=2
⇒fx=x3+x2-16x+20x2-4x+4, x≠2k, x=2
⇒fx=x+5, x≠2k, x=2
Question:37
Find the values of a and b so that the function f given by
fx= 1 ,if x≤3ax+b , if 3<x<5 7 ,if x≥5is continuous at x = 3 and x = 5.
Solution:
Given: fx=1, if x≤3ax+b, if 3<x<57, if x≥5
We have
(LHL at x = 3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→01=1
(RHL at x = 3) = limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→0a3+h+b=3a+b
(LHL at x = 5) = limx→5-fx=limh→0f5-h=limh→0a5-h+b=5a+b
(RHL at x = 5) = limx→5+fx=limh→0f5+h=limh→07=7
Question:38
If fx=x22,if 0≤x≤12x2-3x+32,if 1<x≤2. Show that f is continuous at x = 1.
Solution:
We have
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h22=12
(RHL at x = 1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→021+h2-31+h+32=2-3+32=12
Also, f1=122=12
Question:39
Discuss the continuity of the f(x) at the indicated points:
i f(x) = | x | + | x − 1 | at x = 0, 1.
ii f(x) = | x − 1 | + | x + 1 | at x = −1, 1.
Solution:
i Given: fx=x+x-1
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→00-h+0-h-1=1
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→00+h+0+h-1=1
Also, f0=0+0-1=0+1=1
Now,
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h+1-h-1=1+0=1
Also, f1=1+1-1=1+0=1
ii Given: fx=x-1+x+1
We have
(LHL at x = −1) = limx→-1-fx=limh→0f-1-h=limh→0-1-h-1+-1-h+1=2+0=2
Now,
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h-1+1-h+1=0+2=2
Also, f1=1+1+1-1=2
Question:40
Prove that fx=x-xx,x≠0 2 ,x=0is discontinuous at x = 0
Solution:
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→02=2
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→00=0
∴ limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx
Question:41
If fx=2x2+k,if x≥0-2x2+k,if x<0, then what should be the value of
k so that f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0-2-h2+k=k
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→02h2+k=k
Question:42
For what value of λ is the function
fx=λ(x2-2x),if x≤0 4x+1 ,if x>0
continuous at x = 0? What about continuity at x = ± 1?
Solution:
If f is continuous at x = 0, then
At x = 1,
f 1 = 4x + 1 = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5
At x = -1, we have
f -1 = λ1+2=3λ
limx→-1λ1+2=3λ∴limx→-1fx=f-1
Question:43
For what value of k is the following function continuous at x = 2?
fx=2x+1 ;if x<2 k ;x=23x-1 ;x>2
Solution:
Given: fx=2x+1, if x<2k, x=23x-1, x>2
We have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=limh→022-h+1=5
(RHL at x = 2) = limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→032+h-1=5
Also, f2=k
⇒ 5=5=k
Question:44
Let fx=1-sin3 x3 cos2 x ,if x<π2 a ,if x=π2b(1-sin x)(π-2x)2,if x>π2.If f(x) is continuous at x = π2, find a and b.
Solution:
Given: fx=1-sin3x3cos2x, if x<π2a, if x=π2b1-sinxπ-2x2, if x>π2
We have
(LHL at x = π2) = limx→π2-fx=limh→0fπ2-h
=limh→01-sin3π2-h3cos2π2-h=limh→01-cos3h3sin2h=13limh→01-cosh1+cos2h+cosh1-cosh1+cosh=13limh→01+cos2h+cosh1+cosh=131+1+11+1=12
Also, fπ2=a
⇒12 =b8 = a
Question:45
If the functions f(x), defined below is continuous at x = 0, find the value of k.
fx=1-cos 2x2x2,x<0 k ,x=0 xx ,x>0
Solution:
Given: fx=1-cos2x2x2, x<0k, x=0xx, x>0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h
=limh→01-cos2-h2-h2=limh→01-cos2h2h2=12limh→02sin2hh2=22limh→0sin2hh2=22limh→0sinhh2=1×1=1
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→01=1
Also, f0=k
⇒1=1=k
Question:46
Find the relationship between 'a' and 'b' so that the function 'f' defined by
fx=ax+1,if x≤3bx+3,if x>3
is continuous at x = 3.
Solution:
We have
(LHL at x = 3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→0a3-h+1=3a+1
(RHL at x = 3) = limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→0b3+h+3=3b+3
Question:47
Prove that the function fx=sin xx,x<0x+1,x≥0is everywhere continuous.
Solution:
When x < 0, we have
fx=sinxx
We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h=limh→0sinhh=1
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0h+1=1
Also,
f0=0+1=1
∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0
Thus, fx is continuous at x = 0.
Question:48
Discuss the continuity of the function fx=xx,x≠0 0 ,x=0.
Solution:
Given: fx=xx, x≠00, x=0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0-1=-1
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→01=1
∴ limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.
Question:49
Find the points of discontinuity, if any, of the following functions:
i fx=x3-x2+2x-2,if x≠1 4 ,if x=1
At x = 1, we have
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h3-1-h2+21-h-2=1-1+2-2=0
(RHL at x = 1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→01+h3-1+h2+21+h-2=1-1+2-2=0
Also, f1=4
∴ limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx≠f1
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 1.
ii
Given: fx=x4-16x-2, if x≠216, if x=2
At x = 2, we have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=limh→02-h2+42-h+2=84=32
(RHL at x = 2) = limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→02+h2+42+h+2=84=32
Also, f2=16
∴ limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx≠f2
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 2.
iii
We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.
Now,
Let us consider the point x = 0.
Given: fx=sinxx, if x<02x+3, if x≥0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h=limh→0sinhh=1
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→02h+3=3
∴ limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.
iv
When x ≠ 0, then
fx=sin3xx
We know that sin 3x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sin3xx is continuous at each x ≠ 0.
We have
∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.
When x ≠ 0, then
fx=sinxx+cosx
We know that sin x as well as the identity function x both are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x ≠ 0.
Also, cos x is everywhere continuous.
Therefore, sin xx+cos x is continuous at each x ≠ 0.
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h+cos-h=limh→0sin-h-h+limh→0cos-h=1+1=2
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0sinhh+cosh=limh→0sinhh+limh→0cosh=1+1=2
Also, f0=5
∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.
vi
When x ≠ 0, then
fx=x4+x3+2x2tan-1x
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0h4+h3+2h2tan-1h=limh→0h3+h2+2htan-1hh=01=0
Also, f0=10
∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.
vii
Given: fx=ex-1loge1+2x, if x≠07, if x=0
We have
limx→0fx=limx→0ex-1loge1+2x=limx→0ex-1x2 loge1+2x2x=12×limx→0ex-1xlimx→0loge1+2x2x=12
It is given that f0=7
⇒ limx→0fx≠f0
viii
Since, x2 & 3x are continuous being polynomial functions, x24 & 3x2 will also be continuous.
Also, 134 is continuous being a polynomial function.
At x = 1, we have
(LHL at x=1) = lim x→1-fx=lim h→0f1-h=lim h→01-h24-31-h2+134=14-32+134=2
Hence, fx is continuous at x= 1.
ix
At x≤-3, we have
fx=x+3
Since modulus function and constant function are continuous, fx=x+3 is continuous for each x≤-3.
At -3<x<3, we have
fx=-2x
Since polynomial function is continuous and constant function is continuous, fx=-2x is continuous for each-3<x<3.
At x>3, we have
fx=6x+2
Since polynomial function is continuous and constant function is continuous, fx=6x+2 is continuous for each x>3.
We have
(LHL at x=3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→0-23-h=-6
Given:
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity of f.
Case I:
Case II:
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0
Case III:
Case IV:
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not coincide.
Case V:
xii
Case I:
Case II:
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0
From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real line.
xiii
Case I:
Case II:
Therefore, f is continuous at x = −1
Case III:
Case IV:
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 2
Case V:
Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Question:50
In the following, determine the values of constants involved in the definition so that the given function is continuous:
i fx=sin 2x5x,if x≠0 3k ,if x=0
If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0fx=f0
If fx is continuous at x = 2, then
limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx
⇒limh→0f2-h=limh→0f2+h⇒limh→0k2-h+5=limh→02+h-1⇒2k+5=1⇒2k=-4⇒k=-2
If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx
Hence, there does not exist any value of k, which can make the given function continuous.
⇒limh→0f3-h=limh→0f3+h and limh→0f5-h=limh→0f5+h ⇒limh→02=limh→0a3+h+b and limh→0a5-h+b=limh→09⇒2=3a+b and 5a+b=9⇒2=3a+b and 5a+b=9⇒a=72 and b=-172
⇒limh→0f-1-h =limh→0f-1+h and limh→0f-h =limh→0fh ⇒limh→04 =limh→0a-1+h2+b and limh→0a-h2+b =limh→0cos h⇒4=a+b and b=1⇒a=3 and b=1
vi
If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx
⇒ limh→0f-h=limh→0fh ⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph-h=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph1-ph+1+ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1-ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→0-2ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh
⇒limh→02p1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒2p2=1-2⇒p=-12
vii
⇒ limh→0f2-h =limh→0f2+h and limh→0f10-h =limh→0f10+h⇒ limh→05 =limh→0a2+h+b and limh→0a10-h+b =limh→021⇒ 5=2a+b ...1 and 10a+b=21 ...2On solving eqs. 1 and 2, we geta=2 and
viii
⇒limh→0fπ2-h = fπ2⇒limh→0fπ2-h = 3⇒limh→0k cos π2-hπ-2π2-h = 1⇒limh→0k sin hπ-π+2h = 1⇒limh→0k sin h2h = 1⇒k2limh→0sin hh = 1⇒k2 = 1⇒k = 2
Question:51
The function fx= x2/a ,if 0≤x<1 a ,if 1≤x<22b2-4bx2,if 2≤x<∞
is continuous on 0, ∞, then find the most suitable values of a and b.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0,∞
∴ f is continuous at x = 1 and 2
At x = 1, we have
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→0a=a
Also,
At x = 2, we have
f is continuous at x = 1 and 2
If a = −1, then
a = −1, b = 1 or a = 1, b=1±2
Question:52
Find the values of a and b so that the function f(x) defined by
fx=x+a2sin x ,if 0≤x<π/42x cot x+b ,if π/4≤x<π/2a cos 2x-b sin x,if π/2≤x≤π
becomes continuous on 0, π.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0, π.
∴ f is continuous at x = π4 and π2
At x = π4, we have
At x = π2, we have
⇒-b-a = b and π4+a = π2+b⇒b = -a2 ...1 and -π4 = b-a ...2⇒ -π4 = -3a2 Substituting the value of b in eq. 2⇒ a = π6⇒ b = -π12 From eq.1
Question:53
The function f(x) is defined as follows:
fx=x2+ax+b ,0≤x<23x+2 ,2≤x≤42ax+5b ,4<x≤8
If f is continuous on 0, 8, find the values of a and b.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0, 8.
∴ f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 4
At x = 2, we have
limx→2-fx =limh→0f2-h =limh→02-h2+a2-h+b = 4+2a+b
Also,
At x = 4, we have
f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 4
Question:54
If fx=tanπ4-xcot 2x for x ≠ π/4, find the value which can be assigned to f(x) at x = π/4 so that the function f(x) becomes continuous every where in 0, π/2.
Solution:
When x≠π4, tan π4-x and cot 2x are continuous in 0, π2.
Thus, the quotient function tan π4-xcot 2x is continuous in 0,π2 for each x≠π4.
Now,
Let us consider the point x = π4.
We have
(LHL at x = π4) = limx→π4-fx =limh→0fπ4-h =limh→0tanπ4-π4+hcotπ2-2h = limh→0tan htan 2h =limh→0tan hh2 tan 2h2h = 12limh→0tan hhlimh→0tan 2h2h = 12
(RHL at x = π4) = limx→π4+fx =limh→0fπ4+h =limh→0tan π4-π4-hcot π2+2h =limh→0tan -h-tan 2h =limh→0tan htan 2h =limh→0tan hh2 tan 2h2h =12limh→0tan hhlimh→0tan 2h2h = 12
∴ fπ4=12
Hence, for fπ4=12, the function fx will be everywhere continuous in 0, π2.
Question:55
Discuss the continuity of the function
fx=2x-1 ,if x<23x2 ,if x≥2
Solution:
When x < 2, we have
fx = 2x-1
The functions 3x and 2 are continuous being the polynomial and constant function, respectively.
Thus, the quotient function 3x2 is continuous at each x > 2.
Now,
Let us consider the point x = 2.
Given: fx=2x-1, if x<23x2, if x≥2
We have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx =limh→0f2-h =limh→022-h-1 = 4-1 = 3
Also,
f2=322=3
∴ limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx=f2
Thus, fx is continuous at x = 2.
Question:56
Discuss the continuity of f(x) = sin | x |.
Solution:
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as,
f = h o g, where
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
If x → c, then k → 0
h (c) = sin c
So, h is a continuous function.
Question:57
Prove that
fx=sin xx ,x<0x+1 ,x≥0
is everywhere continuous.
Solution:
When x < 0, we have
fx=sinxx
We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.
Now,
Let us consider the point x = 0.
Given: fx = sin xx, x<0x+1, x≥0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx =limh→0f0-h =limh→0f-h =limh→0sin -h-h =limh→0sin hh = 1
∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0
Thus, fx is continuous at x = 0.
Question:58
Show that the function g (x) = x − [x] is discontinuous at all integral points. Here [x] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution:
Given:
Let n∈Z.
Then,
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = n do not coincide.
i.e. limx→n-gx ≠limx→n+gx
Question:59
Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
i f(x) = sin x + cos x
ii f(x) = sin x − cos x
iii f(x) = sin x cos x
Solution:
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then g+h, g-h and g×h are also continuous.
It has to proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are continuous functions.
If x → c, then h → 0
So, g is a continuous function.
If x → c, then h → 0
h (c) = cos c
Question:60
Show that f (x) = cos x2 is a continuous function.
Solution:
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as
It has to be first proved that g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x2 are continuous functions.
Now,
h (x) = x2
It is known that for real valued functions g and h, such that (g o h) is defined at x = c, if g is continuous at x = c and if f is continuous at g (c), then, (f o g) is continuous at x = c.
Question:61
Show that f (x) = | cos x | is a continuous function.
Solution:
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as,
f = g o h, where
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
So, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
If x → c, then h → 0
h (c) = cos c
It is known that for real valued functions g and h,such that (g o h) is defined at x = c, if g is continuous at x = c and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at x = c.
Question:62
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f (x) = | x | − | x + 1 |.
Solution:
Given:
Then, f = g − h
Case I:
So, g is continuous at all points x < 0.
Case II:
Case III:
So, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
So, h is continuous at x = −1
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all points of the real line.
Question:63
Determine if fx=x2 sin1x ,x≠0 0 ,x=0is a continuous function?
Solution:
Case I:
Case II:
limx→0-fx=limx→0-x2 sin 1x=limx→0x2 sin 1xIt is known that -1≤sin 1x≤1, x≠0.⇒-x2 ≤ x2 sin 1x ≤ x2⇒limx→0-x2 ≤ limx→0x2 sin 1x ≤ limx→0x2⇒0 ≤ limx→0x2 sin 1x ≤ 0⇒limx→0x2 sin 1x = 0⇒limx→0-fx = 0
Similarly, limx→0+fx =limx→0+x2 sin 1x =limx→0x2 sin 1x = 0
So, f is continuous at x = 0
From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real line.
Question:64
Given the function fx=1x+2. Find the points of discontinuity of the function f(f(x)).
Solution:
ffx=11x+2+2=x+22x+5
So, ffx is not defined at x+2=0 and 2x+5=0If x+2=, then x=-2If 2x+5=0, then x=-52
Hence, the function is discontinuous at x=-52 and -2
Question:65
Find all point of discontinuity of the function ft=1t2+t-2, where t=1x-1
Solution:
ft=1t2+t-2Now, let u=1x-1∴fu=1u2+2u-u-2=1u2+u-2=1u+2u-1So, fu is not defined at u=-2 and u=1If u=-2, then-2=1x-1⇒2x=1⇒x=12If u=1, then1=1x-1⇒x=2
Hence, the function is discontinuous at x=12, 2
Question:66
Define continuity of a function at a point.
Solution:
Continuity at a point:
Question:67
What happens to a function f (x) at x = a, if limx→a f (x) = f (a)?
Solution:
If fx is a function defined in its domain such that limx→afx=fa, then fx becomes continuous at x=a.
Question:68
Find f 0, so that fx=x1-1-x becomes continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
If fxis continuous at x = 0, then limx→0fx=f0 ...1
Given: fx=x1-1-x
Question:69
If fx=xsin 3x,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then write the value of k.
Solution:
If fx is continuous at x=0, then
limx→0fx=f0
Question:70
If the function fx=sin 10xx, x≠0 is continuous at x = 0, find f 0.
Solution:
Given: fx=sin 10xx, x≠0 is continuous at x=0.
limx→0fx=f0
⇒limx→0sin 10xx=f0
Question:71
If fx=x2-16x-4,if x≠4 k ,if x=4 is continuous at x = 4, find k.
Solution:
Given: fx=x2-16x-4, if x≠4k, if x=4
⇒limx→4x2-16x-4=k
⇒limx→4x+4x-4x-4=k⇒limx→4x+4=k⇒k=8
Question:72
Determine whether fx=sin x2x,x≠0 0 ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0 or not.
Solution:
Given: fx=sin x2x, x≠00, x=0
We have
limx→0fx=limx→0sin x2x =limx→0x sin x2x2 =limx→0sin x2x2 limx→0x =1×0 =0 =f0
∴ limx→0fx=f0
Question:74
If fx=sin-1 xx,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, write the value of k.
Solution:
Given, fx=sin-1xx, x≠0k, x=0
limx→0fx=f0
⇒limx→0sin-1xx=f0
⇒limx→0sin-1xx=k⇒k=1 ∵limx→0sin-1xx =1
Question:75
Write the value of b for which fx= 5x-40<x≤14x2+3bx1<x<2 is continuous at x = 1.
Solution:
Given: fx=5x-4, 0<x≤14x2+3bx, 1<x<2
Now,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→051-h-4=5-4=1
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→041+h2+3b1+h=4+3b
Also, f1=51-4=1
⇒1=4+3b⇒-3=3b⇒b=-1
Question:76
Determine the value of the constant 'k' so that function fx=kxx, if x < 0 3 ,if x ≥ 0 is continuous at x=0.
Solution:
Given, f(x)=kxx, if x<03, if x⩾0
limx→0-f(x)=limx→0+f(x)=f(0)⇒limx→0-kxx=limx→03=3⇒-k=3⇒k=-3
Question:77
Find the value of k for which the function fx=x2+3x-10x-2,x≠2k,x=2is continuous at x = 2
Solution:
Given,
fx=x2+3x-10x-2,x≠2k,x=2
limx→2-x2+3x-10x-2=limx→2-x+5=7f2=klimx→2+x2+3x-10x-2=limx→2+x+5=7
If f(x) is continuous at x=2, then
limx→2-f(x)=f(2)=limx→2+f(x)
⇒k=7
Question:78
The function fx=4-x24x-x3
a discontinuous at only one point
b discontinuous exactly at two points
c discontinuous exactly at three points
d none of these
Solution:
C discontinuous exactly at three points
Given: fx=4-x24x-x3
⇒fx=4-x2x4-x2
⇒fx=1x, x≠0 and 4-x2≠0 or x≠0, ±2
Clearly, fx is defined and continuous for all real numbers except 0, ±2.
Question:79
If f (x) = | x − a | ϕ (x), where ϕ (x) is continuous function, then
a f' (a+) = ϕ (a)
b f' (a−) = −ϕ (a)
c f' (a+) = f' (a−)
d none of these
Solution:
a f'a+=ϕa
b f'a-=-ϕa
Here, fx=x-a ϕx
f'a+ =limh→0fa+h-fah =limh→0h+a-aϕa+h-a-aϕah =limh→0h ϕa+hh=limh→0ϕa+h=ϕa
Also,
Question:80
If fx=log10 x, then at x = 1
a f (x) is continuous and f' (1+) = log10 e
b f (x) is continuous and f' (1+) = log10 e
c f (x) is continuous and f' (1−) = log10 e
d f (x) is continuous and f' (1−) = −log10 e
Solution:
Also,
Question:81
If fx=36x-9x-4x+12-1+cos x,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then k equals
a 162 log 2 log 3
b 162 ln 6
c 162 ln 2 ln 3
d none of these
Solution:
Question:82
If f (x) defined by fx=x2-xx2-x,x≠0, 1 1 ,x=0 -1 ,x=1 then f (x) is continuous for all
ax
b x except at x = 0
c x except at x = 1
d x except at x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution:
d x except at x = 0 and x = 1.
So,
limx→0-fx=limh→0f-h=1
Also,
limx→0+fx=limh→0fh=-1
⇒limx→0+fx≠limx→0-fx
Now,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=-1
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=1
⇒limx→1+fx≠limx→1-fx
Question:83
If fx=1-sin xπ-2x2.log sin xlog1+π2-4πx+4x2,x≠π2 k ,x=π2
is continuous at x = π/2, then k =
a -116
b -132
c -164
d -128
Solution:
c -164
Question:84
If f (x) = (x + 1)cot x be continuous at x = 0, then f 0 is equal to
a0
b 1/e
ce
d none of these
Solution:
ce
Given: fx=x+1cotx
log fx=cot x log x+1 Taking log on both sides⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0cot x log x+1⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1tan x⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1xtan xx⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1xlimx→0tan xx⇒log
⇒log limx→0fx=1⇒limx→0fx=e⇒f0=e ∵ fx is continuous at x=0
Question:85
If fx=log1+ax-log1-bxx,x≠0 k ,x=0
and f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
aa−b
ba+b
c log a + log b
d none of these
Solution:
b a+b
⇒limx→0log1+ax-log1-bxx=k
⇒limx→0alog1+axax-blog1-bxbx=k⇒alimx→0log1+axax-blimx→0log1-bxbx=k⇒alimx→0log1+axax+blimx→0log1-bx-bx=k⇒a×1+b×1=k ∵ limx→0log1+xx=1⇒k=a+b
Question:86
The function fx=e1/x-1e1/x+1,x≠0 0 ,x=0
a is continuous at x = 0
b is not continuous at x = 0
c is not continuous at x = 0, but can be made continuous at x = 0
d none of these
Solution:
b is not continuous at x = 0
We have
limx→0fx=limx→0e1x-1e1x+1
If e1x=t, then
x→0, t→∞
limx→0fx=limt→∞t-1t+1=limt→∞1-1t1+1t=1-01+0=1
Also, f0=0
∴ limx→0fx≠f0
Question:87
Let fx=x-4x-4+a,x<4 a+b ,x=4x-4x-4+b,x>4.
Then, f (x) is continuous at x = 4 when
a a = 0, b = 0
b a = 1, b = 1
c a = −1, b = 1
d a = 1, b = −1.
Solution:
d a = 1, b = −1.
We have
(LHL at x = 4) = limx→4-fx=limh→0f4-h
=limh→04-h-44-h-4+a=limh→0-h-h+a=a-1
(RHL at x = 4) = limx→4+fx=limh→0f4+h
=limh→04+h-44+h-4+b=limh→0hh+b=b+1
Also,
f4=a+b
limx→4-fx=limx→4+fx=f4
⇒a-1=b+1=a+b
⇒a-1=a+b and b+1=a+b
⇒b=-1 and a=1
Question:88
If the function fx=cos x1/x,x≠0 k ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
a0
b1
c −1
d e.
Solution:
b
Given: fx=cosx1xk, x=0, x≠0
⇒limx→0cos x1x=kIf limx→afx=1 and limx→agx=0, then limx→afxgx=elimx→afx-1×gx⇒elimx→0cos x-1x= k⇒e0=k ∵ limx→0cos x-1x=0⇒k=1
Question:89
Let f (x) = | x | + | x − 1|, then
a f (x) is continuous at x = 0, as well as at x = 1
b f (x) is continuous at x = 0, but not at x = 1
c f (x) is continuous at x = 1, but not at x = 0
d none of these
Solution:
Since modulus function is everywhere continuous , x and x-1 are also everywhere continuous.
Also,
It is known that if f and g are continuous functions, then f + g will also be continuous.
Question:90
Let fx=x4-5x2+4x-1 x-2,x≠1, 2 6 ,x=1 12 ,x=2. Then, f (x) is continuous on the set
aR
b R − {1}
c R − {2}
d R − {1, 2}
Solution:
d R − {1, 2}
So,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h+11-h+2=2×3=6
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=-limh→01+h+11+h+2=-2×3=-6
Also,
limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=-limh→02-h+12-h+2=-12
limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→02+h+12+h+2=12
Therefore, the only points of discontinuities of the function fx are x=1 and x=2 .
Question:91
If fx=sin (a+1) x+sin xx ,x<0 c ,x=0 x+bx2-xbxx ,x>0is continuous at x = 0, then
a a = -32, b = 0, c = 12
b a = -32, b = 1, c = -12
c a = -32, b ∈ R − {0}, c = 12
d none of these
Solution:
c a = -32 , b ∈ R − {0}, c = 12
The given function can be rewritten as
fx=sin a+1 x+x sin xx, for x<0c , for x=0x+bx2-xbx32 , for x>0
⇒fx=sin a+1x+ sin xx, for x<0c , for x=01+bx-1bx , for x>0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx =limh→0f0-h =limh→0f-h
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh
=limh→01+bh-1bh=limh→0bhbh1+bh+1=limh→011+bh+1=12
Also, f0=c
If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0
⇒-a-1 = 12=c
⇒-a-1 = 12 and c=12
⇒a=-32, c=12
Thus, b∈R-0.
Question:92
If fx=mx+1 ,x≤π2sin x+n,x>π2is continuous at x=π2, then
a m = 1, n = 0
b m=nπ2+1
c n=mπ2
d m=n=π2
Solution:
c n=mπ2
Here,
fπ2=mπ2+1
We have
(LHL at x=π2) = lim x→π2- fx =lim h→0fπ2-h=lim h→0mπ2-h+1=mπ2+1
Thus,
If fx is continuous at x=π2, then
lim x→π2- fx =lim x→π2+ fx
⇒mπ2+1=n+1⇒mπ2=n
Question:93
The value of f 0, so that the function
fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a+x-a-x becomes continuous for all x, given by
a a3/2
b a1/2
c −a1/2
d −a3/2
Solution:
c -a12
Given: fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a+x-a-x
Question:94
The function
fx= 1 ,x≥11n2 ,1n<x<1n-1, n=2,3, ... 0 ,x=0
a is discontinuous at finitely many points
b is continuous everywhere
c is discontinuous only at x=±1n, n ∈ Z − {0} and x = 0
d none of these
Solution:
Here,
fx=1, which is the constant function
So, fx is continuous for all x≥1 or x≤-1 and x≥1.
Here,
fx=1n2, n=2, 3, 4, ... fx=1n2, n=2, 3, 4, ..., which is also a constant function.
We have
LHL at x=-1=limx→-1-fx=limx→-1-1=1RHL at x=-1=limx→-1+fx=limx→-1+14=14 ∵ fx=14 for -1<x<12, when n=2Clearly, limx→-1-fx≠limx→-1+fx at x=-1So, fx is discontinuous at x=-1.
We have
limx→0-fx=limh→0f1n-h=limh→0f1n-h=1n-12
limx→0+fx=limh→0f1n+h=limh→0f1n+h=1n2
limx→0+fx≠limx→0-fx
At x = 0, we have
limx→0-fx≠0=f0
We have
limx→1n-fx=limh→0f1n-h=limh→0f1n-h=1n-12
limx→1n+fx=limh→0f1n+h=limh→0f1n+h=1n2
limx→1n+fx≠limx→1n-fx
Question:95
The value of f 0, so that the function
fx=27-2x1/3-39-3 243+5x1/5x≠0 is continuous, is given by
a 23
b6
c2
d4
Solution:
c2
Question:96
The value of f 0 so that the function
fx=2-256-7x1/85x+321/5-2, x ≠ 0 is continuous everywhere, is given by
a −1
b1
c 26
d none of these
Solution:
d none of these
Given: fx=2-256-7x185x+3215-2
For fx to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
limx→0fx=f0
⇒f0=limx→0fx=limx→02-256-7x185x+3215-2⇒f0=limx→025618-256-7x185x+3215-3215=-limx→0256-7x18-25618x5x+3215-3215x=-75limx→0256-7x18-256187x5x+3215-32155x=75limx→0256-7x18-256
=75×18×256-7815×32-45=75×18×2415×27=764
Question:97
fx=1+px-1-pxx,-1≤x<02x+1x-2 ,0≤x≤1
is continuous in the interval −1, 1, then p is equal to
a −1
b −1/2
c 1/2
d1
Solution:
b -12
Given: fx=1+px-1-pxx, if -1≤x<02x+1x-2, if 0≤x≤1
If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx
⇒ limh→0f-h=limh→0fh ⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph-h=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph1-ph+1+ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1-ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→0-2ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh
⇒limh→02p1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒2p2=1-2⇒p=-12
Question:98
The function fx=x2/a ,0≤x<1 a ,1≤x<22b2-4bx2,2≤x<∞
is continuous for 0 ≤ x < ∞, then the most suitable values of a and b are
a a = 1, b = −1
b a = −1, b = 1 + 2
c a = −1, b = 1
d none of these
Solution:
c a = -1, b = 1
Now,
If fx is continuous at x = 1, then
limx→1-fx=f1⇒limh→0f1-h=a⇒1-h2a=a⇒1a=a⇒a2=1⇒a=±1
If fx is continuous at x = 2, then
limx→2-fx=f2⇒limh→0f2-h=2b2-4b2⇒limh→0a=b2-2b⇒a=b2-2b⇒b2-2b-a=0
∴ For a = 1, we have
b2-2b-1=0⇒b=2±4-4-12=1±2
Also,
For a = −1, we have
b2-2b+1=0⇒b-12=0⇒b=1
Question:99
If fx=1-sin xπ-2x2, when x ≠ π/2 and f π/2 = λ, then f (x) will be continuous function at x = π/2, where λ =
a 1/8
b 1/4
c 1/2
d none of these
Solution:
a 18
limt→01-sin π2-t2t2=fπ2 From eq. (1)⇒limt→01-cos t4t2=fπ2⇒14limt→02 sin2 t2t2=fπ2⇒14limt→024 sin2 t2t24=fπ2⇒18limt→0sin2 t2t24=fπ2⇒18limt→0sin t2t22=fπ2⇒fπ2=λ=18
Question:100
The value of a for which the function
fx=4x-13sinx/a log 1+x2/3,x≠012log 43 ,x=0may be continuous at x = 0 is
a1
b2
c3
d none of these
Solution:
d none of these
limx→04x-13sinxa log1+x23=12log 43
Question:102
The function fx=sin 3xx,x≠0 k2 ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0, then k =
a3
b6
c9
d 12
Solution:
b6
Question:103
If the function
fx=2x-sin-1 x2x+tan-1 x
is continuous at each point of its domain, then the value of f 0 is
a2
b 13
c -13
d 23
Solution:
b 13
Given: fx=2x-sin-1x2x+tan-1x
limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→02x-sin-1x2x+tan-1x=f0⇒limx→0x2-sin-1xxx2+tan-1xx=f0⇒limx→02-sin-1xx2+tan-1xx=f0⇒2-limx→0sin-1xx2+limx→0tan-1xx=f0⇒2-12+1=f0⇒f0=13
Question:104
The value of b for which the function
fx=5x-4 ,0<x≤14x2+3bx ,1<x<2is continuous at every point of its domain, is
a −1
b0
c 133
d1
Solution:
a −1
⇒limx→1+fx=f1⇒limh→0f1+h=f1⇒limh→041+h2+3b1+h=51-4⇒4+3b=1⇒-3=3b⇒b=-1
Question:105
If fx=11-x, then the set of points discontinuity of the function f (f(f(x))) is
a {1}
b {0, 1}
c {−1, 1}
d none of these
Solution:
b {0, 1}
Given: fx=11-x
Clearly, f:R-1→R
Now,
ffx=f11-x=11-11-x=1-x-x=x-1x
∴ fof:R-0, 1→R
Now,
fffx=fx-1x=11-x-1x=x
∴ fofof:R-0, 1→R
Thus, fffx is not defined at x=0, 1.
Question:106
Let fx=tanπ4-xcot 2x, x≠π4. The value which should be assigned to f (x) at x=π4, so that it is continuous everywhere is
a1
b 1/2
c2
d none of these
Solution:
b 12
∴ limy→0tan ycot 2π4-y=fπ4⇒limy→0tanycotπ2-2y=fπ4⇒limy→0tan ytan 2y=fπ4⇒limy→0tan yytan 2yy=fπ4⇒limy→0tan yy2 tan 2y2y=fπ4⇒12limy→0tan yytan 2y2y=fπ4⇒12limy→0tan yylimy→0tan 2y2y=fπ4
⇒1211=fπ4⇒fπ4=12
Question:107
The function fx=x3+x2-16x+20x-2 is not defined for x = 2. In order to make f (x) continuous at x = 2, Here f 2 should be defined as
a0
b1
c2
d3
Solution:
Here,
x3+x2-16x+20=x3-2x2+3x2-6x-10x+20=x2x-2+3xx-2-10x-2=x-2x2+3x-10=x-2x-2x+5=x-22 x+5
fx=x-22x+5x-2
⇒fx=x-2x+5
⇒limx→2x-2x+5=f2⇒f2=0
Question:108
If fx=a sinπ2x+1,x≤0tan x-sin xx3,x>0is continuous at x = 0, then a equals
a 12
b 13
c 14
d 16
Solution:
a 12
=limh→0sin hcos h-sin hh3=limh→0sin hcos h1-cos hh3=limh→01-cos h tan hh3=limh→02 sin2 h2 tan h4×h24×h=24limh→0sin2 h2 tan hh24×h=12limh→0sin h2h22×limh→0tanhh=12×1×1=12
Question:109
If fx=ax2+b ,0≤x<1 4 ,x=1x+3 ,1<x≤2,
then the value of (a, b) for which f (x) cannot be continuous at x = 1, is
a 2, 2
b 3, 1
c 4, 0
d 5, 2
Solution:
d 5, 2
Disclaimer: The question in the book has some error. The solution here is created according to the question given in the book.
Question:110
If the function f (x) defined by
fx=log 1+3x-log 1-2xx,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then k =
a1
b5
c −1
d none of these
Solution:
b5
⇒limx→0log1+3x-log1-2xx=k
⇒limx→03 log 1+3x3x-2 log 1-2x2x=k⇒3limx→0log 1+3x3x-2limx→0log 1-2x2x=k⇒3limx→0log 1+3x3x+2limx→0log 1-2x-2x=k⇒3×1+2×1=k ∵ limx→0log 1+xx=1⇒k=3+2=5
Question:111
If fx=1-cos 10xx2 , x<0 a ,x=0x625+x-25,x>0
then the value of a so that f (x) may be continuous at x = 0, is
a 25
b 50
c −25
d none of these
Solution:
b 50
⇒limh→0f-h=f0
Question:112
If fx=x sin1x, x≠0, then the value of the function at x = 0, so that the function is continuous at x = 0, is
a0
b −1
c1
d indeterminate
Solution:
a0
Here,
limx→0x sin 1x=limx→0x limx→0sin1x=0×limx→0sin1x=0
⇒f0=0
Question:113
The value of k which makes
fx=sin1x,x≠0 k ,x=0continuous at x = 0, is
a8
b1
c −1
d none of these
Solution:
d none of these
Question:114
The values of the constants a, b and c for which the function
fx=1+ax1/x ,x<0 b ,x=0x+c1/3-1x+11/2-1,x>0may be continuous at x = 0, are
d none of these
Solution:
c a=log23, b=23, c=1
Also,
limx→0+fx =f0
⇒limx→0+fx=f0⇒limh→0fh=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h+112-1=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h+112-1×h+112+1h+112+1=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×h+112+1=b⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×limh→0h+112+1=b⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×2=b⇒lim
⇒c13-13=b2 ∵ limx→axn-anx-a=nan-1, where c=1⇒13=b2⇒23=b∴ a=log23
Question:115
The points of discontinuity of the function
fx=2x ,0≤x≤14-2x ,1<x<522x-7 ,52≤x≤4is are
a x = 1, x=52
b x=52
c x=1,52,4
d x = 0, 4
Solution:
b x=52
If 1<x<52, then fx=4-2x. Since 2x is a polynomial function and 4 is a constant function, both of them are continuous. So, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 1<x<52.
If 52≤x≤4, then fx=2x-7. Since 2x is a polynomial function and 7 is continuous function, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 52≤x≤4.
Now,
Consider the point x=1. Here,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→021-h=2
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→04-21+h=2
Also, f1=21=2
⇒limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx=f1
Now,
Consider the point x=52. Here,
limx→52-fx=limh→0f52-h=limh→04-252-h=-1
limx→52+fx=limh→0f52+h=limh→0252-h-7=-2
⇒limx→52+fx ≠limx→52-fx
Question:116
If fx=1-sin2 x3 cos2 x ,x<π2 a ,x=π2b 1-sin xπ-2x2,x>π2. Then, f (x) is continuous at x=π2, if
a a=13, b = 2
b a=13, b=83
c a=23, b=83
d none of these
Solution:
b a=13 , b=83
Also, fπ2=a
⇒13 =b8 = a
Question:117
The points of discontinuity of the function
fx=152x2+3 ,x≤16-5x ,1<x<3x-3 ,x≥3is are
ax=1
bx=3
c x = 1, 3
d none of these
Solution:
bx=3
Since 5x is a polynomial function and 6 is a constant function, both of them are continuous. So, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 1<x<3.
Now,
Consider the point x=1. Here,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01521-h2+3=1
limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→06-51+h=1
Also,
f1=15212+3=1
Thus,
limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx=f1
Now,
Consider the point x=3. Here,
limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→06-53-h=-9
limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→03+h-3=0
Also,
f1=15212+3=1
Thus,
limx→3-fx≠limx→3+fx
Question:118
The value of a for which the function
fx=5x-4 ,if 0<x≤14x2+3ax,if 1<x<2is continuous at every point of its domain, is
a 133
b1
c0
d −1
Solution:
d −1
Now,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→051-h-4=5-4=1limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→041+h2+3a1+h=4+3a
Since fx is continuous at x = 1,
limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx
⇒4+3a=1⇒3a=-3⇒a=-1
Question:119
If fx=sin cos x-cos xπ-2x2,x≠π2 k ,x=π2is continuous at x = π/2, then k is equal to
a0
b 12
c1
d −1
Solution:
a0
Now,
π2-x=y
⇒π-2x=2y
⇒limy→0sincosπ2-y-cosπ2-y4y2=k
⇒limy→0sinsin y-siny4y2=k
Processing math: 21%
⇒limy→02 sinsin y-y2 cossin y+y24y2=k ∵ sin C - sin D=2 sinC-D2 cosC+D2⇒12limy→0sinsin y-y2 ycossin y+y2y=k⇒12limy→0sin y-y2 sinsin y-y2 ysin y-y2cossin y+y2y=k⇒12limy→0sin y-y2ysinsin
Contrib
⇒12limy→0sin y-y2ylimy→0sinsin y-y2sin y-y2limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒14limy→0sin yy-1limy→0sinsin y-y2sin y-y2limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒14×0×1×limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒0=k
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