H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

TOPIC 10: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

1. Approximation using Rectangles

n
Area under the curve = limit of A
r 1
r as n  

where Ar = area of the rth rectangle formed, r = 1, 2, 3, …, n.

Must take note of whether each rectangle is formed

using left side or right side to be the height.

2. Plane Areas
It is very important to sketch the curve first to determine exactly where the region whose
area to be found lies.

b

d A1 =  y dx --- using x-axis to be the base .
A2 a
c
d
A1 
A2 =  x dy --- using y-axis to be the base .
a b c

Shaded Area
b
= A1 + A2 
b c Note:  y dx is +ve
  
A1 c  y  y a
= 
dx + 
dx c
a b A2 a b 
and  y

dx is ve
b

Shaded Area
c = A1 + A2 
b
A1 Note:  x

c

b

dy is +ve
=  x dy +  x dy a
b  
b a c

A2 and  x

dy is ve
a b

y1 Shaded Area
b

= 

 y1  y2  dx --- y1 is above y2 for
a
all x = a to x = b
a y2 b

97
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

d x1 Shaded Area
d

x2 = 

 x1  x2  dy --- x1 is to the right of x2
for all y = c to y = d
c

3. Area under a curve defined parametrically

Consider a curve defined by parametric equations x  f (t ) and y  g(t ) .
x
 2
Area bounded by the curve, the x - axis, t  t1 and t  t2 is 

y dx Use
x integration
1


t
2
by
=  g(t ) f (t ) dt substitution
t
1
y
 2
Area bounded by the curve, the y - axis, t  t1 and t  t2 is  x

dy Use
y
1 integration
 2
t by
= 

f (t )g(t ) dt substitution
t 1

Always check whether a complete solid is

4. Volume of Solid of Revolution formed or not.
(i) Rotation about the x-axis :

y y= f(x)
Volume of complete solid
b
=   y 2 dx
a

0 a x
b

(ii) Rotation about the y-axis :

y
Volume of complete solid
b
=   x 2 dy
a
b
x= g(y)

x
0
98
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

x Not necessary to memorise

 2
(iii) Rotation about a line y = h: Vol.=    y  h 2 dx these formula.
x1 Just need to rewrite the
y equation of the curve with
 2
(iv) Rotation about a line x = k: Vol.=    x  k 2 dy respect to the axis of rotation,
 y1 i.e. by considering a suitable
transformation. Then use (i)
or (ii) respectively.
Example 1 [2008/NJC/1/3modified]
The graph of y  2 x for 0  x  1 , is shown in the diagram below.
1
Rectangles, each of width , where n is
n
an integer are drawn under the curve.

O
(i) Show that the total area of all the
1
 
n rectangles is given by S = , deduce the value of lim S .
n 
1
n 2n 1
(ii) By considering the area of the region bounded by the curve y  2 x , x  1 and the axes,

briefly explain why ln 2  n 2 n  1 .
1


Thinking Process/Guiding Points Suggested Solution:
(i) Rectangles are formed using the left (i) Total area of all the n rectangles
side to be the height: 1 1 1 1
h0 = 20 (when x = 0), S  (h0 )  (h1 )  (h2 )   (hn 1 )
n n n n
1
1 1 0
h1 = 2 n (when x = ),
 2  2n  2n   2 n 
1 2 n1
n

h2 = 2
2
n
(when x = 2
), … n 

 
n
  1n n  
n 1
n 1 1 2  1  
hn-1 = 2 (when x = )  1  
n
n
     1

notice the pattern : GP :  n   2n 1  n 2n  1  
1 1

1
a = 1, r = 2 n , no. of terms  n  
1 1 1
lim S = area under curve from x = 0 to x = 1
n 
lim S =  2 x dx =  2 x 
n  0 ln 2 0

1 1
=  21  20  
ln 2 ln 2
(ii) If area of rectangles are all above the (ii) From the given sketch graph, we can see
curve, then (the total area under rectangles) that the rectangles are all below the graph of
> (actual area under curve) y  2x .
 the total area of the n rectangles
< actual area under curve from x = 0 to x = 1

99
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

1 1 1
1
0 2 <  2 x dx =
x
area under the curve = dx (from 
above) 
n 2 1
1
n
 0 ln 2

 1n 
n 2  1  ln 2 (shown)
 

Example 2
 0
 
 2 x 5
Find the exact value of (a)  sin x dx , (b) 
e dx .
   3
4

Thinking Process/Guiding Points Suggested Solution:

(a) Sketch curve without modulus to (a)
y
determine which part of the curve is y = sin x
reflected up.
Hence 

sin x, x 0 x
sin x 4
sin x, 0 x

 0 
  sin x dx     sin x dx   sin x dx
  0
4 4

0 
   
 cos x    cos x 
    0
4

   
 cos 0  cos     cos   cos 0
  4 
2
 3
2
Modulus is applied only on 2 x  5 . (b) y
sketch y  2 x  5 and not y  e2 x5 .

  (2 x  5),  3  x  2.5 –3
2x  5   x
 2 x  5,  2.5  x  0 0
0  2.5 0
 3
e 2 x 5 dx  
3
e2 x 5 dx  
 2.5
e2 x 5 dx
2.5 0
 1  1 
   e2 x 5    e2 x 5 
 2  3  2  2.5
   e0  e1    e5  e0 
1 1
2 2
1
 e(e4  1)  1
2

100
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

Example 3
4
(a) The region Q is bounded by the curves y  , y  ln x , the x-axis and the
x 1
4

line x = 2. Calculate the area of Q.

4
(b) The region R is bounded by the curves y  , y  ln x , the x-axis, the y-axis
x 1
4

and the line y = 2. Calculate the area of R.

Thinking Process/Guiding Points Suggested Solution:

(a) It is very important to sketch the curve (a) y
first to determine exactly where the area lies.
1, 2 
4
y
 x 1
4

y  ln x

R 1.6346, 0.49142 
Split Q into 2 regions  4
y Q  2, 
(1.6346, 0.49142)  17 
y  ln x 0 x
4  
y 4
x 1
2
x Area of Q = 
1.6346
ln x dx    4
dx
1 2 1 1.6346 x  1
4

= 0.16864 + 0.12607
= 0.295 units2 (3 sf)
(b) Split R into 2 regions (use x-axis as base) 1.6346  4 
y (b) Area of R = 1  2     ln x  dx
 x 1 
1 4
2
= 2 + 0.51791
(1.6346, 0.49142) = 2.52 units2 (3 sf)

1
OR Split R into 2 regions (use y-axis as base) Alternatively,
y 4 4
2 4 y 4  x4   1
y 4 x 1 y
x 1
4
(1.6346, 0.49142) x 4 1  rej.  ve since x  0 
y
y  ln x y  ln x  x  e y
x
1
2

0.49142 4
 dy    1 dy
y
Using y-axis as the base, hence integrands and Area of R = e 4
0  y
limits must be in terms of y. 0.49142
= 0.63464 + 1.8833
= 2.52 units2 (3 sf)

101
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

Example 4
The parametric equations of a curve C are x  2t , y  1  et . Find the exact area bounded by
the curve, the x - axis, t  0 and t  2 .

Thinking Process/Guiding Points Suggested Solution:

It is very important to sketch the curve
first to determine exactly where the area
lies.

Parametric integration is similar to 4

Area   y dx
integration by substitution: 0

y  1  et   1  et  2 dt
2

0
dx
x  2t   2 2
dt = 2 t  et 
x  4, t  2 0

x  0, t  0 = 2 1  e 2  unit2.

Example 5
Sketch the curve y = 9 – x2 , stating the coordinates of the turning point and of the
intersections with the axes. The finite region bounded by the curve and the line y = 5 is
denoted by R.
(a) Find the exact area of the region R.
(b) Find the exact volume of solid of revolution obtained:
(i) when R is rotated through 2 radians about the x-axis.
(ii) when R is rotated through  radians about the y-axis.
(iii) when R is rotated through  radians about the line y = 5, by considering a
suitable transformation.

Thinking Process/Guiding Points Suggested Solution:

When y = 5, 9  x 2  5 y
 x  2
9

y =5

3 3
x
2 0 2

102
 H2 Mathematics Topic 10: Applications of Integration

(a) A1 ( Area of region under y  9  x 2 ) 

2

subtract
(a) Area of R    9  x  dx  (5)(4)
2

2
A2 (Area of rectangle under y  5 ) 3 2
= 9x  13 x   20
2
Area above the x-axis :  8  8  2
b =  18      18     20  10 units2
Area=  a
y dx  3  3  3
(b)(i) V1 (Volume of full solid generated by A1) 
2

subtract (b)(i) Volume    9  x 

2 2
dx   (52 )(4)
-2
V2 (Volume of cylinder generated by A2)
2
 18 1 
=  81x  x3  x5   100
Volume generated about the x-axis :  3 5  2
b
Vol.=   y 2 dx 4 4
a = 240   100 = 140  unit 3
5 5
(b)(ii) Volume generated about the y-axis: (b)(ii) y  9  x  x  9  y
2 2
b
Vol.=   x 2 dy 
9

   (9  y ) dy = 8 unit
a 3
Volume
2
Hence express x in terms of y. 5

Region symmetrical about y-axis implies full

solid is generated even though region is rotated
through  radians.

(b)(iii) Translate the graph 5 units downwards (b)(iii) Consider y   9  x 2   5  4  x 2

so that the translated region R will be rotated
around the x-axis.

2 2

Only half a solid is formed as region is rotated 1 

2
256
through  radians. Volume    (4  x 2 ) 2 dx =  unit 3
2 2 15

103