PRIME MOVERS AND TRANSMISSION

PART –A

1. What are the types of fuel system in petrol engines?

Carburettor Systems , Fuel Injection Systems.

2. What are the components of carburettor fuel supply systems?

Fueltank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel lines, carburettor, air-filter, induction-manifold.

3. What is the function of a carburettor?

A carburretor’s primary function is to produce a mixture of air and fuel for different
engine operating conditions.
Stores, Atomizes, Mix air and fuel, Meter air and fuel.

4. What are the types of petrol injection systems?

TBI, MPFI & GDI.

5. What are the types of CI engine injection system?

• Air and solid injection systems
• CRDI

6. What are the functions of Air filter?

(i) to clean air before mixing with fuel
(ii) to silence intake noise
(iii) to act as a flame arrestor in case of a backfire.

7. What are the functions of intake manifold?

• Conveys the petrol mixture from the carburettor to the various engine
cylinders
• promotes vaporization of the petrol mixture before admitting it to the
cylinders.

8. What is a Super charger ?

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of

air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the
engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing
power.
Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear,
shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft.

9. What is a Turbo charger?

 A turbocharger, colloquially known as a turbo, is a turbine-driven forced
induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and
power output by forcing extra compressed air into the combustion chamber.
Turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gas.
10. Types of sensors used in IC ENGINE?
1. Oxygen sensor
2. Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
3. Throttle Position Sensor
4. Engine Temperature Sensor
5. Mass Air Flow Sensor
6. Inlet Air Temperature Sensor
7. Oil Temperature Sensor
8. Knock Sensor
11. Components of EFI system
• Fuel tank
• Electric fuel pump
• Fuel filter
• Electronic control unit
• Common rail and pressure sensor
• Electronic injectors
12. What are all the advantages of petrol injection?
• Precise supply of petrol
• Improved Atomization
• Improved combustion
• Improved fuel economy
• Lower emissions
• Increased engine power
• Simple design
13. What are the design factors affecting turbocharger?

Cracked turbine housing.

Rubbing or distortion of turbine housings due to over-heating.
Compressor housing distortion due to over-heating.
Compressor wheel failure due to creep.
14. Does a supercharger use more fuel?justify.
The main reason for the increase in fuel economy is an increase in volumetric
efficiency. A normally aspirated engine cannot run at more than 100% volumetric
efficiency, but a supercharged engine can, because it can pump more air than the
displacement of the engine would normally permit.
15. What are the components of a solid injection system?

Fuel tank.
Fuel Feed pump.
 Injection pump.
Governors.
Injector.
Fuel Filters.

16. What is a fuel vaporizer?

Fuel Vaporizer for preparing homogeneous mixture of fuel and air using waste heat
from engine exhaust, which converts liquid fuel droplets into fuel vapour. Fuel is
sprayed into a pre-chamber whose walls are heated by engine exhaust.

17. What is the advantage of throttle body injection system?

It is less expensive than using other types of fuel injection systems. It is easier to
clean, maintain and service because there are fewer parts. It is cheaper to manufacture
than a port injection system and simpler to diagnose.

18. Why is direct injection more efficient?

One, they use a "leaner" fuel-air mixture ratio. Second, the way the fuel disperses
inside the chamber allows it to burn more efficiently. ... A leaner mixture allows fuel
to be burned much more conservatively. A second efficiency plus for direct
injection engines is that they can burn their fuel more completely.

19. What is Mpfi advantages?

It increases fuel efficiency of the engine. With MPFI system vehicle have less
emissions. Better atomization of fuel. It encourages better utilization and distribution
of fuel with in an engine. Smooth operation of engine.

20. Are GDI engines reliable?

GDI engines provide many benefits that conventional fuel injection can't. With
gasoline direct injection technology, you can draw more power from smaller engines.
In addition, your car gets improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. While
great, the power of the GDI engine is a double-edged sword.

21. What are the methods with which fuel from the fuel tank can be supplied to the engine
cylinder?
a. Gravity system
b. Pressure
c. Vacuum system
d. Pump system

22. Requirements of an Injection System ?

• Accurate meter
 • Precise time
• Properly atomize
• Ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air
• Uniformly distribute

23. What are the types of injector nozzles?

i) Single hole nozzle ii) multi- hole nozzle
iii) Pintle Nozzle iv) Pintaux nozzle

24. What is air injection system?

Air Injection System: Air injection is a method of reducing exhaust emissions by
injecting air into each of the exhaust ports of an engine so that air mixes with the hot
exhaust and oxidises HC and CO.

25. What are the drawbacks of GDI engine?

• Dramatic efficiency losses due to deposits on the piston surface.
• More deposits on the intake ports and valves.
• Low mileage misfire codes.

26. How do unit injectors work?

An electronic unit injector is a unit injector that has electronic control. Its camshaft-
driven delivery of pressurized fuel coupled with management of the internal
operations' timing by an engine control unit allows electronic unit injectors
to achieve certain benefits over conventional unit injectors.

27. What is the maximum fuel pressure in a unit injector system?

The unit injector system enables high injection pressures up to 2,200
bar. Injection pressures up to 2,200 bar for the ideal combination of air-fuel mixture..

28. Why turbo charger is efficient than naturally aspirated engine?

Compared with a naturally aspirated engine of identical power output, the fuel
consumption of a turbocharger engine is lower, as some of the normally wasted
exhaust energy contributes to the engine's efficiency. Due to the lower volumetric
displacement of the turbo engine, frictional and thermal losses are less.

29. Is a supercharger bad for your engine?

For all their speed capability, superchargers are known to have poor mileage.
Superchargers use air to increase power, meaning that overboosting
the supercharger will blow hot air into the engine and could cause damage.

30. What are the drawbacks of carburettor?

1. Fails to provide correct A/F
2. Maldistribution
 3. Poor Atomization
4. Poor Air-Fuel mixing

PART-B

1.Explain the working of supercharger with neat diagram.

A turbocharger is a special type of supercharger in which a gas turbine is used to raise the
pressure of air or air-fuel mixture, that is to be supplied to the engine. Turbochargers are
powered by the kinetic energy of exhaust gases from the engine.
A turbocharger contains a gas turbine coupled to a compressor. Both the turbine and the
compressor are keyed to the same shaft. Whenever the turbine rotates, the compressor is
operated.

Exhaust gases from the engine is allowed to fall on the gas turbine. The turbine rotates. This
makes the compressor work.

The compressor compresses air (in case of petrol engines) or air-fuel mixture (in case of
diesel engines) that is to be fed to the engine. This raises the pressure of air or air-fuel
mixture above atmospheric pressure. Such an increase in pressure fuels the output power of
the engine. It facilitates smooth operation of the engine in different ambient conditions.

Benefits of using a turbocharger:

1. Turbocharger increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
2. It increases the output power produced.
3. It reduces the intake of fuel or air-fuel mixture.
4. It allows the engine to work smoothly in various ambient conditions.
5. The kinetic energy of exhaust gases is fed back to the engine and used beneficially.

2.Explain the working of turbocharger with neat diagram.

Superchargers are pressure boosting devices(compressors) which increase the

pressure of the air before letting it get into cylinder of the internal combustion
engine !
And the process of increasing the pressure OR forcing more air to get into
engine is called as supercharging.
Superchargers are basically compressors/blowers which takes air at normal
ambient pressure & compresses it and forcefully pushes it into engine ! Power to
the compressor/blower is transmitted from engine via the belt drive.
The addition of extra amount of air -fuel mixture into the cylinder increases the
mean effective pressure of the engine. An increment in MEP makes the engine
produce more power. In this way, adding a compressor to the engine makes it
more efficient.

Advantages of supercharging :-

• Higher power output. This was whole point of studying & installing
superchargers.
• Reduced smoke from exhaust gases. The extra air pushed into cylinder,
helps the air to complete combust leading to lesser smoke generation.
• Quicker acceleration of vehicle. Supercharger starts working as soon as
the engine starts running. This way the engine gets a boost even at the
beginning leading to quicker acceleration.
• Cheaper than turbocharger.

Limitations :-

• Draws power from engine. Though the overall mechanical efficiency is

increased but it consumes power from the engine. The same job is done by
a turbocharger without consuming extra power !
• Increased heat generation. The engine should have proper heat dissipation
systems as well as it should be able to withstand thermal stresses !
• Induces stress. The engine must hold up against the high pressure &
bigger explosions generated in the cylinder. If the engine is not designed
considering these stresses, it may damage the piston head.

3. Explain the construction and working of solex carburettor.

Solex carburettor is a down draught type carburettor. It consists of the devices for starting,
idling normal running and acceleration. These are described in brief as follows.

At the time of starting, bigger holes connect the passage so that more fuel may go to the
engine.

The throttle valve is closed, the whole of engine suction is applied to the starting passage 1.
The petrol from the float chamber passage through the starter petrol jet and rises into passage
2, it comes out and mixes with the air entering through the air jet. This air-fuel mixture is rich
enough for starting for the engine.
After the engine has started, the starter lever is taken to the 2nd position. So that smaller
holes connect the passage reducing the amount of petrol. In this position, the throttle valve is
also partly open so that the petrol is also coming from the main jet.

The reduced mixture supply from the starter system in this situation is however sufficient to
keep the engine running. When the engine reaches the normal temperature, the starter is taken
to “off” position.

4.Explain the construction and working of GDI.

Engines with gasoline direct injection produce the air-fuel mixture directly in the
combustion chamber. ... The fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber by high-
pressure injectors. Combustion chamber cooling is improved by directly spraying the fuel in
the case of gasoline direct injection.
Traditional multi-point fuel injection injects fuel into the intake at low pressure. With GDI
engines, a common fuel line injects gasoline at high pressure directly into the combustion
chamber of each cylinder. This gives GDI engines precise control of injection timing and the
amount of fuel delivered.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is a more advanced version of multiport systems,

where fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber instead of the intake port. ...
Both systems use electronic fuel injectors to spray fuel into the engine, but the difference is
where they spray the fuel.

Direct injection technology provides slightly more power and better fuel economy;
depending on the application, it's usually in the 10–15 per cent range of improvement. But
engine torque delivery can be bumped by as much as 50 per cent.

5.Differentiate supercharger and turbocharger .

 6. Explain the construction and working of CRDI system.

In Common Rail Direct Injection, the combustion takes place directly into the main
combustion chamber located in a cavity above the piston crown. Today, manufacturers use
CRDi technology to overcome some of the deficiencies of conventional diesel engines which
were sluggish, noisy and poor in performance when implemented, especially in passenger
vehicles.

The CRDi technology works in tandem with the engine ECU which gets inputs from
various sensors. It then calculates the precise quantity of fuel and timing of injection. The
fuel system features components which are more intelligent in nature and controls them
electrically / electronically. Additionally, the conventional injectors are replaced with more
advanced, electrically operated, solenoid injectors. They are opened by an ECU signal,
depending upon the variables such as engine speed, load, engine temperature etc.
Components of Common Rail Direct Injection System –

1. High Pressure Fuel Pump

2. Common Fuel Rail

3. Injectors

4. Engine Control Unit

A high-pressure pump supplies pressurized fuel. The pump compresses the fuel at the
pressures of about 1,000 bar or about 15,000 psi. It, then, supplies the pressurized fuel via a
high-pressure pipe to the inlet of the fuel rail. From there, the fuel-rail distributes the fuel to
individual injectors which then inject it into the combustion chamber.

Most modern CRDi engines use the Unit-Injector system with Turbocharger which increases
power output and meets stringent emission norms. Additionally, it improves engine power,
throttle response, fuel efficiency, and controls emissions. Barring some design changes, the
basic principle & working of the CRDi technology remains primarily the same across the
board. However, its performance depends mainly on the combustion chamber design, fuel
pressures and the type of injectors used.

7. What is a fuel vapouriser?explain

Fuel Vaporizer for preparing homogeneous mixture of fuel and air using waste heat
from engine exhaust, which converts liquid fuel droplets into fuel vapor.
... Fuel droplets of the spray impinge on the chamber wall, and vaporize owing to the
elevated chamber wall temperature.

Key Features:
• Fuel Vaporizer for preparing homogeneous mixture of fuel and air using waste heat
from engine exhaust, which converts liquid fuel droplets into fuel vapor.
• Fuel is sprayed into a pre-chamber whose walls are heated by engine exhaust.
• Fuel droplets of the spray impinge on the chamber wall, and vaporize owing to the
elevated chamber wall temperature.
 • High velocity air stream is optimally supplied into the chamber, inducing improved air-
fuel vapour mixing.
• The improved homogeneity of the mixture thus forms combustible charge suitable for
HCCI combustion, thereby improving the efficiency of HCCI combustion.
• Simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate matter (PM) to ultra-low emission
levels.
Applications:
• Application of this device is in achieving HCCI combustion in internal combustion
engines.
• Automotive majors may be the end user for this because this technology will be helpful
in meeting stringent emission norms.

8. How mpfi system works? Explain with neat sketch.

The term MPFI is generally used to specify an engine variant used in the petrol vehicles. A
small computerized system is used to control the engine of the car. A petrol car will have
more than three fuel burning chambers or simply cylinders. The MPFI engine is abbreviated
as the Multi point fuel injection engine. The MPFI engine got this name because of the reason
that each cylinder is having a fuel injector installed near them. That is why they are called as
the Multi point fuel injection engine.

Principle behind MPFI

The power is produced in a petrol engine is by burning the fuel. In petrol engine, the petrol is
ignited. At first, the petrol is allowed to mix with air. It is then ignited in a cylinder called as
the combustion chamber. This combustion of the petrol produces a sufficient energy to run
the engine. The Carburetor is being used in the earlier days before the invention of MPFI
engine. It is the duty of the carburetor to mix the fuel and air in a fixed air-fuel ratio. The fuel
thus mixed in the carburetor is then given to the combustion chamber where this mixture gets
ignited. The power thus obtained from the ignition of gas is used to drive the engine. The
main disadvantage of the Carburetor is that the mixing of fuel and air is not in the proper ratio
which leads to the wastage of fuel and the pollution is high. Since the emission rate is high in
carburetor engine, the MPFI engine is being introduced.

Working of MPFI engine

The MPFI is an advanced version of carburetor engine. As we said earlier that the MPFI
engine is having a fuel injector for each cylinder. A computer is used to control each and
every fuel injector individually. The computerized system of the car consists of a
microcontroller. This microcontroller monitors each fuel injectors and keeps on telling each
injector about the amount of fuel to be injected to the cylinder so that the fuel wastage can be
reduced. Since there is a controlled fuel usage, the engine is known for its fuel efficiency.

Even though the working of MPFI engine is somewhat similar to the carburetor engine,
each cylinder is treated individually. An input is fed to the computerized system inorder to
calculate the amount of air and fuel is to be mixed and send to the combustion chamber. A
several stages of calculations are to be made in order to judge the right amount of fuel to be
mixed. After this calculation, the proper fuel is delivered at the proper instance.

There are a number of sensors used in the MPFI engine. At the time when the inputs are
given to the car's computer, it begins to read the given sensors. The things which can be
known from the sensors are listed below:

• The engine temperature of the vehicle.

• The speed at which the engine is running.
 • The engine load.
• The position of the accelerator.
• The cylinder's air-fuel pressure.
• The rate of exhaust.

The amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber is decided by analyzing the
inputs given to the computerized system of the MPFI engine. In modern MPFI engines, a
memory unit is additionally installed. This will make the MPFI engine capable of storing the
user settings so that it can operate easily. The driving habits of a driver can also be detected
by this system so that the MPFI system itself can change the predefined settings which suit
the user. There are namely two types of MPFI engines namely:

• Sequential
• Simultaneous

Thus it can be noted that the cars of today are truly intelligent.

Advantages of MPFI

The advantages of MPFI engine are as follows:

• Each cylinder or the air-fuel mixing chamber is supplied with the precise and
uniform quantity of the air-fuel mixture.
• Engine crank is not necessary in cold climatic conditions.
• Good engine response to the throttle applied.
• Accurate supply of the air-fuel mixture.
• ECM technique is used to control the engine.
• High fuel efficiency or mileage.

9. Explain the working of electrical fuel pump?

Electrical fuel pump: -
Electrical fuel pump is mounted on the fuel tank it contains an impeller which is
driven by electric motor. Another type of electrical fuel pump is mounted on the
engine compartment.
ELECTRONIC FUEL PUMP
It also consists of a diaphragm which is attached to the armature. The armature itself
is attached to a bronze rod which passes through a solenoid winding. The outer end of
the armature rod is hinged be means of a rocker which is provided with a pair of
breaker points made of tungsten. A compression type coil spring is provided to push
the armature. As well as diaphragm in the pumping chamber. The chamber consists of
a suction valve and a delivery valve. By turning-on the ignition switch the solenoid
winding generates magnetic flux, which pulls the armature and the diaphragm mover
up the upward movement of the diaphragm creates suction, and the fuel is drawn in to
the chamber through the inlet valve. But as soon as the armature moves up it
disconnects the electric supply, the magnetic flux dies and the armature falls down,
causing the diaphragm to move to create pressure in the pump chamber. this causes
the outlet valve to open and inlet valve to close. The fuel goes out to the carburetor.
The down ward movement of the armature again sets electric supply to the solenoid
and the same process is repeated. The pump continues to operate until the ignition
switch is turned off.

10.What is a mechanical fuel pump? Describe its function using a neat sketch.
MECHANICAL FUEL PUMP SI ENGINE
Mechanical fuel pumps are operated by an eccentric on the engine cam shaft. It is mounted
on the side of the cylinder block in in-line engines. In some V-8 engine, it is mounted.
Between the two-cylinder tanks

A diaphragm type mechanical fuel pump consists of a rocker arm which is operated
by means of eccentric mounted on the camshaft. The inner end of rocker arm is connected to
the flexible diaphragm by means of a pull rod. (High grade collar diaphragm impregnated
with synthetic rubber). The inlet of the pump is connected to the fuel tank where as the outlet
to the carburetor chamber of the pump consists of a suction or inlet valve and a pressure or
outlet valve.

As can shaft rotates, the eccentric operates the rocker arm thus pushes the diaphragm
up and down. The down ward movement of the diaphragm creates a vacuum in the chamber
there by opening the suction valve and entering the fuel through the strainer into the chamber.
The upward movement of the diaphragm pushes the fuel up which causes the inlet valve to
close and outlet valve to open. The fuel through the out let valve goes to the carburetor float
chamber.

When the float chamber of the carburetor is completely filled up then the needle valve
of the float chamber closes so that no fuel can entre. Under this conditions the fuel pump
cannot deliver fuel to the carburetor. But in this case the rocker arm continues to arm and the
diaphragm remains at its lower most position until the needle valve of the float chamber
allows the fuel to enter carburetors therefore, to avoid building up of excessive pressure and
damaging of the pump, a flexible connection between the rocker arm and the pull rod is
provided so that the diaphragm may not be operated all the time. In this manner the fuel
supply to the carburetor is regulated in accordance with its need.

11.Explain the idle and low speed operation in solex carburettor.

IDLING AND SLOW SPEED CIRCUIT:

 At idling or low speed, the throttle valve is almost closed. The engine suction is
applied at the pilot jet which supplies petrol. The jet itself draws petrol from the main jet
circuit. The air is drawn from the pilot air jet. The air and petrol mix in the idle passage.
The throttle valves.

Slow speed opening is provided on the venture side of the throttle valve, to ensure
smooth transfer from idling circuit to the main jet circuit, of flat spot. When the throttle,
valve is opened wide, the suction decreases at idle port and applied slow speeds openings.
12.Draw and explain the types of nozzle.

For adequate mixing of fuel particles with sufficient air fir complete combustion of the
fuel it is necessary that the correct shape of spray suitable to the combustion chamber as well
as proper penetration of the air change should be provided. There are in general four types of
nozzles used in injection.

i. Single hole
ii. Multi hole
iii. Pintle type
iv. Pintaux type

(i). Single hole nozzle:-

 A single hole nozzle has one hole at its centre the fuel is sprayed through this nozzle
is one way.

(ii). Multi hole nozzle:

These nozzles have many holes arranged around the nozzle in a circle. The number,
size, and the angle of the holes may vary according to the engine.

(iii). Pintle Nozzle:

The nozzle provides a soft form of spray operating at a low injection pressure of 80-
100 atmosphere (or) 8 – 10 KNsq. Met. This self-clearing nozzle having a small cone
extension at the end of the needle produces a conical spray pattern. As it leaves the injector,
the velocity of fuel increases. The emission of the conical spray between the needle pin and
the orifice wall due to the pin on lower end of the needle needle being tapered in ward, the
spray cone in this type is generally kept at 60o angle.

(iv). Pintaux type nozzle:-

With normal design of the pintle (or) single hole nozzle the fuel is sprayed
tangentially in to the spherical chamber of the engine. In this way the fuel is not sprayed into
the hottest zone or towards the centre of the chamber. and for cold starting the engine needs
heater plugs. There fore to overcome the heating difficulty of the engine the nozzles are
designed of pintaux type. At stating the nozzle valve is lifted slightly thus the pintle hole is
not cleared and the fuel is only discharge through the quriliary hole into the central hot zone
there by obtaining better cold starting performance.

13.Explain the working of air injection?

Secondary air injection (commonly known as air injection) is a vehicle emissions
control strategy introduced in 1966, wherein fresh air is injected into the exhaust stream to
allow for a fuller secondary combustion of exhaust gases.

The mechanism by which exhaust emissions are controlled depends on the method of
injection and the point at which air enters the exhaust system, and has varied during the
course of the development of the technology.
The first systems injected air very close to the engine, either in the cylinder head's exhaust
ports or in the exhaust manifold. These systems provided oxygen to oxidize (burn) unburned
and partially burned fuel in the exhaust before its ejection from the tailpipe. There was
significant unburned and partially burned fuel in the exhaust of 1960s and early 1970s
vehicles, and so secondary air injection significantly reduced tailpipe emissions. However,
the extra heat of recombustion, particularly with an excessively rich exhaust caused by
misfiring or a maladjusted carburetor, tended to damage exhaust valves and could even be
seen to cause the exhaust manifold to incandesce.
As emission control strategies grew more sophisticated and effective, the amount of unburned
and partially burned fuel in the exhaust stream shrank, and particularly when the catalytic
converter was introduced, the function of secondary air injection shifted. Rather than being a
primary emission control device, the secondary air injection system was adapted to support
the efficient function of the catalytic converter. The original air injection point became
known as the upstream injection point. When the catalytic converter is cold, air injected at the
upstream point burns with the deliberately rich exhaust so as to bring the catalyst up
to operating temperature quickly. Once the catalyst is warm, air is injected to the downstream
location — the catalytic converter itself — to assist with catalysis of unburned hydrocarbons.
Pumped air injection[edit]
Pumped air injection systems use a vane pump called the air pump, AIR pump, or
colloquially "smog pump" turned by the engine via a belt or electric motor. The pump's air
intake is filtered by a rotating screen or the vehicle air filter to exclude dirt particles large
enough to damage the system. Air is delivered under light pressure to the injection point(s).
A check valve prevents exhaust forcing its way back through the air injection system, which
would damage the pump and other components.
Carbureted engines' exhaust raw fuel content tends to spike when the driver suddenly releases
the throttle. To prevent the startling and potentially damaging effects of the explosive
combustion of this raw fuel, a diverter valve is used. This valve senses the sharp decrease in
intake manifold vacuum resulting from the sudden closure of the throttle, and diverts the air
pump's outlet to atmosphere. Usually this diverted air is routed to the engine air cleaner or to
a separate silencer to muffle objectionable pump noise.
Aspirated air injection[edit]
Air injection can also be achieved by taking advantage of the negative pressure pulses in the
exhaust system at engine idle. A sensitive reed valve assembly called the aspirator valve is
placed in the air injection pumping, which draws its air directly from the clean side of the air
filter. During engine idle, brief but periodic negative pressure pulses in the exhaust system
draw air through the aspirator valve and into the exhaust stream at the catalytic converter.
The air injection works also in accordance with EGR resulting in a better combustion
characteristics.

14. what are the symptoms and problems related to faulty torque convertors?

Torque Converter Symptoms

There are several strange symptoms that can occur when it comes to a bad or failed torque
converter. Here is a list of the most common and the most noticeable symptoms that you can
have in your car.

1. Transmission Slipping
A very common symptom when it comes to a faulty torque converter is that
the transmission is slipping when you are accelerating. You can feel this when the engine is
revving up a lot on the gear drive while the car is not accelerating against the RPM’s from the
engine. Often you have to have a bit of feeling of your car to recognize slippings.

2. Rough Idle
Rough Idle is another common symptom. If you are feeling that your idle is a bit jumpy and
sometimes too low and sometimes too high, it could be a problem with the torque converter.
If the torque converter is faulty you can get a lot of different pressures inside of it, which will
cause rough idle.
3. Rough Acceleration
Rough acceleration is also a known symptom when it comes to faulty torque converters. This
can both be caused by different pressure spikes in the torque converter or the fact that it’s
slipping like discussed before. If you are feeling that you have rough acceleration, check your
rpm meter to see if it’s jumping a bit on acceleration. If this is the case, it’s probably a failed
torque converter causing it.

4. Car won’t move in drive or reverse

If your car won’t move at all in drive or reverse gear, there might be a completely failed
torque converter that is causing it. However, a car that won’t move in gear can be caused by a
lot of different things and it should be diagnosed properly before you are replacing it.

5. Transmission overheating
When the torque converter is slipping while you are driving, it can cause unnecessary heating
of the transmission fluid which may even get so hot at a point that it will boil. A slipping
torque converter will wear out the transmission really fast. In some cases, you have
temperature sensors which will flash the transmission control unit light on your dashboard,
which is an indicator that your torque converter is slipping.

6. Noises from the transmission

Listen on both idle and while accelerating if you can feel or hear any strange noises from the
torque converter. Listen in the middle of the car under the gearstick if you can hear any
clonks or other strange noises. If you hear any noises, lift up the car and see if there could be
other things that are causing the noises before replacing the transmission torque converter.

Common Torque Converter problems

When it comes to torque converters there are some common problems that are happening to
them. Overall, the torque converter is not a very advanced part on older cars and there are not
very much parts that could fail. Sometimes you can find cheaper complete torque converters
and in this case, there is not worth it to take it apart and replace parts inside of it.

Bad Torque Converter Bearings

A very common problem is that the torque converter bearings will get worn out. This does
often not cause any slipping or other problem with the transmission, but it can create bearing
noises from the transmission. If you hear any bearing noises from the transmission, check the
transmission fluid and check if you can see any metal pieces inside of it. If you can find metal
pieces they are probably coming from a faulty torque converter bearing.

Damaged Converter Seals

A faulty torque converter seal will cause the transmission fluid to leak out from the torque
converter and this will cause it to lose pressure inside of it. Low pressure inside the torque
converter will cause it to slip and overheat and other strange symptoms. This is actually one
of the most common problems when it comes to a faulty torque converter.

Faulty Torque Converter Clutch Plate

A torque converter has several clutches inside of it. If the torque converter is locked up into
drive and the neutral is not releasing the transmission, you do most likely have a problem
with the torque converter clutch. A faulty converter clutch can also cause other symptoms
like slipping and rough acceleration.

Faulty Torque Converter Clutch Solenoid

The torque converter clutch solenoid is a common part to fail inside the automatic
transmission. The solenoid controls the hydraulic transmission fluid pressure that is going
into the lock-up clutch. This can cause several symptoms like slipping, overheating and rough
acceleration.

15. explain the function of governors and mention its types.

Governors:-
Governor controls fuel delivery at all engine speeds and varying load conditions. The
quantity of fuel fir idling and maximum speed is controlled and correct fuel delivery is
ensured for all condition in between there two extremes. There are three types of governors
follows
i. Mechanical (or) Centrifugal governor
ii. Pneumatic governor
iii. Hydraulic governor

i. Mechanical (or) Centrifugal governor: -

it consists of spring opposed, centrifugally actuated fly writes which suitable linkages move
the central rod of the injection pump in the proper direction to increase or to decrease the fuel
supplies from the pump elements. It is mostly used in auto motive injection pump.
The basic operation and principle of the governor when the engine speed increases then fly
weights attached with cam shaft move out wards under the influence of centrifugal force to
overcome the tension of the governor spring the motion of the fly weight is trans mitted to the
control rod through the bell cranks the trans mition rod and the fulcrum lever. In this way
when the engine speed increases the control rods is moved in the direction of less fuel there
by reducing the delivery of the fuel and controlling the speed of the engine.
Pneumatic Governor:
As the vacuum in the inlet air supply varies in accordance with the speed and different load
conditions of the engine. The vacuum is utilized in the injection pump to control the fuel
delivery there by governing the pump. This type of governor consists of two separate units,
the air inlet
manifold. venture and a vacuum operated diaphragm unit mounted on the end of the fuel
injection. These two units are connected by means of a vacuum pipe.

Hydraulic Governors

In hydraulic governors (fig. 5-7), the power which moves the engine throttle does NOT come
from the speed-measuring device, but instead comes from a hydraulic power piston, or
servomotor. This is a piston that is acted upon by fluid pressure, generally oil under the
pressure of a pump. By using appropriate piston size and oil pressure, the power of the
governor at its output shaft (work capacity) can be made sufficient to operate the fuel-
changing mechanism of the largest engines.

The speed-measuring device, through its speeder rod, is attached to a small cylindrical valve,
called a pilot valve. The pilot valve slides up and down in a bushing, which contains ports
that control the oil, flow to and from the servomotor. The force needed to slide the pilot valve
is very little; a small ball head is able to control a large amount of power at the servomotor.

The basic principle of a hydraulic governor (fig. 5-7) is very simple. When the governor is
operating at control speed or state of balance, the pilot valve closes the port and there is no oil
flow.

When the governor speed falls due to an increase in engine load, the flyweights move in and
the pilot valve