OSI Model

● Stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model

● Purpose of OSI Model: Universal set of rules and standards for networking

● The 7 Layers (Lowest to highest) :

1. Physical
2. Data Link
3. Network
4. Transport
5. Session
6. Presentation
7. Application

● Layers 1-3 (Lower Layers) are more concrete.

○ Physical items
■ Routers, switches, cables, etc.

● Layers 4-7 (Higher Layers) are more abstract.

○ It's not tangible, it's data.

Physical Layer
● Cabling
● Bits
● Networking Hardware

Data Link Layer

● Information is in frames
● At the beginning of every frame there is a header
● At the end of every frame there is a footer
● Inside of the header is the NIC address
● In the footer there is error detection
● Handshaking- insures all information is there
● Determines how fast information is received or sent
● Data Link Layer Protocols:
○ WAN
● TCP

Network Layer
● Information is in packets
● Circuit switched
 ○ Analog phone lines
● Packet switched
○ Connection Oriented
■ More Secure
■ Slower
○ Connectionless
■ Less secure
■ Faster
■ Ex: Internet

● Network layer protocol: IP

Transport Layer
● Moves information
● Connection management
● Flow control and buffering
○ Sending and receiving information at the correct speed
● Multiplexing
○ Send and receive information simultaneously
● SQM
○ Service Quality Management
● TCP Protocol

Session Layer
● Establishes
● Conducts
● Ends
● Token Passing

Presentation Layer
● How information is stored
○ Positive and negative charges
○ Electric voltage / frequency
■ (SSD)
○ Discs
● Security
○ Stealing
■ Intellectual property
○ False messages
■ virus
● Data Compression
● Data Representation
○ ASCII
○ EBCDIC
 ● Data security
○ Single key
■ Uses same key to encrypt and decrypt
○ Public key
■ Uses a pair of keys

Application Layer
● Web browsers
● Email
● File transfer

Quiz Questions

1. Transport layer protocol?

a. TCP
2. Network layer protocol?
a. IP
3. Primary purpose of the network layer
a. Transport packets
4. Why do we use compression in networking?
a. To make the network more efficient.
5. How is network layer data represented?
a. Packets
6. What about in the physical layer?
a. Bits
7. What layer deals with frames?
a. Data link
8. What's in a frame header?
a. NIC Address
9. What is the purpose of computer handshaking?
a. Establish connection
b. No information loss
10. What layer keeps track of multiple messages?
a. Transport layer
11. If you have a lost packet what layer deals with the problem?
a. Transport layer because it keeps track of the messages
12. What are 2 different types of switched networks?
a. Circuit switched
b. Packet switched
13. What are the 3 most important things the Session Layer does?
a. Establish
b. Conducts
c. Ends
14. Describe what full duplex means.
a. Send and receive information simultaneously
15. In what layer does data encryption take place
a. Presentation