Macadamia information kit

Reprint – information current in 1998

Macadamia
Variety
Identifier
REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! Contributing authors
For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au
David Bell Eric Gallagher
This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise
readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: Lindsay Bryen Ian McConachie
• Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au
• Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or
Daryl Firth Paul O’Hare
industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. Kim Jones Russ Stephenson
• Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check
with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or
contact the industry body.
• Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The
industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require.
• Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact Coordinating author
the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and
contact details for these agencies.
• Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an Noel Vock
agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading.
Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending
and existing growers.
This publication was last revised in 1998. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information
cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland.
This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in macadamia production. This
information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to
loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice.
While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for
decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in
this publication. QAL9808

Queensland Horticulture Institute Department of Primary Industries, Queensland

in conjunction with NSW Agriculture and Australian macadamia Society Ltd.

1
Macadamia Variety Identifier Introduction
From the Agrilink Series
A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the
First published 1998
varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics
ISSN 1328-0457
Agdex 246/33 Notes that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of
nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be
different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.
Agrilink concept devised by Noel Vock and Brian Cull The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the
Agrilink products are proudly produced by the Agrilink Project Team: varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties
Information coordinators — Noel Vock, Jerry Lovatt, Irene Kernot including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and
Publishing production — Loraine Chapman Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:
Editor — Glenis Ayling
• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;
Customer service — Lourelle Heintjes
• in commercial use;
• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.
Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: not included.

Macadamia variety identifier

ISBN 0 7242 6797 2 Layout
1. Macadamia nut - Varieties - Queensland. 2. Macadamia nut - Queensland - Identification. The identifier consists of three sections:
I. Vock, N.T. (Noel Thomas), 1949 -. II. Bell, David, 1963 -. III. Queensland. Dept.
Primary Industries. (Series: Agrilink: your growing guide to better farming). • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.
634.509943 • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves
are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.
• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented
© The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1999 in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate
reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of the matching characteristics.
Department of Primary Industries.
Enquiries should be addressed to:
Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old
Agrilink Manager
Note:
Department of Primary Industries Tree, leaf and nut
Maroochy Horticultural Research Station illustrations are derived
from photos and have
PO Box 5269 SCMC Leaf size is been selected as being
Nambour 4560 Q Australia in scale most typical of the
Ph: (07) 5444 9690 Fax: (07) 5444 9694 Int Code: + 61 7 throughout variety. Note that there
the book. will be some variation
E-mail: agrilink@dpi.qld.gov.au Upper leaf from these illustrations.
surface is
Disclaimer shown in all
This information product is distributed by the Department of Primary Industries as an information source only. cases.
The information contained in the kit and other material incorporated by reference is provided solely on the Summary
basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the content and seek professional of main
advice. Readers must note that the information contained in this book has been developed for growers in characteristics
Queensland and New South Wales, Australia and the Department of Primary Industries gives no warranty
that the information is suitable for other areas.

262 3
Meaning of terms used Contents
Own Venture Own Venture
Petiole – leaf stalk
Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Main identification characteristics
Leaf of nut to husk
Hilum – attachment Tree Tree shape ...............................................................................................
Other characteristics 6
Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7
initiate germination Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8
Raceme – flower stalk LeafFlowers
width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9
Turkey’s neck tip
slightly pointed – distinct break between main body of tree and the top
Leaf spines; husk shape .........................................................................
long racemes (200 – 250 mm) 10
Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally
(as distinct from late fall green nuts) Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11
short, late flowering
many
Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fall
spines
Precocious – starts bearing at an early age Key to major varieties
Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12
Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Bunching habit
Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node Individual variety profiles
singles and doubles
medium A4 ......................................................................................................... 14
width tendency to sticktights
Information on selecting varieties A16 ....................................................................................................... 16
Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. A38 ....................................................................................................... 18
Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink A203 ..................................................................................................... 20
Kernel
Macadamia Information Kit. • medium to large • open canopy when young;
small,
• moderately upright more dense with age
A268 ..................................................................................................... 22
regular large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape
H2 ......................................................................................................... 24
undulating
Precautions
margin in using this guide NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26
Nut
• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of 246 ........................................................................................................ 28
the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and
Husk 333 ........................................................................................................ 30
northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these 344 ........................................................................................................ 32
illustrations for other districts and under different management systems.
long thin stalk
Key identifiers
508 ........................................................................................................ 34
• Leaves used in the illustrationslarge are point
mature leaves from the outside of the leaf
canopy exposed to full sun. offset to 660 ........................................................................................................ 36
medium to stalk 741 ........................................................................................................
long relatively narrow, spiny leaves 38
• The
long petiole guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years
medium of age.
neck
• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. 781 ........................................................................................................
heavy flecking on shells 40
dull, spotted 783 ........................................................................................................ 42
dull light large nut
green colour 791 ........................................................................................................ 44
Shell very dense tree when mature
800 ........................................................................................................ 46
Acknowledgements late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights
814 ........................................................................................................ 48
heavy
The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page light green leaf colour
816 ........................................................................................................ 50
flecking
layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.
The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development
842 ........................................................................................................ 52
Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall micropyle
of this book. 849 ........................................................................................................ 54
Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Daddow ................................................................................................. 56
Length: long Size:
variety trials
200 – 250 mm
conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture
large
and the Australian Macadamia Society. Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58
Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60
460 61
5
 Own
Tree Choice
shape Tree
Own
density
Choice
& size
Spreading
Leaf Upright
Tree Dense Other characteristics Open

Flowers
rounded tip
short racemes (100 – 150 mm)
extended out of season flowering
few spines

Bunching habit
tending to single nuts
medium
width prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
A4* 508* A16* 814* A4 NG8
A203 783 A38 816 Kernel
A16 781 A38 791
A268 800 344 842 full, white
A203 814
slightly H2 783
rolling 246 849 791 Own Venture
• large, round • very dense canopy
246 800 A268
333*
undulating
margin 333 816
Nut Open when young;
344 849 Key identifiersdense when older
Round Upright with turkey’s neck
medium Husk 508 Own Choice
length 660 741 Daddow
large, round, very dense tree
petiole
short, thick 842 Own Venture
very large pale to medium green leaves with few spines
stalk
point offset
to stalk and slightly rolling, undulating margin
very dark moderate neck very extended flowering and nut drop
green Small pattern Medium Large
A16 prone to sticktight
A4 nuts
660and pre-germina-
H2 741
Shell NG8 tion A38 783 246 781
slightly oval, slight dent from 791 tan nuts842
A203
slightly oval, with slight dent333
from 800
A4* golden brown hilum to micropyle
814 A268
hilum to micropyle 849 344 816
A16* 508* shell with
508
moderate 660 low dense Own Venture
tree skirt
H2 781 Daddow
flecking 741 small to medium
NG8 Daddow micropyle Own Choice
814*
333*
Length: short – medium Own ChoiceSize:
140 – 160 mm large
* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.
658 59
7
 Daddow
Leaf length Leaf width;
Daddowtip shape
ShortLeaf
<150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Medium
Narrow <40 mm wide Other characteristics
40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide

Flowers
rounded tip
short racemes (100 – 150 mm)
moderate moderately intense, mid to late flowering
spines,
particularly
at base Bunching habit
A16
many bunches with three to four nuts
A268
A4Kernel H2
wide A38 246
A203 round with
783moderate ridge 333
NG8 791 781
• medium to large • very dense 344 800 814
undulating • moderately upright 508 816 842
Key identifiers
margin; 660 Own Choice 849
some
rolling at tip Nut 741 Own Venture Daddow
medium to large, upright to slightly spread-
Note:ing,
Leafvery
widthdense
varies tree
with environment and tree age.
Husk
wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves
dull, dark green; slightly
Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip
with some rolling and mottling on older
rough
medium length medium stalk leaves
petiole small point
in line with very prominent hilum and suture on nuts,
stalk very well which looked cracked
old leaves dull and dark green; defined, raised
young leaves light green
A16 A4 660 A268
neck short racemes with moderately intense mid
prone to mottling in older
H2 Shell
A38 741 NG8 to late flowering
leaves
344 A203 783 814 extended late nut drop
large hilum
508 246 tea 791 842 H2 783mature leaves
A16 dull and344dark green; young
A4
781
coloured,
333 round, 800 849
very distinct suture 246 816leaves lightA203 660
green in colour A38
Own Choice Daddow
heavily 816 508 842 A268 800 NG8
striped
Own Venture
very small micropyle 781 849 333 814 741
Size:
Daddow Own Venture 791
Length: medium
150 –Leaf
200 mm medium Own Choice
Note: length varies with environment and tree age.

56
8 9
57
 Leaf spines849
& husk shape Distinctive849
shell features
No spines
Leaf One spine on tip Tree Basal spines Distinct sutureOther
line characteristics
Adhering husk
H2 A38 344
660 Flowers
wide rounded tip
741 medium racemes (180 – 220 mm)
aborted
A16 light, late flowering over shortcavity period adhered
783
embryo
many (H2 only) husk

Few
spines spines Moderate spines Many spines A38 791
344 816 H2
A16 791 NG8 842 A4 Bunching
660 habit Daddow 791
A203 814 246 849 A268 741 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small
508
wide 816 333 bunches as tree gets older
781
club- 800 Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes
shaped,
783
tapering Daddow
Own Choice
towards Own Venture Kernel
base • medium to large • moderately dense to
veins
• spreading dense canopy dull, cream, similar toA4
246 NG8
raised
slightly flat A16 246
on upper
leaf
Point offset to stalk Point Nut
in line with stalk A203kernels
good percentage of whole 344
surface A268 660
A4
Husk Daddow 741
A16
very undulating Own Choice 783
margin with
medium, thick Key identifiers
Own Venture 849
stalk
undulations
wider near tip very small medium to large, spreading tree
point offset slightly raised
to stalk neck Distinct long,
groovewide, dark green leaves,Pointed hilum
wider at the tip
medium petiole
A4 333 783 smoothA16 with many spines and very undulating mar-
A38 508 800 A203 gins
Shell
A268 660 814 344 light flowering over short period
H2 741 816 slight to 791 round but flattened round nut with flattened area at hilum and
at hilum
NG8 781 842 moderate Daddow slight to moderate flecking
246 849 flecking
781 late maturing
814 nuts tend to pre-germinate
Own Choice medium micropyle A16
Own Venture 800 veins842
raised on upper leaf surface Daddow
Length: long Size:
200 – 250 mm medium to large Own Venture

10
54 55
11
 Key to842
varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and842
leaf shape
No Leaf
One spine Basal only spines Tree Few spines Few spines Other characteristics
Many spines Very spiny
spines on top
Short Medium Short Medium Long Medium Long Medium Long
Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Narrow Wide

Flowers
rounded tip
long racemes (200 – 250 mm)
intense flowering over long period
many
spines

H2 page 24 508 page 34 781 page 40 Bunching habit

A38 page 18 344 page 32
783 page 42 mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters
660 page 36 800 page 46 246 page 28 A4 page 14
814 page 48 nuts tend to Own
be concentrated
Venture towards
842 page 52
the centre of
the tree page 60 A268
small, page 22
regular
undulating Kernel
margin • medium to large • open canopy when young;
• moderately upright more dense with age small to medium, round

very wide Nut

Own Choice A16 page 16
816 page 50
but more page 58
uniform Daddow
width when Husk
741 page 38 page 56
849 page 54
compared Key identifiers
to 849 very even, very short
round, smooth stalk NG8 page 26
very small
medium to large, moderately upright tree
point offset long, very wide leaves with many spines and
to stalk small neck
long petiole A203 page 20
small regular undulations on the margin
very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk
lighter leaf colour when
Shell with very small point offset to a very short
compared to 849 stalk and
333 page 30 small neck
Note: This is a simplifiedslghtly
keyflat, distinct groove
oval, light
only — refer to the individual intense, flowering over long period
brown shell lighter leaf colour than 849
variety profiles for full deatils
with slight small to medium
micropyle
on each variety. flecking

Length: long Size:

200 – 250 mm small
791 page 44

52
12 13
53
 816
A4 816
A4
Leaf
Leaf Tree
Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
long pointed
rounded tip tip
long racemes (200(250 – 250
300 mm)
light,
short,late
late,flowering
intense flowering; prone to second
very
very few
spiny
spines flowering in summer
precocious
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
mostly singles and doubles
medium mainly singles
width and
tapering
towards Kernel
• medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly
base white, with
large, round full, flat
high kernel recovery
• rounded
medium to large divideddense
• moderately between 3 and
canopy
•• moderate to upright
moderately open canopy 4 leaves per node
relatively good percentage of whole kernels
narrow
smooth,
slightly Nut
Nut
undulating
margin
Husk
Husk Key identifiers
Key identifiers
flattened moderately long
average length,
margin
medium
stalk spreading tree with open canopy
long,
point offset thick stalk medium to large, moderately upright tree
long petiole
moderately
to stalk, leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some
large point,rough
slightly
with moderately dense canopy
offset to pale
with four leaves
short to medium surface; moderate neck
large, raised pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or
length petiole stalk
lime green glossy neck pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed
lime green only a few spines and long petiole
colour leaves
light, late flowering with early nut drop
Shell
Shell distinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-
large,
pyle onlime green
slight pointnut in husk, with raised
oval, out of round distinct suture
round with distinctive dent neck and thick stalk
shape; thin, smooth,
little
large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval
shiny golden brown
flecking
pale nutbrown
golden with prominent
nuts suture
shell with moderate shell slightly
flecking pointed
small at micropyle
to medium mainly single nuts on long racemes
micropyle
Size: small
Length: medium
Length: medium Size:
medium micropyle
150 –– 200
150 200 mm
mm large to verytolarge
large

14
50 51
15
 A16
814 A16
814
Leaf
Leaf Tree
Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
slightly pointed
slightly pointed tip
tip,
variable
with spine long racemes (200 – 250 mm)
condensed,
short, light, late flowering
few
few
spines
spines
at stem
end and
tip
Bunching habit
tends to
many open
small bunching
bunches

wide
Kernel
wide
• small
•• upright
small, upright
with willowing of• branches
precocious — starts bearing full, white
small, round
•• moderate
open canopyto dense canopyearly

uneven, Nut
Nut
slightly
undulating
margin, Husk
Husk
short
prone to long, thin stalk Key identifiers
petiole
rolling short, thick
down- stalk Key identifiers
wards moderate small, moderate to dense upright tree with
dull, distinctive medium very
point, in small
line
withpoint
stalkoffset
willowing
small, of branches
upright, open, precocious tree
green colour
medium to stalk no moderate
neck neck
length petiole dull green, short and wide
long, wide, dull mid-green leaves
leaves withwith few
uneven
spines and short
undulating marginpetiole
older leaves
Shell
Shell thin shelled,
small, round,oval mahogany
even-sized nuts with a dent
nuts
medium
raised hilum hilum
tend to yellow near a very small micropyle
round
many small bunches of nuts
oval, thin,with transverse groove very late nut drop
slight shell
mahogany (not from micropyle
dent near
withflecking
moderate to hilum)
micropyle small percentage of 4 leaf whorls
flecking
mediumvery
micropyle
prone to sticktights
small
Size: micropyle
Length: short
Length: long Size:
200 –– 180
120 >250mm
mm smallfrom small to large
variable

16
48 49
17
 A38
800 A38
800
Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
one spine
slightly on pointed
pointed tip apical
tip long long
very racemes (200(more
racemes – 250 than
mm) 300 mm) with cream
flowers
long flowering
many large
spines short, mid-season flowering

Bunching habit
Bunching habit
singles to triples
medium tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom
width
centre of the tree
narrow
• large, very spreading • prone to twisted branches Kernel
• very dense canopy (caused by copper
wide lateral limb structure• very
• medium upright with willowing
deficiency) round, white
regular
• very
whenopen canopyto 246
compared of branches in later years Kernel
undulating
margin slightly flattened, cream
slightly
undulating
Nut high percentage of whole kernels
margin
Husk Key identifiers
medium
medium thick
thick
moderate stalk
stalk large, veryKey identifiers
spreading, dense tree; highly prone
medium point, offset
medium to
length petiole to wind damage
medium
to stalk
long petiole
point offset
very long racemes
large neck regular undulating margin and many large
to stalk shortish narrow leaves with only one spine
paler than spines on leaves
246 on apical tip
leaves narrower and paler than 246
Shell tends to very long, large bunches towards
distinct groove slightly centre
bottom rough nut surface with moderately
of tree
(not suture)
suture line large micropyle
round, light
slightly very upright tree with very open canopy
brown,
rough glossy prone to twisted branches
shell with slight
surface medium to large, uniform, round nuts
flecking medium micropyle round, white kernels
tends to long willowy branches in later years
very small micropyle
Length: short
medium– medium Size:
Size:
140
150 – 160
200 mm large medium to large
uniform

18
46 19
47
 A203
791 A203
791
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pronounced
slightly tip tip
pointed
long racemes (200 – 250 mm)
extendedshort,
intense, flowering throughout
mid-season most of the year
flowering
few spines
longish,
dull with
few
spines Bunching habit
loose
old bunches
trees with
tending to many
singlesdoubles
with noand triples
large bunches

Kernel
•• medium
small, upright • very precocious —
medium
narrow • slightly
irregularupright
shape;with
appears starts
slight willowing bearing early
of branches
flattish
full, and oblong
white
width,
straggly to open canopy
• moderate prominent ridge
slightly
cupped
Nut
margin
slightly Husk
rolls down
undulating rough surface
Key identifiers
toward
margin tip
long, thin stalk
moderately long,
thick stalk small, upright,
slightly irregular,
pointed, straggly
longish, tree dull,
narrow,
large point,
long petiole medium green leaves
in line with
small point in longish, narrow leaves with few spines and
with pronounced tip
stalk
line with long petiole
and slightly undulating margins
medium stalk largehigh,
necksmall
sized petiole neck slight
slightlydent near leaves
cupped very small
withmicropyle
short petiole
medium
extendedtoflowering
large, uneven
throughsized nut
most of the year
Shell
intense,
small pointshort
onlate
huskflowering
in line with stalk
slightly flattened
round,
glossy, tan
slightly at dent
hilumnear
with husk
rough
round surface on husknut,
tan coloured andslightly
nut flattened
slight
shell with at hilum with no flecking
rough surface adhering
micropyle slightly upright tree with slight willowing
withnoflecking
flecking
of branches
leaves not evenly spaced on the whorl
small micropyle

Length: medium – long Size:

Size: very small
prominent suture
200 mm
150 – 230 medium
medium to large micropyle

20
44 21
45
 A268
783 A268
783
Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pointed
roundedtip
tip
long
medium
racemes
racemes
(200(150
– 250
– 200
mm)mm)
short,
extended
condensed
flowering;
mid-season
more intense
flowering
late in season
slightly
many
undulating
spines
margin
Bunching habit
tendency
many clusters
to single nuts

wide Kernel
and
medium • medium to large
long
width • spreading
full,
mediumcreamy white
medium tohabit
large, • moderately dense
• moderate
spreadingto open canopy canopy high percentage of whole kernels

few spines
Nut
mainly at
base Husk
round, dull, dark thick, medium Key identifiers
undulations surface thin, medium
length stalk
Key identifiers
in margin length stalk
medium medium to large, moderately
towards
petiole tip small
verypoint,
small raised neck long leaf with many spines anddense, spread-
short petiole
offset to offset
point stalk ing tree
very slightly medium to large spreading tree with
to stalk raised neck relatively to
narrow leaves with rounded tip,
moderate open canopy
prominent ridge at dehiscing point small undulations and a few spines at base
leaves much larger than A4
short Shell small point to husk; thick stalk with raised
petiole small point on husk with thin stalk
neck
even sizedeven
round,
distinct suture line very large, even sized nut with small
pebbly prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point
nut; to rough
moder- micropyle and slightly rough surface
shell withflecked,
ately moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish
moderate
some whiteish
flecking medium micropyle distinct suture line on nut
very small
Length: long
medium Size:
Size: micropyle
200
150 – 250
200 mm medium
very large

22
42 23
43
 781
H2 781
H2
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
rounded tip with no
point short – medium
medium racemesracemes
(150 – (100
200 –mm)
200 with
mm) some
branching possible
light, late flowering
some
no
large
spines late, short flowering
spines
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
mainly singles, doubles, triples
wide
prone to tight bunches
slightly
prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
short, Kernel
undulating
wide
margin medium to large
•• large, upright
very large, moderately upright
•• dense canopy
moderately dense canopy Kernel
flat margin
with rolled flat with moderate ridge
down tip short, thick stalk Nut many whole kernels
short to medium
variable size Husk
petiole
round, smooth Key identifiers
thick, medium
length stalk
Key identifiers
yellowing of summer flush flattened, with no neck
under heat stress veryvery
small point,
small very large, moderately upright tree; moder-
offset to offset
point stalk short thick small, slightly
ately dense flattened nuts with distinctive
canopy
to stalk small
stalkneck lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and
short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with
large hilum with piece of adhering husk
some spines and some yellowing on summer
Shell short, wide leafbywith
flush (caused rounded
heat end, no spines,
intolerance)
distinct lobed shape flat margin with rolled down tip
flat at hilium
large kernel but low yield to canopy area
large,flat,
slightly large hilum with medium to long racemes with some branching
round, piece of adhering
long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts
aborted distinct groove shell with thick base
slightly husk
embryo
flecked
mark (not suture) large nuts, but can be variable
(dimple) prone to sticktight nuts
medium to large
large, dense, upright tree
Length:
Length: short
short Size:
Size: micropyle
medium micropyle
<<150
150 mm
mm large
small

24
40 25
41
 NG8
741 NG8
741
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pointed
pointedtip
tip
long
mediumracemes
racemes
(200(150
– 250
– 200
mm)mm)
intense,
prone tolate
lightflowering
flowering
slightly
many spines
undulating
(particularly late, concentrated flowering
margin
near base)
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
some open bunches, mainly singles
long, nuts
numerous
hang down
open bunches
on long racemes
narrow
relatively
leaf
narrow,
particularly
• very small, round
towards
• open
Kernel
base large,canopy
upright • turkey’s neck
• moderately
moderate toprecocious — starts bearing early
open canopy medium
full, slightly
to large
dull, cream
distinctive,
very few whole kernels — mostly halves
spurred, short, thin stalk Nut
basal
slight
spines Husk
undulations
on margin dark green medium to long Key identifiers
large short,
thick thin stalk
stalk
long petiole medium to
point, distinctive spurred basaltree
spines on leaves
large
offset to
very small, open, round
point,
stalk moderate neck (more than 344 or 660)
short offset to very small neck very dark green, long, narrow leaves
petiole stalk large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy
prominent point when nuts still growing nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes
with turkey’s neck, particularly when young
bright brown nuts with moderate flecking
Shell late, concentrated light flowering
tend to dehusk on the ground
numerous open bunches
round,
bright smooth
brown precocious — starts bearing early; high yield
shell
raised at large point on husk, offset to stalk
shell withwith slight micropyle end per canopy area
flecking
moderate
flecking very few whole kernels — mostly halves
smallsmall micropyle
micropyle Note: It isonvery difficult to distinguish
dehusks the ground
Length: long
medium Size:
Size: between 660 and 741
150 – 250
200 200 mm medium
medium to large

26
38 27
39
 246
660 246
660
Leaf
Leaf Tree
Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
slightly pointed
rounded tip tip
medium
short – medium
to long racemes (150
(less than
– 200100
mm)– 200 mm)
concentrated
extended, heavy
flowering
flowering
slightly
moderate
undulating
spines variable
precocious
timing
— starts bearing early
margin

Bunching habit
variable
few bunches
withof
nonuts
large bunches
wide mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age
narrow

large, spreading
• medium to large • •moderate
moderately densecanopy
to dense canopy
Kernel
• upright • turkey’s neck Kernel small, full, with slight ridge
few
spines,
regular,
slightly flat with a prominent ridge
mainly Nut
Nut
very tendency to basal discolouring
near
undulating
base
margin Husk
Husk Key identifiers
short, thick stalk
moderately long,
large point
long petiole small point, wide stalk very dark Keygreen,identifiers
narrow, slightly pointed
offset
offset to to Key identifiers
stalk
stalk leaves with spines mainly near the base
large neck
medium to long
moderate neck long
largepetiole
tree with spreading growth habit
petiole small nuts,
regular, variable
very even in size
undulating margin on
Shell
Shell dark
upright
green
treewide
withleaf
turkey’s neck
slightly very
shortearly
racemes
nut and
drop;extended
tends toflowering
germinate in
flattened wet conditions
short, thick stalk
slightly rough
pronounced
surface with
flecking medium to large nut with large micropyle
moderate
flecking
small micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish
Length:
Length: medium
medium Size:
Size: large micropyle between 660 and 741
150
150 –– 200
200 mm
mm small, variable
large

28
36 29
37
 333
508 508
333
Tree Leaf
Leaf Tree
Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pointed
roundedtiptip
medium
long racemes
racemes (200(150 – 200
– 250 mm)mm)
late, to
mid long
lateflowering
flowering of moderate intensity
many
few
spines
spines

Bunching habit
tendingsingles
mainly to singles
medium can have sticktight nuts
short,
to long,
narrow
very
wide Kernel
leaf
• large,
medium spreading
Kernel slightly flat
round to spreading
• moderate • moderately dense canopy
to dense canopy full, white
many short
undulations
on margin Nut
Nut
large
medium to long
undula-
petiole
tions in Husk
Husk
margin
Key identifiers
verymoderately
short, short, thick
smallpoint,
large stalk
thick stalk
medium to long point, to
offset medium toKey long,identifiers
very wide, spiny,very dark
petiole offset to
stalk green shiny leaves with undulating margins
stalk
moderate
largeneck very large,
very tough husk neck round tree spreading tree
glossy
very dark green
short leaves
tough, with rounded
pale green husk tip, few spines and
Shell
Shell manyshort,
very smallthick
undulations
stalk
slightly flattened
with thick shell
small, round nuts
small point on husk
slightly rough
surface with
small shell
thick point on husk
round
minimal susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under
flecking
heat stress
smallsmall
micropyle
to
(can medium
be open)
Length: medium
Length: short – long Size:
Size:
medium
medium micropyle
<150– mm
150 200 mm

30
34 31
35
 344 344
Leaf
Leaf Tree
Tree Other
Other characteristics
characteristics

Flowers
Flowers
pointed
pointed tip
tip with
with
spine
spine medium
medium length
length racemes
racemes (150
(150 –– 200
200 mm)
mm)
mid
mid to
to late,
late, light
light flowering
flowering
few
few
spines,
spines, precocious
precocious — — starts
starts bearing
bearing early
early
mainly
mainly
near
near
base
base
Bunching
Bunching habit
habit
tends
tends toto tight
tight bunches,
bunches, particularly
particularly with
with
short,
short, light
light flowering
flowering
narrow
narrow

•• large,
large, upright,
upright, conical
conical •• moderately
moderately precocious
precocious
Kernel
Kernel
•• dense
dense canopy
canopy flat,
flat, ridged,
ridged, dull
dull cream
cream
slightly
slightly
undulating
undulating
Nut
Nut
margin
margin
Husk
Husk Key
Key identifiers
identifiers
medium
medium
length
length petiole
petiole short,
short, thick
thick stalk
stalk
small
small point,
point, large,
large, upright,
upright, conical,
conical, dense
dense tree
tree
in
in line
line with
with
stalk
stalk
short,
short, narrow,
narrow, dark
dark green
green leaves
leaves with
with
no
no neck
neck
few
few spines
spines
glossy,
glossy, smooth
smooth
light
light flowering
flowering
small
small point
point on
on husk
husk in
in line
line with
with stalk
stalk
Shell
Shell
no
no neck
neck on
on husk,
husk, short
short thick
thick stalk
stalk
compact
compactand andvery
verydense
densetree
treewhen
whenyoung
young
round,
round, dull
dull
shell
shell with
with
moderate
moderate
small
small
flecking
flecking
micropyle
micropyle
Length:
Length: short
short Size:
Size:
<150
<150 mm
mm medium
medium to
to large
large

32
32 33
33
 333
508 508
333
Tree Leaf Tree Other
Other characteristics
characteristics

Flowers
Flowers
pointed
roundedtip
tip
medium
long racemes
racemes (200(150 – 200
– 250 mm)mm)
late,to
mid long
lateflowering
flowering of moderate intensity
many
few
spines

Bunching habit
Bunching habit
tendingsingles
mainly to singles
medium can have sticktight nuts
short,
to long,
narrow
very
wide Kernel
leaf
•• large,
mediumspreading
Kernel slightly flat
•• moderate
round to spreading • moderately dense canopy
to dense canopy full, white
many short
undulations
on margin Nut
large
medium to long
undula-
petiole
tions in Husk
margin
Key identifiers
verymoderately
short, short, thick
small point,
large stalk
thick stalk
medium to long point, to
offset medium toKey long, identifiers
very wide, spiny,very dark
petiole offset to
stalk green shiny leaves with undulating margins
stalk
moderate
largeneck very large,
very tough husk neck round tree spreading tree
glossy
very dark green
short leaves
tough, with rounded
pale green husk tip, few spines and
Shell many small undulations
very short, thick stalk
slightly flattened
with thick shell
small,point
small roundonnuts
husk
slightly rough
surface with
small point
thick shell on husk
round
minimal susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under
flecking
heat stress
small small
micropyle
to
(can be open)
medium
Length: medium
short – long Size:
medium micropyle
<150– mm
150 200 mm

30
34 31
35
 246
660 246
660
Leaf Tree Other
Other characteristics
characteristics

Flowers
Flowers
slightly
roundedpointed
tip tip
medium
short to long racemes
– medium racemes (less
(150than
– 200100
mm)– 200 mm)
extended,
concentrated
heavy
flowering
flowering
slightly
moderate
undulating
spines precocious
variable timing
— starts bearing early
margin

Bunching habit
Bunching habit
few bunches
variable withofnonuts
large bunches
wide mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age
narrow

•• medium
large, spreading
to large • •moderate
moderately dense
to dense canopy
canopy
Kernel
• upright • turkey’s neck Kernel small, full, with slight ridge
few
spines,
regular,
slightly flat with a prominent ridge
mainly Nut
very tendency to basal discolouring
near
undulating
base
margin Husk Key identifiers
short, thick stalk
moderately long,
large point
long petiole small point, wide stalk very dark Keygreen,identifiers
narrow, slightly pointed
offset
offset to to Key identifiers
stalk
stalk leaves with spines mainly near the base
large neck
medium to long
moderate neck long petiole
large tree with spreading growth habit
petiole small nuts,
regular, variable
very in size
even undulating margin on
Shell upright
dark treewide
green withleaf
turkey’s neck
slightly very early
short nut and
racemes drop; tends toflowering
extended germinate in
flattened wet conditions
short, thick stalk
slightly rough
pronounced
surface with
flecking medium to large nut with large micropyle
moderate
flecking
small micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish
Length: medium Size:
Size: large micropyle between 660 and 741
150 – 200 mm small, variable
large

36
28 29
37
 NG8
741 NG8
741
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pointed
pointedtip
tip
medium
long racemes
racemes (200(150 – 200
– 250 mm)mm)
intense,
prone tolate
lightflowering
flowering
slightly
many spines
undulating
(particularly late, concentrated flowering
margin
near base)
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
some open bunches, mainly singles
long, nuts hang down
numerous on long racemes
open bunches
narrow
relatively
leaf
narrow,
particularly
• very small, round
towards
• open
Kernel
base large,canopy
upright • turkey’s neck
• moderately
moderate toprecocious — starts bearing early
open canopy medium
full, slightly
to large
dull, cream
distinctive,
very few whole kernels — mostly halves
spurred, short, thin stalk Nut
basal
slight
spines Husk
undulations
on margin dark green medium to long Key identifiers
large short,
thick thin stalk
stalk
long petiole medium to
point, distinctive spurred basaltree
spines on leaves
large
offset to
very small, open, round
point,
stalk moderate neck (more than 344 or 660)
short offset to very small neck very dark green, long, narrow leaves
petiole stalk large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy
prominent point when nuts still growing nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes
with turkey’s neck, particularly when young
bright brown nuts with moderate flecking
Shell late, concentrated light flowering
tend to dehusk on the ground
numerous open bunches
round,
bright smooth
brown precocious — starts bearing early; high yield
shell
raised at large point on husk, offset to stalk
shell withwith slight micropyle end per canopy area
flecking
moderate
flecking very few whole kernels — mostly halves
smallsmall micropyle
micropyle Note: It isonvery difficult to distinguish
dehusks the ground
Length: long
medium Size:
Size: between 660 and 741
150 – 250
200 200 mm medium
medium to large

26
38 27
39
 781
H2 781
H2
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
rounded tip with no
point short – medium
medium racemesracemes
(150 – (100
200 –mm)
200 with
mm) some
branching possible
light, late flowering
some
no
large
spines late, short flowering
spines
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
mainly singles, doubles, triples
wide
prone to tight bunches
slightly
prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
short, Kernel
undulating
wide
margin medium to large
•• large, upright
very large, moderately upright
•• dense canopy
moderately dense canopy Kernel
flat margin
with rolled flat with moderate ridge
down tip short, thick stalk Nut many whole kernels
short to medium
variable size Husk
petiole
round, smooth Key identifiers
thick, medium
length stalk
Key identifiers
yellowing of summer flush flattened, with no neck
under heat stress veryvery
small point,
small very large, moderately upright tree; moder-
offset to offset
point stalk short thick small, slightly
ately dense flattened nuts with distinctive
canopy
to stalk small
stalkneck lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and
short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with
large hilum with piece of adhering husk
some spines and some yellowing on summer
Shell short, wide leafbywith
flush (caused heatrounded end, no spines,
intolerance)
distinct lobed shape flat margin with rolled down tip
flat at hilium
large kernel but low yield to canopy area
large,flat,
slightly large hilum with medium to long racemes with some branching
round, piece of adhering
long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts
aborted distinct groove shell with thick base
slightly husk
embryo
flecked
mark (not suture) large nuts, but can be variable
(dimple) prone to sticktight nuts
medium to large
large, dense, upright tree
Length:
Length: short
short Size:
Size: micropyle
medium micropyle
<<150
150 mm
mm large
small

24
40 25
41
 783
A268 A268
783
Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
roundedtip
pointed tip
long racemes
medium (200(150
racemes – 250 mm)mm)
– 200
short, condensed
extended mid-season
flowering; flowering
more intense late in season
slightly
many
undulating
spines
margin
Bunching habit
tendency to single nuts
many clusters

wide Kernel
and
medium • medium to large
long
width • spreading
full,
mediumcreamy white
medium tohabit
large, • moderately dense
• moderate
spreadingto open canopy canopy high percentage of whole kernels

few spines
Nut
mainly at
base Husk
round, dull, dark thick, medium Key identifiers
undulations surface thin, medium
length stalk
Key identifiers
in margin length stalk
medium medium to large, moderately
towards
petiole tip small
verypoint,
small raised neck long leaf with many spines anddense, spread-
short petiole
offset to offset
point stalk ing tree
very slightly medium to large spreading tree with
to stalk raised neck relatively to
narrow leaves with rounded tip,
moderate open canopy
prominent ridge at dehiscing point small undulations and a few spines at base
leaves much larger than A4
short Shell small point to husk; thick stalk with raised
petiole small point on husk with thin stalk
neck
even sizedeven
round,
distinct suture line very large, even sized nut with small
pebbly prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point
nut; to rough
moder- micropyle and slightly rough surface
shell withflecked,
ately moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish
moderate
some whiteish
flecking medium micropyle distinct suture line on nut
very small
Length: long
medium Size:
Size: micropyle
150 – 250
200 200 mm medium
very large

42
22 23
43
 A203
791 A203
791
Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
pronounced
slightly tip tip
pointed
long racemes (200 – 250 mm)
extendedshort,
intense, flowering throughout
mid-season most of the year
flowering
few spines
longish,
dull with
few
spines Bunching habit
loose
old bunches
trees with
tending to many
singlesdoubles
with noand triples
large bunches

Kernel
•• medium
small, upright • very precocious —
medium
narrow • slightly
irregularupright
shape;with
appears starts
slight willowing bearing early
of branches
flattish
full, and oblong
white
width,
straggly to open canopy
• moderate prominent ridge
slightly
cupped
Nut
margin
slightly Husk
rolls down
undulating rough surface
Key identifiers
toward
margin tip
long, thin stalk
moderately long,
thick stalk small, upright,
slightly irregular,
pointed, straggly
longish, tree dull,
narrow,
large point,
long petiole medium green leaves
in line with
small point in longish, narrow leaves with few spines and
with pronounced tip
stalk
line with long petiole
and slightly undulating margins
medium stalk largehigh,
necksmall
sized petiole neck slight
slightlydent near leaves
cupped very small
withmicropyle
short petiole
medium
extendedtoflowering
large, uneven
throughsized nut
most of the year
Shell
intense,
small pointshort
onlate
huskflowering
in line with stalk
slightly flattened
round,
glossy, tan
slightly at dent
hilumnear
with husk
rough
round surface on husknut,
tan coloured andslightly
nut flattened
slight
shell with at hilum with no flecking
rough surface adhering
micropyle slightly upright tree with slight willowing
withnoflecking
flecking
of branches
leaves not evenly spaced on the whorl
small micropyle

Length: medium – long Size:

Size: very small
prominent suture
200 mm
150 – 230 medium
medium to large micropyle

20
44 21
45
 A38
800 A38
800
Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
one spine
slightly on pointed
pointed tip apical
tip long long
very racemes (200(more
racemes – 250 than
mm) 300 mm) with cream
flowers
long flowering
many large
spines short, mid-season flowering

Bunching habit
Bunching habit
singles to triples
medium tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom
width
centre of the tree
narrow
• large, very spreading • prone to twisted branches Kernel
• very dense canopy (caused by copper
wide lateral limb structure• very
• medium upright with willowing
deficiency) round, white
regular
• very
whenopen canopyto 246
compared of branches in later years Kernel
undulating
margin slightly flattened, cream
slightly
undulating
Nut high percentage of whole kernels
margin
Husk Key identifiers
medium
medium thick
thick
moderate stalk
stalk large, veryKey identifiers
spreading, dense tree; highly prone
medium point, offset
medium to
length petiole to wind damage
medium
to stalk
long petiole
point offset
very long racemes
large neck regular undulating margin and many large
to stalk shortish narrow leaves with only one spine
paler than spines on leaves
246 on apical tip
leaves narrower and paler than 246
Shell tends to very long, large bunches towards
distinct groove slightly centre
bottom rough nut surface with moderately
of tree
(not suture)
suture line large micropyle
round, light
slightly very upright tree with very open canopy
brown,
roughglossy prone to twisted branches
shell with slight
surface medium to large, uniform, round nuts
flecking medium micropyle round, white kernels
tends to long willowy branches in later years
very small micropyle
Length:
Length: short – medium
medium Size:
Size:
140
150 –– 160
200 mm
mm largemedium to large
uniform

18
46 19
47
 A16
814 814
A16
Leaf Tree Other characteristics
Other characteristics

Flowers
Flowers
slightly pointed tip
tip,
with spine
variable long
long racemes
racemes (200(200 –– 250
250 mm)
mm)
condensed,
short, light, late
lateflowering
flowering
few
spines
at stem
end and
tip
Bunching
Bunching habit
habit
tends
many to open
small bunching
bunches

wide
Kernel
Kernel
wide
• small
•• small,
uprightupright • branches
with willowing of precocious — starts bearing full,
small,white
round
•• open canopy
moderate to dense canopyearly

uneven, Nut
slightly
undulating
margin, Husk
short to
prone long, thin stalk Key identifiers
petiole
rolling short, thick
down- stalk Key identifiers
wards moderate small, moderate to dense upright tree with
dull, distinctive medium veryinsmall
point, line
green colour withpoint
stalkoffset
willowing of branches
small, upright, open, precocious tree
medium to stalk no moderate
neck neck
length petiole dull green, short and wide
long, wide, dull mid-green leaves
leaves with
with few
uneven
spines and short
undulating marginpetiole
older leaves
Shell thin shelled,
small, round,oval mahogany
even-sized nuts with a dent
nuts
medium
raised hilum hilum
tend to yellow near a very small micropyle
round
many small bunches of nuts
oval, thin,with transverse groove very late nut drop
slight shell
mahogany (not from micropyle
dent near
withflecking
moderate to hilum)
micropyle small percentage of 4 leaf whorls
flecking
medium very
micropyle
prone to sticktights
small
Size: micropyle
Length: short
long Size:
120
200 – 180
>250mm
mm small from small to large
variable

16
48 49
17
 816
A4 816
A4
Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers
long pointed
rounded tip tip
long racemes (250 (200 – 300
250 mm)
light, late
short, late,flowering
intense flowering; prone to second
very few
spiny
spines flowering in summer
precocious
Bunching habit
Bunching habit
mostly singles and doubles
medium mainly singles
width and
tapering
towards
Kernel
• medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly
base large, white, full, flat
round with high kernel recovery
• rounded
medium to large divideddense
• moderately between 3 and
canopy
•• moderate to upright
moderately open canopy 4 leaves per node
relatively good percentage of whole kernels
narrow
smooth,
slightly Nut
undulating
margin
Husk Key identifiers
Key identifiers
flattened moderately long
average length,
margin
medium
stalk spreading tree with open canopy
long,
point offset thick stalk medium to large, moderately upright tree
long petiole
moderately
to stalk, leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some
large point,rough
slightly
with moderately dense canopy
offset to pale
with four leaves
short to medium surface; moderate neck
large, raised pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or
length petiole stalk
lime green glossy neck pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed
lime green only a few spines and long petiole
colour leaves
light, late flowering with early nut drop
Shell distinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-
large,onlime
pyle green
slight pointnut in husk, with raised
oval, out of round distinct suture
round with distinctive dent neck and thick stalk
shape; thin, smooth,
little
large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval
shiny golden brown
flecking
pale nutbrown
golden with prominent
nuts suture
shell with moderate shell slightly
flecking pointed
small at micropyle
to medium mainly single nuts on long racemes
micropyle
Size: small
Length: medium Size:
medium micropyle
150 – 200 mm large to verytolarge
large

14
50 15
51
 Key to842
varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and842
leaf shape
No Leaf
One spine Basal only spines Tree Few spines Few spines Other
Many characteristics
spines Very spiny
spines on top
Short Medium Short Medium Long Medium Long Medium Long
Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Narrow Wide

Flowers
rounded tip
long racemes (200 – 250 mm)
intense flowering over long period
many
spines

H2 page 24 508 page 34 781 page 40 Bunching habit

A38 page 18 344 page 32
783 page 42 mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters
660 page 36 800 page 46 246 page 28 A4 page 14
814 page 48 nuts tend toOwn
be concentrated
Venture towards
842 page 52
the centre of
the tree page 60 A268
small, page 22
regular
undulating Kernel
margin • medium to large • open canopy when young;
• moderately upright more dense with age small to medium, round

very wide Own Nut

Choice A16 page 16
816 page 50
but more page 58
uniform Daddow
width when Husk
741 page 38 page 56
849 page 54
compared Key identifiers
to 849 very even, very short
round, smooth stalk NG8 page 26
very small
medium to large, moderately upright tree
point offset long, very wide leaves with many spines and
to stalk small neck
long petiole A203 page 20
small regular undulations on the margin
very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk
lighter leaf colour when
Shell with very small point offset to a very short
compared to 849 stalk and
333 page 30 small neck
Note: This is a simplified keyflat,
slghtly distinct groove
only — refer to the individual
oval, light intense, flowering over long period
brown shell lighter leaf colour than 849
variety profiles for full deatils
with slight small to medium
micropyle
on each variety. flecking

Length: long Size:

200 – 250 mm small
791 page 44

52
12 13
53
 Leaf spines849
& husk shape Distinctive849
shell features
Leaf
No spines One spine on tip Tree Basal spines Distinct sutureOther
line characteristics
Adhering husk

H2 A38 344
660 Flowers
wide rounded tip
741 medium racemes (180 – 220 mm)
aborted
A16 light, late flowering over short
cavity period adhered
783
embryo
many (H2 only) husk

Few
spines spines Moderate spines Many spines A38 791
344 816 H2
A16 791 NG8 842 A4 660
Bunching habit Daddow 791
A203 814 246 849 A268 741 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small
508
wide 816 333 bunches as tree gets older
781
club- 800 Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes
shaped,
783
tapering Daddow
Own Choice
towards Own Venture Kernel
base • medium to large • moderately dense to
veins
• spreading dense canopy dull, cream, similar toA4
246 NG8
raised
slightly flat A16 246
on upper
leaf
Point offset to stalk Point Nut
in line with stalk A203kernels
good percentage of whole 344
surface A268 660
A4
Husk Daddow 741
A16
very undulating Own Choice 783
margin with
medium, thick Key identifiers
Own Venture 849
stalk
undulations
wider near tip very small
point offset slightly raised
medium to large, spreading tree
to stalk neck Distinct groove
long, wide, dark green leaves,Pointed hilum
wider at the tip
medium petiole
A4 333 783 smoothA16 with many spines and very undulating mar-
A38 508 800 A203 gins
Shell
A268 660 814 344 light flowering over short period
H2 741 816 slight to 791 round but flattened round nut with flattened area at hilum and
at hilum
NG8 781 842 moderate Daddow slight to moderate flecking
246 849 flecking
781 late maturing
814 nuts tend to pre-germinate
Own Choice medium micropyle A16
Own Venture 800 veins842
raised on upper leaf surface Daddow
Length: long Size:
200 – 250 mm medium to large Own Venture

54
10 11
55
 Leaf
Daddow
length Leaf width;
Daddowtip shape
ShortLeaf
<150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Medium
Narrow <40 mm wide Other characteristics
40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide

Flowers
rounded tip
short racemes (100 – 150 mm)
moderate moderately intense, mid to late flowering
spines,
particularly
at base Bunching habit
many bunches with three to four A16
nuts
A268
A4Kernel H2
wide A38 246
A203 round with
783moderate ridge 333
NG8 791 781
• medium to large • very dense 344 800 814
undulating • moderately upright 508 816 842
Key identifiers
margin; 660 Own Choice 849
some
rolling at tip Nut 741 Own Venture Daddow
medium to large, upright to slightly spread-
Note:ing,
Leafvery
widthdense tree environment and tree age.
varies with
Husk
wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves
dull, dark green; slightly
Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip
with some rolling and mottling on older
rough
medium length medium stalk leaves
petiole small point
in line with very prominent hilum and suture on nuts,
stalk very well which looked cracked
old leaves dull and dark green; defined, raised
young leaves light green
A16 A4 660 A268
neck short racemes with moderately intense mid
prone to mottling in older
H2 Shell
A38 741 NG8 to late flowering
leaves
344 A203 783 814 extended late nut drop
large hilum
508 246 tea 791 842 H2 783mature leaves
A16 dull and344dark green; young
A4
781
coloured,
333 round, 800 849
very distinct suture 246 816leaves lightA203 660
green in colour A38
Own Choice Daddow
heavily 816 508 842 A268 800 NG8
striped
Own Venture
very small micropyle 781 849 333 814 741
Size:
Daddow Own Venture 791
Length: medium
150 –Leaf
200 mm medium Own Choice
Note: length varies with environment and tree age.

56
8 57
9
 Own
Tree Choice
shape Tree density
Own & size
Choice
Leaf
Spreading Upright
Tree Dense Other characteristics Open

Flowers
rounded tip
short racemes (100 – 150 mm)
extended out of season flowering
few spines

Bunching habit
tending to single nuts
medium
width prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
A4* 508* A16* 814* A4 NG8
A203 783 A38 816 Kernel
A16 781 A38 791
A268 800 344 842 full, white
A203 814
slightly H2 783
rolling 246 849 791 Own Venture
• large, round • very dense canopy
246 800 A268
333*
undulating
margin 333 816
Nut Open when young;
344 849 Key identifiers dense when older
Round Upright with turkey’s neck
medium Husk 508 Own Choice
length 660 741 Daddow
large, round, very dense tree
petiole
short, thick 842 Own Venture
very large pale to medium green leaves with few spines
stalk
point offset
to stalk and slightly rolling, undulating margin
very dark moderate neck very extended flowering and nut drop
green Small pattern
Medium Large
A16 prone to sticktight
A4 nuts
660 and pre-germina-
H2 741
Shell NG8 tion A38 783 246 781
slightly oval, slight dent from 791 A203
slightly oval, tan nuts842 333
with slight dent from 800
A4* golden brown hilum to micropyle
814 A268
hilum to micropyle 849 344 816
508* shell with
A16* 508
moderate 660 low denseOwntree Venture
skirt
H2 781 flecking 741 small to medium Daddow
NG8 Daddow micropyle Own Choice
814*
333*
Length: short – medium Own ChoiceSize:
140 – 160 mm large
* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.
58
6 7
59
Meaning of terms used Contents
Own Venture Own Venture
Petiole – leaf stalk
Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Main identification characteristics
Leaf of nut to husk
Hilum – attachment Tree Tree shape ...............................................................................................
Other characteristics 6
Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7
initiate germination Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8
Raceme – flower stalk LeafFlowers
width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9
Turkey’s necktip– distinct break between main body of tree and the top
slightly pointed
Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally
Leaf spines; husk shape .........................................................................
long racemes (200 – 250 mm) 10
(as distinct from late fall green nuts) Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11
short, late flowering
many
Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fall
spines
Precocious – starts bearing at an early age Key to major varieties
Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12
Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Bunching habit
Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node Individual variety profiles
singles and doubles
medium A4 ......................................................................................................... 14
width tendency to sticktights
Information on selecting varieties A16 ....................................................................................................... 16
Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. A38 ....................................................................................................... 18
Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink A203 ..................................................................................................... 20
Kernel
Macadamia Information Kit. • medium to large • open canopy when young;
small,
• moderately upright more dense with age
A268 ..................................................................................................... 22
regular large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape
H2 ......................................................................................................... 24
undulating
Precautions
margin in using this guide NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26
Nut
• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of 246 ........................................................................................................ 28
the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and
Husk 333 ........................................................................................................ 30
northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these 344 ........................................................................................................ 32
illustrations for other districts and under different management systems.
long thin stalk
Key identifiers
508 ........................................................................................................ 34
• Leaves used in the illustrationslarge arepoint
mature leaves from the outside of the leaf
canopy exposed to full sun. offset to 660 ........................................................................................................ 36
medium to stalk long relatively narrow, spiny leaves
741 ........................................................................................................ 38
• The guide is not suitable for identifying
long petiole
trees less than about three years
medium of age.
neck
• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. 781 ........................................................................................................
heavy flecking on shells 40
dull, spotted 783 ........................................................................................................ 42
dull light large nut
green colour 791 ........................................................................................................ 44
Shell very dense tree when mature
800 ........................................................................................................ 46
Acknowledgements late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights
814 ........................................................................................................ 48
heavy
The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page light green leaf colour
816 ........................................................................................................ 50
flecking
layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.
The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development
842 ........................................................................................................ 52
Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall micropyle
of this book. 849 ........................................................................................................ 54
Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Daddow ................................................................................................. 56
Length: Size:
longconducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture
variety trials
200 – 250 mm large
and the Australian Macadamia Society. Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58
Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60
4
60 61
5
 Introduction
A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the
varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics
Notes that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of
nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be
different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.
The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the
varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties
including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and
Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:
• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;
• in commercial use;
• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.
Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are
not included.

Layout
The identifier consists of three sections:
• The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.
• A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves
are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.
• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented
in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand
page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate
matching characteristics.

Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old

Note:
Tree, leaf and nut
illustrations are derived
from photos and have
Leaf size is been selected as being
in scale most typical of the
throughout variety. Note that there
the book. will be some variation
Upper leaf from these illustrations.
surface is
shown in all
cases.
Summary
of main
characteristics

62 3