Basic Competences: Analysze the change of ideal gas condition by

applying Thermodynamics’ Law

Indicators:
1. Analyze the change of ideal gas condition because of pressure change
2. Analyze the relationship between the First Law of Thermodynamic and
Isobaric process

PRESSURE IN THERMODYNAMICS
A. Material

Pressure

The absolute pressure (P) is a normal forced exerted

by fluid on unit area.

𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑃=
𝐴

The reason why it has to be a normal force is because

if a fluid, whether it is gas or liquid, has a shear stress
of any magnitude applied to it the fluid particles will
flow over each other and will not exert any resistive
force back; assuming that the fluid in inviscous.
Figure 1. Absolute pressure

In the SI system, the unit in for Since Pa is small unit in the SI system,
pressure is Pa (read: Pascal). In the other units are also used in
English system, it is psi. thermodynamics, such as:
Pa = N/m 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 MPa = 106 Pa
Psi = lbf/in2 3
1kPa = 10 Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of science which deals with the

interconversion of heat energy and mechanical energy. All those problems that are

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related to the interconversion of heat energy and work done are studied in
thermodynamics.

Charles’ Law

Charles' Law is a special case of the ideal gas law. It states that the volume of
a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature. This law applies to
ideal gases held at a constant pressure, where only the volume and temperature are
allowed to change.
Charles' Law is expressed as:

Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf

Where
Vi = initial volume
Ti = initial absolute temperature
Vf = final volume
Tf = final absolute temperature

It is extremely important to remember the temperatures are absolute

temperatures measured in Kelvin, NOT °C or °F.

Isobaric Process

A thermodynamic process in which pressure of the system remains constant

during the supply of heat is called an isobaric process.

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 in order to understand an
isobaric process consider
a cylinder fitted wih a
frictionless piston, the
piston is free to move. An
ideal gas is enclosed in
the cylinder.

Figure 2. isobaric process by a piston in a cylinder

Let the initial volume of the system is V1 and initial internal energy is U1. Let DQp
the gas is heated from T1 o T2 K. addition of heat causes the following changes in
the system:
a) Internal energy increases from U1 to U2
b) Volume of the system increases from V1 to V2
c) Temperature increases from T1 K to T2 K.
d) Work (DW) is done by the gas on the piston

First Law of Thermodynamics

Statement:
“during any process total energy of a system and its surroundings is
constant” or
“it is impossible to construct a machine which performs work contiouously
with taking energy from an external source” or
“energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from
one form of energy to another form of energy”

Let a system absorbs DQ amount of heat energy. Addition of heat increases

the internal energy of system from U1 to U2 and some useful work is also
performed by the system. Increase in internal energy is given by:

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 DU = U1 – U2
And work done is DW.
According to the first law of thermodynamics:
DQ = DU + DW
Where:
DQ = positive if heat is added to a system
DQ = negative if heat is released from a system
DW = positive if work is done by the system
DW = negative if work is done on the system

Heat can be supplied to a thermodynamic system under the following conditions:

a) Isobaric process
According to the first law of thermodynamics and based on the figure 2.
DQ = DU + DW
But DQ = PDV, thus
DQp = DU + PDV
As DV = (v2 – v1)
DQp = DU + P(V2 – V1)
b) Ischoric process
c) Isothermal process
d) Adiabatic process

Graphical Representation

Graph between P (pressure) and V (volume) for an isobaric process is a

straight line which is parallel to V-axis.

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 Figure 3. graph of P and V for an Isobaric process

B. Concept Aplication

In a closed system, energy can be exchanged with its surroundings, but matter
cannot. An example of this would be a sealed, clear plastic bottle of water -- i.e. light
energy can pass through, but water cannot get out until the cap is taken off (which
would then make it an open system). In an open system both matter and energy can be
exchanged with the surroundings. As well as an opened bottle of water, other
examples include cells (i.e. all life forms) and the Earth.

The Earth is somewhat of a "quasi-closed

system" -- i.e. matter can be exchanged with Earth's
surroundings in the form of meteorites, dust particles,
and gases, while energy comes in from the Sun and
leaves the planet in the form of infrared radiation. On
the other hand, matter doesn't leave the Earth on a
significant scale. An isolated system can exchange
neither matter nor energy with its surroundings. A
thermos used for hot drinks might be an example, but it is not completely isolated,
since energy will eventually dissipate from it. The universe itself is, perhaps, the only
true isolated system (assuming that there is only one universe, as opposed to a
"multiverse").

C. Example Problem

A 600 mL sample of nitrogen is heated from 27 °C to 77 °C at constant pressure.

What is the final volume?

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Solution:

The first step to solving gas law problems should be converting all temperatures to
absolute temperatures. In other words, if the temperature is given in Celsius or
Fahrenheit, convert it to Kelvin. This is the most common place mistakes are made in
this type of homework problem.
T K = 273 + °C
Ti = initial temperature = 27 °C
Ti K = 273 + 27
Ti K = 300 K
Tf = final temperature = 77 °C
Tf K = 273 + 77
Tf K = 350 K
The next step is to use Charles' law to find the final volume. Charles' law is expressed
as:

Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf
Where,
Vi and Ti is the initial volume and temperature
Vf and Tf is the final volume and temperature

Solve the equation for Vf:

Vf = ViTf/Ti
Enter the known values and solve for Vf.
Vf = (600 mL)(350 K)/(300 K)
Vf = 700 mL
Answer:
The final volume after heating will be 700 mL.

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D. Exercise

1. A gas occupies a volume of 7.82L at 82˚C. At what temperature, in Kelvin, will

the volume of the gas be 6.45L?
2. When the temperature of a gas decreases (with pressure and amount held
constant), does the volume increase or decrease?
3. A gas occupies 221 cm3 at a temperature of 0 C and pressure of 760 mm Hg.
What will its volume be at 100 C?
4. Carbon dioxide is usually formed when gasoline is burned. If 30.0 L of CO2 is
produced at a temperature of 1.00 x 103 °C and allowed to reach room
temperature (25.0 °C) without any pressure changes, what is the new volume of
the carbon dioxide?
5. What volume change occurs to a 400.0 mL gas sample as the temperature
increases from 22.0 °C to 30.0 °C?

E. Daftar pustaka

Isobaric Process.
https://www.citycollegiate.com/thermodynamicsXII_definition01.htm.
Accessed on May 17th 2019
Meirong and Kurt. Thermodynamics Theory. https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-
in/eBook.cgi?doc=&topic=th&chap_sec=01.2&page=theory. Accessed on May
14th 2019
S.B. Amirault. 2019. Pressure. https://sbainvent.com/thermodynamics/pressure/.
Accessed on May 14th 2019
Super User. 2011. Isobaric Process. https://english.eagetutor.com/home/isobaric-
process-sp-2039716239. Accessed on May 17th 2019
https://www.thoughtco.com/formula-for-charles-law-604281. Accessed on May
14th 2019

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@nurhayati@unm.ac.id

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