VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR.
SOUTH AMBAZARI ROAD, NAGPUR - 440010

Department of Electrical Engineering

5TH SEMESTER B.TECH (2018-2019)

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
HOME ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
SWAPNIL BARDE [BT16EEE011]
BATCHU POOJITHA [BT16EEE012]
PIYUSH BENDE [BT16EEE013]
 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Swapnil Barde, Batchu Poojitha, Piyush Bende

ABSTRACT
Present day Society is intensely subject to continuous power and dependable accessibility of
power at a high caliber .One of the genuine concerns tormenting the world is the restricted vitality
saves that are very nearly termination. With the end goal to save it for who and what is to come, it
is basic to utilize remaining vitality holds sparingly and to limit the misfortunes experienced in
vitality use. A larger part of misfortunes in the electrical vitality area happen in the appropriation
side; while transmission and sub-transmission lines represent just about 30% of the aggregate
losses. The LV arrangement is the last connection associating the buyers and needs more
thought for advancement. Add to this, the amazing number of local shoppers whose life grinds to
a halt if electric supply is disturbed. This report presents overview of electrical distribution system
and frameworks. This record ponders the global situation of distribution frameworks existing at
present.

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 0

2 DISTRIBUTION OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 0

3 POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN INDIA .................................................................................................... 0

3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ........................................................................ 2

3.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN POWER UTILITY OF INDIA.................................................... 3

3.3 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ............................................................................................................................. 3

4 POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN OTHER COUNTRIES ........................................................................... 3

4.1 URBAN SERVICES ............................................................................................................................................. 3

4.2 NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3

4.3 RURAL SERVICES.............................................................................................................................................. 4

4.3.1 100-120V SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................................ 4

4.3.2 100-120V SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................................ 4

5 DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION .............................................................................................................................. 4

5.1 SMART METERING ............................................................................................................................................ 5

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 5

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Typical power system in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Power flow chart in India ........................................ 2

3. Investments in USA ........................................... 4

4. Smart Meters in JAPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1. INTRODUCTION
Electric distribution system is the crucial link
between the consumers and the power supply
system utility. In order to remain competitive, it is
becoming more and more important for a power
distribution planner to be able to meet efficiently
the demands of Electrical Load Distribution System
(ELDS) having Radial and Weakly-meshed
Delivery Networks (RWDNs).It is necessary to
develop efficient techniques for the analysis of
load-flow of these networks. Since the use of
digital-computers, many algorithms were
developed for solving the Distribution Power Flow.
These algorithms are found to be robust to obtain
the solution for transmission system, but are
unsuitable for Radial and Weakly-meshed Delivery
Networks (RWDNs).A Comparison of Electrical
Services around the World several issues are
involved in how electrical service differs in
countries around the globe: 1. Voltage or the
amount of pressure used to drive the electric
current. 2. The number of cycles per second, given
in Hertz. Three phase power differs greatly, even
within a single country. Historically speaking, many
different power distribution systems were used in
the past in various countries, but a global economy
has made standardization more important. Power
generation in most countries follows one of two
models, European or United States. Countries in
the Western hemisphere tend to use the American
system, while Europe and most of Asia use the
European model. Australia, New Zealand, and a
number of other southern Pacific nations use the
European power generation model, but have their
own methods of distribution.
2. DISTRIBUTION OVERVIEW
The final stage in the delivery of electric power is
the electric power distribution system; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to
individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the
transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging
between 2KV and 35KV with the use of
transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this
medium voltage power to distribution transformers
located near the customer’s premises. Distribution
transformers again lower the voltage to the
utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial
equipment or household appliances. Often several
customers are supplied from transformer through
secondary distribution lines. Commercial and
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residential customers are connected to the
secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Customers demanding a much larger amount of
power may be connected directly to the primary
distribution level or the sub-transmission level.
The transition from transmission to distribution
happens in a power substation, which has the
following functions:
1. Circuit breakers and switches enable the
substation to be disconnected from the
transmission grid or for distribution lines to be
disconnected.
2. Transformers step down transmission
voltages, 35kV or more, down to primary
distribution voltages. These are medium voltage
circuits, usually 600-35,000V.
3. From the transformer, power goes to the bus-
bars that can split the distribution power off in
multiple directions. The bus distributes power to
distribution lines, which fan out to customers.
3. POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
IN INDIA
Power distribution organized in India is the weakest
connection in the whole power framework chain.
Regardless of great development in power division,
the by and by accessible sub-transmission and
appropriation organize isn’t sufficient to convey the
ability to a definitive customers with dependably
and up agreeable to them. It is for the most part
because of low interest in this division and poor
money related wellbeing of different SEBs. INDIA’s
Aggregate Transmission and Commercial (ATC)
misfortunes is almost 21.35% in 2017-18,whereas
the aggregate ATC misfortune was just 9.43% out
of the 4,113 billion kWh power provided in USA
amid the year 2013. The Government has pegged
the national ATC misfortunes at around 24% for
the year 2011 and has set an objective of
lessening them to 17.1% by 2017 and to 14.1% by
2022.A high extent of non-specialized misfortunes
are caused by unlawful tapping of lines, defective
electric meters and invented influence age that
disparage genuine utilization and further disparage
genuine utilization and furthermore add to
decreased installment gathering.

Figure 1 Typical power system in India.
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESENT
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
In the initial stages of power development in our
country, power supply facilities and T and D
system were built mainly catering to urban
areas/towns to feed mostly domestic and
commercial loads. With the thrust of rural
electrification programme and large-scale
energisation of pump sets from the third five-year
Plan onwards, the sub-transmission and
distribution networks were expanded rapidly. While
extension to the high voltage transmission system
in the country (from 110kV and above) has been
made on the basis of systematic load flow and
system studies, the extensions in the sub-
transmission and distribution systems have been
made to meet immediate requirements without a
proper planning and system studies to evolve
optimal network, size, location of substations,
adequacy of back-up network etc. Instead, the
distribution network has developed in an
unplanned and haphazard manner.
In addition to above, distribution system is also
suffering from high level of commercial losses due
to poor billing, revenue collection etc. and theft of
power by various users. These constitute a large
component of overall losses. There are also losses
on account of defective/slow energy meters, burnt
meters, no meters etc. In fact, energy loss in EHV
transmission system is only around 4-5%, whereas,
about 40-45% of the total energy loss takes place
in sub-transmission and distribution system. This is
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the most crucial area as the cost of energy at the
distribution stage is about Rs. 2.75 per unit – the
most value added stage in the entire power sector.
Further, the rise in industrial and agricultural
pumping loads increased the reactive power
requirements. Adequate attention has not been
given to compensate this reactive demand, which
resulted in poor voltage conditions and increased
losses.
Due to radial nature, various problems
emerged:
1. for example, in many parts of our country,
like Bihar, U.P, Maharashtra (Konkan area) etc.,
almost a radial link right from 132KV and below
feeds supply to a large number of areas. Thus a
fault at any part of the radial link would disrupt the
supply to entire area, hence, makes unreliability in
power supply.
2. Absence of proper energy accounting
system/audit makes actual estimation of losses and
ratio of technical and commercial losses difficult,
thus high loss areas, specific elements etc. remain
unidentified.
3. Poor quality of equipments with lack of
proper maintenance, accounts for the high level of
technical losses at the distribution stage. Further,
improper load management and inadequate
reactive compensation at load points also lead to
high losses
The huge losses are the major drain on the
revenue stream deteriorating the financial health of
SEBs thus retarding the growth. Therefore,
attentions need to be paid to make the distribution
system financially viable through improvement of
distribution system efficiency. It can be achieved
only through reduction in losses, improvement in
revenue collections, improved customer
satisfaction etc.
Figure 2 Power flow chart in India.
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM IN POWER UTILITY OF INDIA
Objective of Distribution System for Indian Power
Utility to achieve the following:
1. Control of Distribution Transformers (DTRs),
HT (High Tension) Feeders and individual
loads.
2. Operation of lines sectionalizer, motorized
isolators, and Auto- Reclosures.
3. Data acquisition from load end CTs (Current
Transformers) and PTs, (Potential Transformers),
Energy Meter / Electro-static meters.
4. Operation of Circuit Breakers (CBs) for
switched capacitors banks.
5. Use of customized Energy Management
Software (EMS) software packages with real time
data collected through RTUs.
6. Issue, control and receiving back of line
clears; introduce interlock and safety algorithm,
password protected operating environment.
7. Real time logging of data or archived records
of hours of service.
8. Repository of Equipment along with network
database.
9. Integration with Geographical Information
System (GIS) with Software packages.
10. Making urban distribution system 100%
underground.
3.3 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
The initiatives of Government of India hitherto were
confined to setting up of SERC, tariff
rationalization, unbundling of SEBs and private
participation in generation, transmission and
distribution. These Initiatives that
predominantly fiscal, financial and policy oriented
alone could not make much effect in bringing about
commercial viability of SEBs, which is the main
factor for inefficient distribution system. For
example, the initiatives on tariff rationalization and
removal of subsidies have resulted in tariff
increases without any improvement in quality,
reliability and availability of power supply. This led
to increased consumer resistance apart from lack
of sustained investments in the sector.
Non-viability of the SEBs on account of
inadequacies of distribution sector, wherein the
maximum losses occur, has not allowed for the
desired results in the power sector reform initiatives
and there was a need to integrate the above
measures and initiatives and provide for a focused
approach towards improving the sustainability and
financial viability of SEBs.
National Smart Grid Mission has been established
by Govt. of India vide MOP Office Memorandum
dated 27.03.2015 to accelerate Smart Grid
2
deployment in India.
4. POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
IN OTHER COUNTRIES
4.1 URBAN SERVICES
Urban distribution is mainly underground,
sometimes in common utility ducts. Rural
distribution is mostly above ground with utility
poles, and suburban distribution is a mix. Closer to
the customer, a distribution transformer steps the
primary distribution power down to a low-voltage
secondary circuit, usually 120/240 volts in the US
for residential customers. The power comes to the
customer via a service drop and an electricity
meter.
In some countries as in Europe a three phase
supply may be made available for larger properties.
Seen with an oscilloscope, the domestic power
supply in North America would look like a sine
wave, oscillating between -170volts and 170 volts,
giving an effective voltage of 120 volts RMS.
Three-phase power is more efficient in terms of
power delivered per cable used, and is more suited
to running large electric motors. Some large
European appliances may be powered by three-
phase power, such as electric stoves and clothes
dryers.
4.2 NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS
They are having mesh type network that has
multiple sources of supply operating in parallel.
are
Reconfiguration, by exchanging the functional links
between the elements of the system, represents
one of the most important measures which helps to
improve the operational performance of a
distribution system is there in countries like Japan,
America, China etc. along with the Smart Grid
Modernization.
3
4.3 RURAL SERVICES
Rural electrification systems tend to use higher
distribution voltages because of the longer
distances covered by distribution lines. 7.2, 12.47,
25, and 34.5kV distribution is common in the
United States;11kV and 33kV are common in the
UK, Australia and New Zealand;11kV and 22kV are
common in South Africa and China.
4.3.1 230-400V SYSTEMS:
Most of the world uses 50 Hz 220 or 230V single
phase, or 400V 3 phase for residential and light
industrial services. In this system, the primary
distribution network supplies a few substations per
area, and the 230V / 400V power from each
substation is directly distributed to end users over a
region of normally less than 1 km radius. Single-
phase distribution, with one live wire and the
neutral is used domestically where total loads are
light. In Europe, electricity is normally distributed
for industry and domestic use by the three-phase,
four wire system. This gives a phase-to-phase
voltage of 400 volts service and a single-phase
voltage of 230 volts between any one phase and
neutral. In the UK a typical urban or suburban low-
voltage substation would normally be rated
between 150kVA and 1MVA and supply a whole
neighbourhood of a few hundred houses.
Transformers are typically sized on an average
load of 1 to 2kW per household, and the service
fuses and cable is sized to allow any one property
to draw a peak load of perhaps ten times this. For
industrial customers, 3-phase 690 / 400V is also
available, or may be generated locally. Large
industrial customers have their own transformer(s)
with an input from 11KV to 220KV.
4.3.2 100-120V SYSTEMS:
Most of the Americas use 60 Hz AC, the 120/240
volt split phase system domestically and three
phase for larger installations. North American
transformers usually power homes at 240 volts,
similar to Europe’s 230V. It is the split-phase that
allows use of 120 volts in the home.
Automation provides automatic reclosing of
relays, feeder switching, remote monitoring of
transformers, capacitors, circuit breakers,
sectionalizer, protections, at all levels. By virtue of
real time on-line monitoring and scheduling D.A.
allows the system operation with lesser capacity
margins and reserves.
The following are objectives for the DAS:
1. Reduce peak load and power losses to
overcome prevailing power shortages and defer
construction of distribution facilities
2. Improve the reliability of supply by reducing the
number and duration of outages, and improve the
quality of service.
3. Improve the financial performance of the utility
by improved cash flow, safeguarding revenues,
and preventing theft of power.
Advanced Distribution Automation Systems with
real time closed-loop applications are in different
stages of implementation in several U.S.A. utilities.
The Real-Time Distribution Operation Model and
Analysis (RTDM), the Fault Location, Isolation, and
Service Restoration (FLIR), and the coordinated
Voltage and Var Control (VVC) functions are the
most effective DA applications.
Whereas in INDIA, Electricity Act 2003 has
entitled and entrusted lots of responsibility to State
Electricity Boards [SEB] for system optimization
which includes DAS, Smart Grid, Automating Meter
Reading, and SCADA system but still they are
looking for it.

5. DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION
D.A. is an integrated concept for automation and
digital control functions of substations, lines and
users. It includes control, monitoring and safety of
the system and load management. The concept is
based on use of technological advancements in Figure 3 Investments in USA
computer sciences and electronics in power
delivery system.
4
5.1 SMART METERING
Electric utilities measure the electricity
consumption of their customers with meters that
are usually located on the outside of the
customer’s property where the power line enters
the property. Automated reader devices meters are
used which periodically report electricity use to
utilities from mechanical meters with an electronic
signal. Now, many utilities use electronic smart
meters, which provide wireless access to the
meter’s power usage data, to measure electricity
consumption in real-time. Some smart meters can
even measure the electricity use of individual
devices and allow the utility or customer to control
electricity use remotely.
The Energy Conservation Center in Japan,
America, and Australia promotes energy efficiency
including smart metering. Public utilities have
started to test metering with integrated
communication devices. Private entities have
already implemented efficient energy systems with
integrated feedback methods such as alerts or
triggers.
Figure 4 Smart Meters in JAPAN
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to our subject
professor Dr. M. K. KHEDKAR for the useful
comments, remarks and engagement through the
learning process of this home assignment on
behalf of our group.
5
7. CONCLUSION
It is of utmost importance to improve the
electrification program for Indian urban as well as
rural Sector in order to extensively raise the
numeral of communities’ admittance to electrical
power for their needs. The paper describes the
international scenario of distribution system and
compares with Indian system and gives a
suggestion on how power trade, surroundings and
practices in realistic form should exist working
towards distributed automation, smart metering,
and reducing losses in distribution sector along
with the measures against electricity theft in order
to save energy for future generation.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Lahiri, R., Sinha, A., Chowdhury, S.,
Chowdhury, S., and Gaunt, C., “Importance of
distribution automation system for Indian power
utility,” in [Power & Energy Society General
Meeting, 2009. PES’09. IEEE], 1–7, IEEE
(2009).
[2] Jha, I., Sehgal, Y., Sen, S., and Kumar, R.,
“Smart grid in Indian power system,” [ NPSC
2012] .
[3] Dr. M. K. Khedkar., Dr. G. M. Dhole, “A
Textbook of Electric Power Distribution
Automation” , by university science
press,[2010].
[4] I.S. Jha., Subir Sen., “Improvemrnt of Power
Distribution System- A Few Aspects” National
Power Systems Conference,[ NPSC 2002]