Question Answer

A mammography service examined 327 patients 1.1%

during the third calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films
were exposed during this period, eight of which were
repeats. What is the repeat rate?

A type of luminescence where the visible light is Fluorescence

emitted only during the stimulation of the phosphor.
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its 1.18
widest point, and its image on chest radiograph
measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor?

Radiation doses in the range of approximately200 to Hematologic syndrome

1000 rad produce the

Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a Bucky factor

grid ratio of patient dose with and without grid
A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private 42 kW
office has a maximum capacity of 100 milliseconds of
120kVp and 500mA. What is the power rating?

Who completes the development of first computed Hounsfield

tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI, Ltd.) in 1973?
It is the study of the response of an image receptor to Sensitometry
x-rays
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that contrast improvement factor
without a grid.
Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with 600 rad
superficial x-rays has shown that the skin erythema
dose required to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is
about

ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to 100

Hz
Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a 309 uV
vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of 250
G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per
second.

Period during which heart contracts. Systole

Apparatus for measuring blood pressure Sphygmomanometer
Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J imparted to 10^10 MHz
an electron stream by an X-ray device, calculate the
frequency in MHz.

10^10 MHz

It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won Photoelectric effect
Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers to the
emission of electrons from a clean metallic surface
(phototube) when electromagnetic radiation (light
waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray Roentgen
radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per
cubic centimetre of air at standard temperature and
pressure (STP).

An optical electronic device that measures the color colorimeter

concentration of a substance in solution.
Recording of heart sounds phonocardiography
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance electrodermograph

It consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10 code 39

digits and 26 uppercase letters.
The first fixed- length character code developed for Baudot Code
machines rather than for people
The early pioneer in the development of error- Richard W. Hamming
detection and correction procedures
The most reliable convolutional coding scheme for CRC
error detection
For the given parameters, determine the energy per 22.2 dB
bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W fb = 60 kbps ;
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W B = 120 kHz

A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is 0.876Vmax

positive with its voltage one-half the maximum value.
What proportion of the maximum output voltage is
produced?

Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a quantizing errors

continuously varying quantity as one of a number of
discrete values.
Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using vocoder
knowledge of the way in which voice sounds are
produced
A coding scheme that records the change in signal delta modulation
level since the precious sample
Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate either a or b
when coding an analog signal for digital transmission
a. aliasing b. foldover distortion
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only 2 Mbps
an average of 12000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the = 2 Mbps
throughput of this network?
A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB 6.35
above 40. What is the minimum number of bits?
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35

The thick coaxial cable implementation of standard 10 Base 5

Ethernet
A bit pattern or a character added to the beginning Flag
and the end of a frame to separate the frames
An IPv4 has an address space of how many? 4294967296

232 = 4294967296

What is the bit rate of STS – 1? 51.84 Mbps

A block coding technique in which four bits are 4B/5B Encoding
encoded into a five bit code
A national standards organization that defines ANSI
standards in the United States
In asynchronous transmission, one or more bits to stop bit
indicate the end of transmission
What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS- 1.368 Mbps
3 service?
The minimum sampling rate according to Nyquist twice the highest frequency of a signal
Theorem
It is used in wireless applications in which stations spread spectrum
must be able to share the medium without interception
by an eavesdropper and without being subject to
jamming from a malicious intruder
An error detection method which uses one’s Checksum
complement arithmetic
It is a connecting device between two internetworks Gateway
that use different models
It is an undesired shift or width change in digital bits of Jitter
data due to circuitry action which causes bits to arrive
at different times
In PCM system, it is the ratio of the maximum input Dynamic range
voltage level to the smallest voltage level that can be
quantized
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using 20s
a time slot of 2 bits, determine the frame duration.
The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords Two
(10101, 11001)
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)
An address space is the total number of addresses
used by the protocol, such as IPv4 and IPv6. What 2128
is the address space of IPv6?
It is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones in H.323
the public telephone
network to talk to computers/terminals connected to
the internet
A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 12 Megabits
pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors, how many bits
are needed to send the complete contents of a
screen? 1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024

Combination of compression at the transmitter and Companding
expansion at the receiver of communications system.
A device launches or receives a wave in a directional coupler
transmission line or waveguide in one direction only.
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses Klystron
velocity modulation of the electron beam
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each PAM
pulse represents the amplitude of the information
signal at a given time.
is used to position samples of the TDM
different message signals in non-overlapping time
slots.
A is similar to a phasor diagram except constellation diagram
that the entire phasor is not drawn.
It was the first fixed length character code. Baudot Code
It involves transmitting each character twice. Redundancy
The provides the mathematical Central Limit Theorem
justification for using a Gaussian Process as a model
for a large number of different physical phenomena in
which the random variable, at a particular instant of
time, is the result of a large number of individual
random events.
A set of communication facilities allowing direct Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
access to 64kpbs data streams (or multiples of) for
drop and insert. A form of cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse Pulse Position Modulation
represents the ampltitude of the information signal at
a given time.
A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 11.6m
6GHz has a separation of 40km between antennas.
An obstacle in the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam
clear the obstacle?

R = 11.6m

Variation in received field strength over time due to Fading

changes in propagation conditions.
The atomic weight of an element is approximately the number of protons
determined by
Of the following substances the worst conductor is Air
The volt is the standard unit of electromotive force
Which of the following antenna types is not designed Zepp antenna
for transmitting at 10 Ghz
The type of radio wave responsible for long distance Direct Wave
communications by multiple skips is the:
Line of sight communications is not a factor in which HF
frequency range?
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the Baud
transmission medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred.
It was the first fixed-length character code developed Baudot Code
for machines rather than people.
A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the Repeater
communications range of VHF, UHF and microwave
signals is called a(n):
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of the empirical formula
various types of atoms in a compound.
It is a term that is often misunderstood and commonly Baud
confused with bit rate (bps)
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone on a transmission level point
channel at same point in a communication system.
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting Redundancy
errors is a form of error detection called .
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz signal. 0.075m
What is the device that converts energy from one form Transducer
to another?
It may be defined as any undesired voltages or Electrical noise
currents that ultimately end up appearing in the
receiver output.
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary 10,000
system is bits/s. Assuming no noise.
Microwaves are frequencies above GHz. 1
The government agencies that regulates radio FCC
communications in the US is the .
A wave guide acts a/an filter High-pass
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about 6
GHz.
Data Communications refers to the transmission of all of the above
.
a. voice b. video c. Computer data
Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary 1 kHz
FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space
frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.

It is often used to compare the performance of one bandwidth efficiency

digital modulation technique to another.
It is the process of converting an infinite number of Quantization
possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency 8 kHz
of 4kHz, determine the minimum sample rate.

It is another relatively simple form of redundancy error Checksum

checking where each character has a numerical value
assigned to it.
It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that Spread spectrum
distributes the signal and its sidebands over a very
wide bandwidth.
The computers that hold shared files, programs and Servers
the network operating system. They also provide
access to network resources to all the users of the
network.
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that provides Broadband ISDN
transmission channels capable of supporting
transmission rates greater than the primary data rate.
It is the only error-correction scheme that actually Forward Error Correction
detects and corrects transmission errors when they
are received without requiring a transmission..
This OSI Layer is responsible for network availability, Session layer
data storage and processor capacity. It also
determines the type of dialogue available.
It is often defined as the loss incurred by an free space path loss
electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight
line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection
of energy from nearby objects.
What do you call the accumulation of additional Ambience
sounds such as wind, street noise, other voices that
contribute to what the listener hear?
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to Hop
receiver with line of sight range.
It is defined by the average rate at which energy is Intensity
carried out per unit area.
What happens to the frequency of the wave and to its the frequency of the wave stays the same while
wavelength when a sound wave produced in one the wavelength changes.
medium enters another medium with a different
speed?
The process of combining multiple audio signals into audio mixing
one track is called?
The speed of sequence of musical notes is called? Tempo
If the frequency of a sound is increased, what will Increases
happen to its pitch?
A type of microwave protection system where each Hot Standby
working channel has a dedicated back up or spare
channel.
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 interface on D signal quality detector
connector, this connection allows signals to be
transmitted from the DCE to the attached DTE
whenever there is a high probability of an error in the
received data due to the quality of the circuit falling
below a predefined level.
 which means that 2 or more bits in the data burst error
unit have changed.?
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation. 1000 Base-T
It is a digital process that allows several connections TDM
to share the high bandwidth of a link.
EEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer? (b) and (c)

B. PCF C. DCF
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is Magnetron
commonly used in radar transmitters where they can
generate peak power levels in the megawatt range.
A modulation process wherein both frequence and ASK
phase remains constant while the amplitude changes.
It is the most powerful redundancy checking cyclic redundancy check
technique which is based on binary division.
What do you call the element with electrical properties Semiconductor
between those of an insulator and a conductor?
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the quantized Encoder
samples into digital code words.
It is an error detection technique in which a redundant vertical redundancy check
bit is appended to every data unit so that the total
number of 1s in the unit (including the parity bit)
becomes even.
A local area network topology in which the individual Star
terminal, microcomputers or workstations are
connected directly to a central computer.
The only way to achieve high data rates with a quadrature amplitude modulation
narrowband channel is to increase the number of bits
per symbol, the most reliable way to do this is to use a
combination of amplitude and phase modulation
known as
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM 98.08 dB
system using 16-bit quantizing.
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB

Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM 12000 baud
signal.
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per
signal element since 26 = 64.
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6

baud rate = 12000 baud

A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. 0.8 dB

Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo. VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB

Telephone switch that connects only to other tandem office

switches, and not to individual customers.
It is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except QAM
the digital information is contained in both amplitude
and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
The most common circuit used for demodulating PLL
binary FSK signals.
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 8 KHz
4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate
the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now. BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. 40

what is the bandwidth if we modulate the signal using
FM? Ignore FCC regulations. BW=10x4
= 40 MHz

For PCM system with the following parameters 8

determine the minimum number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz,
maximum decoded voltage=±2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5 = 7.63

=8

A network topology in which data circulates from one Ring

computer to the next in sequence.
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM 49.92 dB
system using 8-bit quantizing
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)

What frequencies would be generated by a telephone 852 Hz and 1336 Hz

using DTMF signalling, when the number 8 is
pressed?
It is a means of transmitting data by shifting the phase PSK
angle of the transmitted signal.
The name given for a set of standards for OSI
communicating among computers in which the
primary purpose is to serve as a structural guideline
for exchanging information between computers,
workstations and networks.

Any transmission system which conveys more than Crosstalk

one signal simultaneously can experience this type of
interference due to the reception of portions of a
signal from one channel in another channel.
What type of digital modulation scheme uses two or FSK
more different output frequencies?
It is an error-correcting code used for correcting Hamming Code
transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of TCP/IP
computers to share the same network.
Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often atmospheric noise
called as Static Noise.
A modulation technique in which the frequency of the AM
modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the
modulating signal
Is a form of constant –amplitude angle modulation FSK
similar to standard frequency modulation except the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies
between two discrete voltage levels rather than a
continuously changing analog waveform.
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to Application layer
the general manager of the network by providing
access to the OSI environment.
What is the equation for Hartley’s Law? I=ktB
Network topology wherein individual terminals, Star
microcomputers and workstations are connected
directly to a central computer.
The loss of data that occurs when two stations Collision
transmit at the same time on a network
A term used to describe a telephone instrument On hook
whose handset is on its cradle, ready to receive a ring
signal.
The most commonly used digital modulation scheme. PCM
Simple form of redundancy error checking where each Checksum
character has a numerical value assigned to it. The
characters within a message are combined together
to produce an error checking character.
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set developed in EBCDIC code
1962 by the International Business Machines
Corporation.
An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency 14.1KHz
of 30khz using a digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1khz. What audible frequency would result. fa = fs – fm
= 44.1KHz – 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz

Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has 30,000 b/s

a S/N of 1023?
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about
3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s

Designed to send characters of the message with the asynchronous

specified bit rate but without any fixed timing
relationship from one character to the next.
Token Ring Standard 802.5
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent Carrier Recovery
reference carrier from a receiver signal.
It is a potential problem whenever two metallic Crosstalk
conductors carrying different signals are located in
close proximity to each other.
What is the termed refer as the rapid degradation of threshold effect
output signal quality with channel induced errors?
What was the first fixed-length character code Baudot code
developed for machines rather than for people?
A source whose output satisfies the condition of Memoryless
statistical independence among letters in the
sequence is said to be .
Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit 420 Kb/s
audio with sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample.
Handles error recovery, flow control (synchronization), Data Link Layer
and sequencing (which terminals are sending and
which are receiving). It is considered the “media
access control layer”.
A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations connected Token Ring
topologically or logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5
LAN standard.
A network topology where each device is connected Star network
to a centre point and all data is routed through that
point.
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a glass tube for Liquid Lasers
an active medium, dye is circulated into the tube with
a pump. A powerful pulse of light excites the organic
dye
Codes that have a restriction on the number of Run length limited code
consecutive 1s or 0s in a sequence.
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and Preamble
1s that alert the receiving system to the coming frame
and enable it to synchronize its input timing
Every letter was encoded into fixed length of binary Baudot Code
code words of length 5.
The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier. Baseband
It is a simple means of error detection. It involves the Parity
addition of one extra bit to the bits that encode a
character.
A data compression scheme that uses fewer bits to Huffman coding
represent more frequently occurring characters or bit
patterns and more bits to represent those occur less
frequently.
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital Baud rate
communication systems.
It is the process of converting an infinite number of Quantization
possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the Dynamic Range
smallest possible magnitude that can easily be
decoded by the digital to analog converter in the
receiver.
It is the institution that developed the ASCII (American ANSI
Standard Code for Information Intertchange).
In early 1900s, he showed that any composite signal Jean-Baptiste Fourier
is a sum of a set of sine waves of different
frequencies, phases and amplitudes.
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1. 100001011

x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, 6000 Hz
what is the baud rate?
baud rate = bandwidth
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz

Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal. 8000 bps

bit rate = baud * 4

2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
It is an electronic device that is used for computer Modem
communications through telephone lines.
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a 18 kbps
signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal is transmitted
down this line using a four level code. What is the C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps
maximum theoretical data rate
Showed mathematically that it is posssible to Harry Nyquist
reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic
samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least twice
the frequency of the highest frequency component of
the signal.
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM 49.92 dB
system using 8-bit quantizing.
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
= 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB
In operation, many modern codecs achieved Digital Signal Processing
compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12-
bit linear PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear
code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example of:
Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and- Flat-topped Sampling
hold circuit such that the sample has the same
amplitude for its whole duration.
The basic building block of the FDM hierarchy. Message Channel
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 135.4165kHz
200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of 270.883
kbps. Calculate the frequency shift between mark and fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz
space.
For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial 12.6µs
cable with a velocity factor of 0.66. What is the
propagation delay? T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6 µs

A signal at the input to a µ-Law compressor is 0.876 Vo

positive, with its volatage one-half the maximum
value. What proportion of the maximum output voltage Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876 Vo
is produced?
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its destination. 0.8 dB
Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo. VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8

Who invented the telegraph? Samuel F.B Morse

The simplest modulation technique, where a binary Amplitude-Shift Keying
information signal modulates the amplitude of an
analog carrier.
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy Physical Layer
and is responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a
transmission medium.
Error-correction scheme that actually detect and Forward Error Correction
corrects transmission errors when they are received
without requiring a retransmission.
It allows the overall complexity of the system to be Transparency
broken down into individual function –layers- that
operate essentially by themselves.
This are very useful pictorial representations that State Transition Diagram
clearly show the protocol operations such as words or
convetional drawings.
Pair of wires that connects the central office to the Local loop
users phone
How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 6.8s
using pulse dialing with .5s inter digit time?
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s

Network that connects users who are in the same LAN

general location
In operation, many modern codecs achieved Digital Signal Processing
compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12-
bit linear PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear
code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example of:
A balanced modulator that will used in conjuction with Transmit Modulator
a microwave generator, power amplifier, and band-
pass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier
and amplifies the RF to the desired output power.
What is the equation for Hartley’s Law? I=ktB

The loss of data that occurs when two stations Collision

transmit at the same time on a network
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 HHz. 50 MHz
What is the bandwidth modulate the signal using FM?
Ignore FCC regulation. BW= 10 x 5MHz
=50MHZ

Used to established a point to point connection across TCP

a network.

An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency 19.1kHz

of 25kHz using digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would fa = fs - fm
result? = 44.1kHz – 25kHz
= 19.1kHz
Defines the rules of the conversation the message network protocol
passing among the network users
Responsible for providing signals to the loop sensing SLIC
activity and sending phone signals at the end of the
loop
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in the battery -48
of the central office with respect to ground
A network that is composed of a smaller lan that are WAN
closely link. It is needed for areas spread out
geographically
How many central office allotted for each exchange? 1
It is a method of switching that provides a separate space switching
physical path for each symbol
The central office detects a request for service from a a flow of loop current
telephone by:
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it Transport
moves through a network. It controls and ensures the
end – to – end integrity of the data message
propagated through the network between two devices.
It is used on long – distance circuits, in an effort to Echo Suppresors
overcome echoes caused by circuit imbalances.
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of 23 dBm
dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal? dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is 3.6 dB
connected to a receiver input with a noise
temperature of 300 K. Given the reference
temperature T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the
system.
modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the 641 W
carrier power is 500W, what is the total transmitted
power?  m2 
Pt  Pc1  
 2 
An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal 72
oscillator to generate a very stable 108MHz final
carrier frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator
is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5
MHz signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered
out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in
order to generate the final carrier frequency. What is
the multiplier value?
A/an is a range of frequency in which the Octave
upper frequency is double the lower frequency.
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a 10
narrowband FM receiver with deviation maximum of
10 kHz and a maximum intelligence frequency of 3 Φ = sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
kHz. The S/N input is 3:1. δ = Φ x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
A small variable capacitance in parallel with each Trimmer
section of ganged capacitor is called .
How many wavelengths long are required for a pair of 1/10λ
conductors to be considered as a transmission line?
Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 47.6 ns
10 m transmission line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U 26%
foam coaxial cable is 52 V and its minimum voltage is
17 V. How many percent of the incident power is the
reflected power?
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-circuited parallel-resonant
transmission line behaves as a(an) circuit.
Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns 108 degrees
delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-ft cable with a
dielectric constant of 2.3. Θ = 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
Θ = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees

Which of the following is a flat conductor separated by Microstrip

an insulating dielectric from a large ground plane that
is usually one-quarter or one-half wavelength long?
One complete revolution around a Smith Chart ½λ
represents wavelengths.
A mismatched transmission line is also referred to as Resonant
a line.
It is the ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to velocity factor
that of light in free-space.
Which of the following is the most widely used UTP CAT 5
cable that can carry baseband data at rates up to 100
Mbps at a range up to 100m?
The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the 0.47
unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What is the
modulation index? m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax – Ec = 125 – 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast 66kW
transmitter with a carrier power of 50kW when
modulated 80 percent is: Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
One of the advantages of DSB is the savings of great the signal is difficult to demodulate
deal of power. Which of the following is the reason
why it is not widely used?
If the input in a transmitter is collector-modulated, the high-level modulator
system is called a .
The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is 547.8 Hz
the frequency deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the permitted  =  fm
deviation is 4KHz?  = sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
 = (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz

What circuit is used to return the frequency response de-emphasis

of a signal to its normal, “flat” level?
It is the most common means of overcoming the Companding
problems of quantizing error and noise.
means that the characteristics and performance antenna reciprocity
of an antenna are the same whether the antenna is
radiating or intercepting an electromagnetic signal.
Which of the following methods is used to lower the top hat loading
resonant frequency of a shortened vertical antenna?
Calculate the gain (isotropic) of a parabolic antenna 39.8 dBi
that has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60% and
operates at a frequency of 4 GHz. G =  2 D2/ 2
 = 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi

It is a phenomenon caused by any support insulators end effect

used at the ends of the wire antenna.
Which of the following is not a reason why most half- more cost-effective
wave antennas are mounted horizontally at low
frequencies?
The shape of the electromagnetic energy radiated radiation pattern
from or received by an antenna is called the
Antennas that transmit an equal amount of energy in Omnidirectional
the horizontal direction are called
The ability of an antenna to send or receive signals Directivity
over a narrow horizontal directional range is referred
to as
A basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus parasitic array
one or more additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line form a
An antenna made up of a driven element and one or Yagi antenna
more parasitic elements is generally referred to as a
Which antennas usually consist of two or more half- Collinear
wave dipoles mounted end to end?
A stacked collinear antenna consisting of half-wave broadside array
dipoles spaced from one another by one-half
wavelengths is the
When the characteristic impedance of the maximum power transfer will take place
transmission line matches the output impedance of
the transmitter and the impedance of the antenna
itself,
A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced a Q section
transmission line of a specific impedance connected
between a load and a source in order to match
impedances is

By how much should two antennas be separated for 5.5 m

space diversity in the 11 GHz band?
 m
200 3 x 108 
 
200 c  s 
d 200     5.5m
f
11x109
s
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide 5.43 x 108 m/s
with a wall separation of 3 cm and a desired
frequency of operation of 6 GHz?

A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose 10.51 m

that there is an obstacle midway between the
transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path
between the towers clear the obstacle in order to
avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?

How far from the transmitter could a signal be 44.5 km

received if the transmitting and receiving antennas
where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above level
terrain?

A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full wave of TE20

electric intensity change between two further walls,
and no component of the electric field in the direction
of propagation. The mode is
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return 638 mW
loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isolator,
and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much 1W
power is dissipated in the load? Pout   851.14 mW
0.7
antilog
10
SWR  1
  0.5
SWR  1
P  P 1 2   638.35 mW
LOAD out

An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return 5.43 x 108 m/s
loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isolator,
and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much 1W
power returns to the source? P   851.14 mW
out
0.7
anti log
10
SWR  1
  0.5
SWR  1
P  P 1  2   638.35 mW
LOAD out

Pre f le cte d  Pout  2  212.78 mW

212.78 mW
P   534.49 W
re tu rn e d
26
anti log
10
It is a microwave device that allows RF energy to isolator
pass through in one direction with very little loss, but
absorbs RF power in the opposite direction.
A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna Shroud
aperture to eliminate sidelobes interfering nearby
stations is called
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide is greater than in free space
.
Geostationary satellites are located at with 00 latitude
respect to the equator.
The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the G/T
ratio.
Why does the downlink frequency appear to vary by The distance between the satellite and ground
several kHz during a low earth orbit satellite pass? station is changing, causing the Doppler effect
The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is Teledesic
.
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish designed for Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases
C-band (4 GHz) operation. The owner wants to use to 1/3 of its former value.
the same dish with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12
GHz) satellites. What effect will the change in
frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the
antenna?
The moon orbits the earth with a period of 384 Mm
approximately 28 days. How far away is it? Assume
circular orbit.

What is the length of the path to a geostationary 39000 km

satellite from an Earth station if the angle of elevation
is 300?

What is the nominal uplink frequency for the Ku band? 14 GHz

To cover all inhabited regions of the earth, the number 1
of polar-orbit satellites required is
A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 93%
ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms, measured at
the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency. Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd, The second antenna has a higher gain.
respectively. Which has a greater gain?
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called: Hertz antenna
An antenna's beamwidth is measured between half-power points
"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's radio signals reflecting off the ground
radiation pattern caused by
An antenna can be matched to a feed line using all of the choices

a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is increased the number of lobes increases
LPDA stands for Log-Periodic Dipole Array
Field strength at a distance from an antenna is a field-strength meter
measured with
A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier active antenna
The height above mean sea level of a satellite in a 35,786 km
geosynchronous orbit around Earth is:
The location of a satellite is generally specified in latitude & longitude
terms of
A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the earth that Perigee
is located closest to Earth.
Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km 7.6 km/s
above the earth’s surface.
4 x1011
Formula : v  
d  6400
Where : v = velocity in meters per second
d = distance above earth’s surface in km
4 x1011
v = 7.6 km/s
(500  6400)

Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 1440 mins

36,000 km above the earth’s surface if the earth’s
radius is 6400 km. C
Formula :  
v
Where : T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106 m
4 x1011
v  3.07km/s
(36,000  6400)
C 266.4 x106 m
T   24hrs or 1440 mins
v 3.07x103 m / s
The outline of a communications satellite antenna Footprint
pattern on the earth is known as:
Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary 39,000 km
satellite from an earth station where the angle of
elevation is 30.(earth’s radius = 6400 km, height of d  (r  h)2  (r cos)2  r sin
satellite above earth is 36 X 103 km)
A satellite access technique where each earth station TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)
transmits a short burst of information during a specific
time slot.
An earth station antenna look angle is determined by : azimuth & elevation

An ITU radiocommunication standards for satellite ITU-R S.1001-2

services which provides information on the range of
frequencies that can be used by fixed satellite service
systems for emergency and disaster relief operations.

As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM 526.5 to 1705 kHz

Radio Broadcasting is from…
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period nighttime period
of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands
for Universal Time Coordinates.
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave primary service area
field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required 150 ft
obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed
on mast or tower more than … from the ground level.
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be Vertical
the polarization of the radiator?
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum 36 kHz
frequency separation in any service area for adjacent
AM radio stations?
What is the maximum power allowable for remote 35 W
pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services
for AM and FM broadcast stations?
What is the classification of an FM station having an Class B
ERP not exceeding 30kW?
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic AM DSB SC
subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM 19 kHz
stereophonic transmission?
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the 19.96 kW
power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and
the antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is the
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP of the station in kW?
ERP = (5000 – 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or
19.96 kW
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the 88 – 108 MHz
Philippines…
What is the color TV system adopted by the NTSC
Philippines?
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is … 3.579545 Mhz
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 187.25 MHz
9.
186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
186 + 1.25 = 187.25 Mhz
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 1 MW
– 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = 525
lines/frame
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. 63.556 usec
What is the equivalent line period?
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel… 6 MHz
A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV TV Pick-up station
program materials and related communications from
the scenes of events occuring at remote points from
TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital 6 MHz
modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that sky wave
utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and /
or reception of radio signals?
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a 0.96 m
frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its dielectric, εr = 2? Vp = Vf C
vf = 1 / sqrt (εr)
λ = vP / f = 0.96m
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (εr2 = 2) 30°
medium of a radio wave from air (εr1 = 1.0) if its angle
of incidence is 45°? Using Snell’s Law…
Sqrt (εr1) sin θi = Sqrt (εr2) sin θr
Sqrt (1) sin 45° = Sqrt (2) sin θr
θr = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45°) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1
(0.5) = 30°
An ionosphere layer also termed as “absorption layer” D
because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100
kHz is known as the … layer.
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Centimetric
Classifications, what is the classification of Super
High Frequency?
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate space diversity
antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequency diversity
frequencies in a simplex path?
What is the critical frequency of a layer if the 13 MHz
maximum value of electron density is 2 x 106 per cm3?
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
A radio communication link is to be established via the 8.4 MHz
ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer is
110 km. at the midpoint of the path and the critical
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio
stations is 500 km, what is the suitable value for the i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] =
optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis. 66.25° angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25° = 4 /
0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or
8.4 MHz approx.
The power density is inversely proportional to the Inverse Square law
square of the distance from the source. This law is
known as…
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for E
long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100
to 115 km above the earth is known as the… layer.
This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field Radiation Pattern
strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which
are at equal distance from the antenna is known as…
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation 6.58 Ω
resistance is 30 Ω. What is the value of its loss
resistance? η = Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 – 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 Ω or 6.58 Ω approx.
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with 11-year sunspot
appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly
shaped areas.
What should be done to increase the transmission increase antenna height
distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
Which of the following factors must be considered in All of the choices
the transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation? a. electrical properties of the terrain
b. frequency
c. antenna polarization
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. HF
What is the designated band of station’s frequency?
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
λ = 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within
3 – 30 MHz range designated as HF band
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 18.97 mi
80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 3W
meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is
2.15 dB. How much power was fed into the test
PR = PD x 4πd2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4π(50)2 = 4.93 W
antenna?
approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or
3 W approx.

Identical telephone numbers in different parts of a area codes

country are distinguished by their .

Telephone traffic is measured . in erlangs

In a cellular telephone system, each cell site contains Repeater

a .

When the signal from a mobile cellular unit drops the unit is “handed off” to a closer cell
below a certain level, what action occurs?

In a cellular telephone system, group of cells is called Cluster

.

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are forward links

transmissions from base stations to mobile units
(Downlink)
A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from 250 mW
the base as -100 dBm. What should the mobile
transmitter power be set to as a first approximation, PT = -76 dB - PR
considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol? Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
= -76 dB – (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. 0.8 dB
Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo. VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB

The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook 48 volts DC

is:
Central offices are connected by: trunk lines

In telephony, call blocking is: occurs when the central office capacity is
exceeded

The cable used for local loops in telephone system is twisted-pair copper wire
mainly:
In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are . 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz

In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies are 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are reverse links

transmissions from mobile units to base stations
(Uplink)
In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also known as high group frequencies

In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also known as low group frequencies

The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone allow signals to be multiplexed

system is restricted in order to:
This is the highest-ranking office in the DDD network regional center
in telephony in terms of the size of the geographical
area served and the trunking options available.
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for: Advanced Mobile Phone Service

In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for: Base Station Controller

In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for: Mobile Switching Center

In GSM, voice channels are called: traffic channels

In Mobile Communications, GSM uses: frequency hopping

In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands for: International Mobile Subscriber Identification

An acoustical phenomenon wherein the sound Reverberation

continues to persist after the cause of sound has
stopped resulting in repeated reflections is called…
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the 31.5 Hz
initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the next frequency
available for the filter? f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
+ 26 dBu is how many volts? 15.5 V

V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]

26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
A type of microphone that uses the principle of a Condenser
capacitor as a means of transduction. It uses a
polarizing voltage of between 9 and 48 V of DC
supply applied to its diaphragm by an external power
supply
Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the 58.65 W
bank’s alarm if a by-stander heard the alarm at a
sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
is 100 ft away from the bank. PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 – 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 69 dB-SPL
meter distance and input electrical power of 1 W. How
loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power? SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-
SPL
A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of a Absorption Coefficient
surface material to absorb sound energy is known
as…
The difference in dB between the loudest level of dynamic range
sound and the softest passage of sound is known as
_
The highest frequency that can be used for skywave Critical Frequency
propagation between two specific points on earth’s
surface.
Variation in signal loss caused by natural weather Fading
disturbances.
Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna 99.5 km
that is 200 m high and a receiving antenna that is 100
m high D = √ 17ht + √ 17hr
= √ 17(200) + √ 17(100)
= 99.5 km
The height above the earth’s surface from which a virtual height
refracted wave appears to have been reflected…
Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the sky waves
horizon level.
The most common light used in fiber-optic links is Infrared
In the telecommunications industry, the most 50 and 62.5 micron
commonly used fiber(s) are
The abrupt change in refractive index from core to Step index
cladding of fiber-optic cable is called the
A technique that is used to minimize the pulse Minimize the core diameter
dispersion effect is to
Which is not an important characteristic of a light Power consumption
detector?
The dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable caused by a Waveguide dispersion
portion of the light energy traveling in the cladding is
called
Recent laser developments for fiber-optic Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity
communication include surface emitting (VCSEL)
Which of the following considerations is important Response time
when deciding between using a diode laser or an
LED?
In 1815, the correct explanation of diffraction was Fresnel
given by
It is the central part of the optical communication Optical Fiber
system
The light energy that is always emitted or absorbed in Quanta
discrete units
Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic standard 10 Base-FB (Backbone)
uses synchronous, Centralized Clock?
It is a mixed, multiple-service standard to allow the FDDI – II
transmission of voice and video over an FDDJ
network.
It is a layer of plastic that surrounds a fiber or group of Buffer Tube
fibers
The angular separation between the two half-power Beamwidth
points on the power density radiation pattern.
Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of Polarization
the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna
and is parallel to the antenna itself.
Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to Top loading
increase the current at the base of the antenna, and
also to make the current distribution more uniform.
What is this called?
What principle that states that the properties of an Principle of reciprocity
antenna are independent of whether it is used for
transmission or reception.
Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m 3.50
paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such
reflectors are often used at that frequency as Φ0=
antennas outside broadcast television microwave
links. Φ0=3.50
This is often used to cure the problem of great Zoning
thickness required of lenses used at lower microwave
frequencies or for strong curved wavefronts.
A structure-generally metallic and sometimes very Antenna
complex-designed to provide an efficient coupling
between space and the output of a transmitter or input
to a receiver.
The ratio comparing the power density generated by a Directive gain
practical antenna in some direction, with that due to
an isotopic antenna radiating the same total power.
Any array that is directional at right angles to the Broadside action
plane of the array is said, by inference, to have .
The ratio of the focal length to the mouth diameter is Aperture
called of the parabola, just as in camera
lenses.
Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the Resonant antenna
dipole antennas describe so far have been resonant.
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index 0.352
of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What ∆=(n1-n2)/n1
numerical aperture does the fiber have? =(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1√(2∆)
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index 20.6◦
of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What is ∆=(n1-n2)/n1
the acceptance angle? =(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1√(2∆)
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
Θ0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6◦
For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, -35dBm
determine the optical power 100km from a 0.1-mW
light source. P =0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316µW
P(dBm)= 10log
= -35dBm
For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading 20Mbps
constant of 5ns/km, determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for return-to-zero. Fb= =20Mbps

In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion Responsivity

efficiency of a photodetector. It is the ratio of the
output current of a photodiode to the input optical
power and has the unit of amperes per watt
A phenomenon also called stress corrosion resulting if Static fatigue
the glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high
humidity?
The theory which states that when visible light or high- Planck’s law
frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates a
metallic surface, electrons are emitted.
The science of measuring only light waves that are Photometry
visible to the human eye
The process of constructing an ILD that is similar to Lasing
LED except that the ends are highly polished.
A phenomenon in optical fibers communication Pulse spreading
system that is caused by the difference in the
propagation times of light rays that take different
paths down the fiber.
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of -134dBm
17°C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the
thermal noise power in dBm . N = KTB
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm
0.001
A 300Ω resistor is connected across the 300Ω 5.4 µV
antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth
of the receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room VN =
temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the = 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 Ω)
receiver input. = 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 µV
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100µW 3
and the noise power is 1 µW. At the output, the signal
power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is (S/N)p = 100µW = 100
the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio? 1µW
(S/N)o = 1W = 33.3
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100 =3
33.5
It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at -98dBm
S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the receiver’s sensitivity. S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10log∆f + desired
S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm

A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( 1.75 x 10-15

Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40
K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its PN = KT∆f
input). What is the noise power to the receiver’s input = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
over a 1-MHz frequency range? = 1.75 x 10-15 W
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having noise temperature
the same noise power output of a given system.
The noise voltage produced across a 50Ω is input 2.24µV
resistance at a temperature of 302°C with a
bandwidth of 6 MHz is . VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24µV
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast 30
FM program that has a maximum intelligence
frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2 ᵟ = φ x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz

75 kHz = 30
2.5 kHz
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship DPSK
to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s
determined by comparing the phase of two
successive data bits is
A special digital modulation technique that achieves Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
high data rates in limited-bandwidth channels is called
FSK systems are much superior to two-tone Ionospheric fading characteristics
amplitude-modulation systems with respect to
Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed received Eye pattern
data bits that provide information on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)
The type of radio transmission that uses Spread spectrum
pseudorandomly switched transmissions is known as
The acronym CDMA refers to . Code-division multiple-access systems
The acronym OFDM refers to . Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Using radio to transmit gathered data on some Radio telemetry

particular phenomenon without human monitors is
known as
The acronym for the form of data transmission in FSK
which the modulating wave shifts the output between
two predetermined frequencies is .
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that can be re-created
but has the properties of randomness.
implies that both analog and digital signals Hybrid
share the same channel bandwidth.
Telemetry may be defined as metering. Remote

Which is not a type of pulse modulation? Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)

PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in Noise characteristics

A procedure that decides which device has Line control

permission to transmit at a given time is called
The major difficulty faced by delta modulators is Slope overload

The AT&T T1 lines Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels

The ground wire in a USB cable is . Brown

A(n) is used to allow a digital signal to be Modem

transmitted on an analog channel.

The bit is the amount of power in a digital Energy

bit for a given amount of time.
The relationship for bit rate to bandwidth is Channel
defined by the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the Aperture time
sampled voltage is
Error signals associated with the sampling process Foldover distortion and aliasing
are called
A(n) is a single LSI chip containing both the Codec
ADC and DAC circuitry.
The NRZ digital signal-encoding format has a Dc
component in the waveform.
Reed–Solomon codes utilize a technique called Interleaving
to rearrange the data into a nonlinear
ordering scheme to improve the chance of data
correction.
The electric field intensity is measured in: V/m

It is a result of an increase in the charge density in Polarization

dielectric materials.
It refers to the maximum antenna gain. Directivity

The maximum horizontal distance between the radio horizon

transmitter and the receiver for line of sight
propagation is known as:
Typical mode of radiation of helical antenna is: end fire
The electric field is perpendicular to the earth’s Vertical
surface, the polarization is:
In what major RF band is ground wave basically MF (Medium Frequency)
applied?
A measure of mismatch in a transmission line standing wave ratio

The highest frequency that can be set back to earth critical frequency
by the ionosphere, if wave is sent vertically upward.
Travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna space wave
to the receiving antenna.
VLF waves are for some types of services because they are very reliable

It is the distance between two wave fronts having the Wavelength

same phase at any given instant.
It is a piece of transmission line which is normally Stub
short-circuited at the far end.
A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm 0.25
resistive load. Calculate the reflection coefficient.
Ref Coeff = (30 – 50)/(30 + 50) = 0.25
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line Length
does not depend upon its
Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the Input
impedance measured at the when its length
is infinite.
Which region of the ionosphere is mainly responsible F layer
for long-distance night time communications?
Which is properly terminated antenna? Rhombic

Occurs when the radio beam is at point of grazing diffraction

over an obstacle.
A microwave communications system, space loss 92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D
calculation formula is

Is an OSI Layer which is responsible for providing Data Link layer

error-free communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations (nodes)

Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the Dynamic range

smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded by
the digital-to-analog converter.
Is a PCM system which uses a single bit PCM code to Delta modulation
achieve digital transmission of analog signals.
Is a redundancy error detection scheme that uses Longitudinal redundancy check
parity to determine if a transmission error has
occurred within a message and is sometimes called
message parity.
Is an n-bit data register inside the UART that keeps Status Word register
track of the UART’s transmit and receive buffer
registers.
Is an access method used primarily with LANs CSMA/CD
configured in a bus topology.
IP version 4 address length is 32 bits

Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging function. Switch

Is a device which operates in the Network layer and it Router
makes forwarding decisions on the basis of network
addresses.
OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is 51.84 Mbps

Is one in which all computers share their resources Peer-to-peer client/server network
with all the other computers on the network.

Is used to interface DTEs to digital transmission Channel service unit

channels

Modulation which combines encoding and modulation TCM

to reduce the probability of error.

Is an empirical record of a system’s actual bit error BER

performance

Is an error-correcting code used for correcting Hamming code

transmission errors in synchronous data streams.