Table of Contents

Experiment No 1……………………...........................................................................................................3
1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.3 Faraday’s Law................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Construction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Working ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Field Characteristics......................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Precautions ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Observations ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Experiment No 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.3 Circuit Diagrams .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.4 Theory .............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.1 Voltage Regulation ................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Power Factor Correction ........................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Observations .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Experiment No 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.3 Circuit diagram ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 16
3.4.1 Single Phase Induction Motor ................................................................................................... 16
3.4.2 Thyristor.................................................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Precautions ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………….18
Experiment No. 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.3 Circuit Diagram ............................................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Theory (Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor) ............................................................... 20
4.4.1 Using Series Resistance ............................................................................................................ 20
4.4.2 Using SCR’s.............................................................................................................................. 20
4.4.3 Using Proportional Controller................................................................................................... 20
4.4.4 Using PI Controller ................................................................................................................... 21
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4.5 Precautions ................................................................................................................................. 21
4.6 Observations .................................................................................................................................... 22
4.6.1 OFF Load .................................................................................................................................. 22
4.6.2 ON Load ................................................................................................................................... 22
4.6.3 ON Load Condition....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.7 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................... 23

2
 Experiment 1
AC Generator

1.1 Objectives

To observe the operating characteristics of separately excited AC generator on no load

at 1000rpm and 1200rpm with increasing field current from 0-3A with step of 0.5A

To observe the operating characteristics of separately excited AC generator on no

load at 2.5A and 3A with increasing rpm from 500-1300rpm with setup of 100rpm

1.2 Equipment

 Separately Excited 2-pole AC generator

 DC shunt motor (0.33 Hp, 3000rpm) used as Prime Mover for the generator with motor
speed control mechanism (MC183)
 Machine control panel (MCP182) upon which following required instrument are mounted

i) DC power supply of (0-120 V, 5A) used as exciter for field winding of the generator

ii) DC ammeter (0-5A)

 Multimeters
 Tachometer generator (type 2611), (0-2000 rpm) to measure speed of the generator
 Connecting wires.

Figure 1.1 Circuit Diagram of Separately Excited Elementary AC generator

1.3 Faraday’s Law

Whenever a conductor are placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced which is
3
called induced emf, if the conductor circuit are closed current are also induced which is
called induced current.

EMF=-NdΦ/dt

To vary magnetic field various methods are used. Some are mentioned below.

i. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field

ii. By moving the coil
iii. By moving magnet

1.4 Construction

In this experiment, the excitation is provided externally to the stator winding wound on an
electromagnet salient pole stator core which produces a stator magnetic field. The armature
winding of the generator is one or more loop wound on salient pole rotor core placed in the
stator magnetic field. The two ends of the loop(s) are connected to slip rings and they are in
contact with two brushes.

1.5 Working

The prime mover rotates the rotor which varies the magnetic field within the armature winding
which induces AC voltage within the armature windings of the generator.

1.6 Field Characteristics

The relation between the terminal voltage and the field excitation current of the generator and
the relation between the armature current & the field excitation current of the generator shows
the field characteristics of a separately excited AC generator.

As the field current is increased, the terminal voltage and armature current of the generator
increases until a certain limit where saturation occurs. At saturation large change in field
current brings small change in terminal voltage.

4
 Figure 1.2: Terminal Voltage vs Field Current

1.7 Precautions
1) Make sure that all connections are proper.

2) All connections must be tight and properly insulated.

3) Connecting wires must have proper insulation.

4) No lose clothing & wires near the rotating parts of the system.

5) Check zero errors of measuring instruments before taking readings.

1.8 Observations
At speed 1000 rpm with field current varying from 0-3A with 0.5A step, the values of
terminal voltage are given in the table 1.1

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 Table 1.1: Field current and Terminal Voltage

S.no Field Current Voltage

(A) (V)
1 0 0.7

2 0.5 4.28

3 1.0 8.28

4 1.5 11.87

5 2.0 14.90

6 2.5 17.26

7 3.0 19.78

At speed 1200 rpm with field current varying from 0-3A with 0.5A step, the values of
terminal voltage are given in the table 1.2

Table 1.2: Field current and Terminal Voltage

S.no Field Current Voltage

(A) (V)
1 0 0.7

2 0.5 4.3

3 1.0 9.34

4 1.5 13.765

5 2.0 17.50

6 2.5 20.18

7 3.0 23.35

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The graphical interpretation of field current vs voltage is given below.

field currenrt vs voltage

25
1200 rpm
20
voltage(V)

15 1000 rpm

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
field current (A)

Figure 1.3: Field Current and Terminal

Voltage

At field current 2.5 with rmp varying from 500 to 1300 with 100 rpm step, the values
of terminal voltage are given in the table 1.

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 Table 1.3: Field current and Terminal Voltage

S.no RPM Voltage

(V)
1 500 10.03

2 600 11.35

3 700 12.95

4 800 14.55

5 900 15.91

6 1000 17.60

7 1100 18.89

8 1200 20.46

9 1300 21.87

At field current 3A with rmp varying from 500 to 1300 with 100 rpm step, the values
of terminal voltage are given in the table 1.3

Table 1.4: RPM and Terminal Voltage

S.no RPM Voltage

(V)
1 500 11.81

2 600 13.05

3 700 14.8

4 800 16.62

5 900 18.02

6 1000 19.65

7 1100 21.52

8 1200 23.21

8
 9 1300 23.75

The graphical interpretation of rpm vs voltage at two different current is given below.

field currenrt vs voltage

25
At 3A
20
voltage(V)

15 At 2.5A

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
RPM

Figure 1.3: RPM and Terminal

Voltage

1.9 Discussion

1. In this experiment, we studied the working principle of AC generator.

2. The effect of speed, turns and field current variation was observed.
3. Speed was measured through tachogenerator.
4. As from figure 1.1 confirm that at higher rpm voltage is higher
5. As from figure 1.2 confirm that at higher current value voltage produce is higher

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 Experiment No 2

Three Phase Synchronous Generator

2.1 Objectives

a) To obtain voltage regulation of a 3-Φ Synchronous generator for resistive load.

b) To obtain voltage regulation of a 3-Φ Synchronous generator for inductive load.
c) To obtain voltage regulation of a 3-Φ Synchronous generator for capacitive load.
d) To obtain voltage regulation of a 3-Φ Synchronous generator for load with power factor
correction.

2.2 Equipment
1) 3-Φ PMDC motor
2) 3-Φ synchronous generator
3) 3-Φ Power supply (0-440v)
4) DC power Supply (0-220v)
5) Tachometer
6) Voltmeter
7) Ammeter (0-10 A)
8) 3-Φ Load (Resistive, inductive, capacitive)
9) Switches

2.3 Circuit Diagrams

Figure 2.1: Equivalent diagram of a three-phase y-connected synchronous generator

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 2.4 Theory

2.4.1 Voltage Regulation

At no load, no current flows through the armature. Hence, there is no voltage drop occurs in
armature resistance and inductance and the internal generated voltage is equal to the terminal
voltage i.e.
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉∅
Figure shows these relationships when the generator is supplying a load at unity power factor
(a purely resistive load).

Figure 2.3: Phasor diagram of a synchronous generator at unity power factor.

From Equation,
𝑉∅ = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑗𝑋𝑠𝐼𝐴 − 𝑅𝐴𝐼𝐴

the total voltage 𝐸𝐴 differs from the terminal voltage of the phase 𝑉∅ by the resistive and
inductive voltage drops. All voltages and currents are referenced to 𝑉∅ which is arbitrarily
assumed to be at an angle of 0°. This phasor diagram can be compared to the phasor diagrams
of generators operating at lagging and leading power factors. These phasor diagrams are shown
in Figure.

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 Figure 2.4: The phasor diagram of a synchronous generator at (a) lagging and (b) leading
power factor.

Notice that, for a given phase voltage and armature current, a larger internal generated voltage
𝐸𝐴 is needed for lagging loads than for leading loads. Therefore, a larger field current is needed
with lagging loads to get the same tenninal voltage, because 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅𝑤 and 𝑤 must be constant
to keep a constant frequency. Alternatively, for a given field current and magnitude of load
current, the terminal voltage is lower for lagging loads and higher for leading loads.

2.4.2 Power Factor Correction

In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load
with a high-power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents
increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment
of higher ratings. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical
utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is
a low power factor.
Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage and current.
Since the majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some amount of reactive power
for them to function. The capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the load provides
this reactive power. Ideally, electrical equipment should present a load that emulates a pure
resistor, meaning that the reactive power would be zero i.e. unity power factor. However mostly
the load is operated near unity power factor in lagging mode which reduces the power loses
as well as system requirements.

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 2.5 Observations

At If=0 Amp
Frequency =50 Hz and EA=10 Volts due to residual magnetism
At No Load
If = 0.48 Amp; IL= 0 Amp and EA=130 Volts
At Inductive Load
IL = 0.231Amp and EA= 47 Volts
At RL Load
IL = 0.18 Amp and EA= 63 Volts
At RC Load
IL = 0.14 Amp and EA= 183.4 Volts

2.6 Discussion

a) If resistive load is applied to a generator, there is slight decrease in terminal voltages.

b) If inductive load is applied to a generator, there is significant decrease in terminal voltages.
c) If capacitive load is applied to a generator, there is significant increase in terminal voltages.
d) At power factor corrected load, terminal voltages are approximately same as for pure
resistive load.

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 Experiment No 3

Basic Characteristics of a Single Phase Induction Motor

3.1 Objective

To observe the starting characteristics of a single-phase induction motor.

To observe the effect of a capacitor in starting of a single-phase induction

motor.

3.2 Equipment

 Capacitor Start/Run Single Phase Induction Motor (12 Watt, 2800/3400 rpm)
(PE482D) with its Tachometer Generator to measure speed of the Motor and Brake
(Load).
 Power Electronics Control Unit PE 481 upon which following requires instruments are
mounted.
i. A Moving Iron AC Ammeter (0-2A) to measure Input (Load) Current.
ii. A Moving Coil DC Voltmeter (0-10V) to measure speed of the Motor.
 Motor Control Circuits PE482A upon which following required modules are mounted.
i. Thyristor’s firing angle control circuit for open loop speed control of the
Induction Motor.
ii. Proportional, Integral & Derivative control circuit for closed loop speed control
of the Induction Motor.
 AC Thyristor Circuits PE481C along with 50 V power 50 Hz AC supply.

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 3.3 Circuit diagram

Figure 3.1: Circuit Diagram

3.4 Theory
Following is the control strategy and equipment detail in experimental setup.

3.4.1 Single Phase Induction Motor

We use the single-phase power system more widely use than three phase system for
domestic purposes, commercial purposes and some extent in industrial uses. Because, the
single-phase system is more economical than a three-phase system and the power
requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices are small, which can be easily met by a
single phase system. The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap in cost,
reliable and easy to repair and maintain.

Single phase induction motor is not self-starting. To make it self-starting, it can be

temporarily converted into a two-phase motor while starting.Stator of a single phase motor
has two windings: (i) Main winding (‘I’ lags due to inductor) and (ii) Starting winding
(auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in parallel across a single phase
supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart. Phase difference of 90 degree can be
achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding (‘I’ leads). Since the
torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which is almost
90°. So, these motors produce very high starting torque.

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 Figure 3.2: Circuit and connection of motor

3.4.2 Thyristor

A thyristor is normally four layer three-terminal device. Four layers are formed by alternating
n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor materials. Consequently there are three p-n
junctions formed in the device. It is a bi-stable device. The three terminals of this device are
called anode (A), cathode (K) and gate (G) respectively. The gate (G) terminal is control
terminal of the device. That means, the current flowing through the device is controlled by
electrical signal applied to the gate (G) terminal. The anode (A) and cathode (K) are the power
terminals of the device handle the large applied voltage and conduct the major current through
the thyristor. A thyristor is on-off switch which is used to control output power of an electrical
circuit by switching on and off the load circuit periodically in a preset interval.

Figure 3.3: Thyristor block diagram

17
 3.5 Precautions
1) Check all the circuit and be sure that all connections are proper.
2) All connections must be tight and properly insulated.
3) Connecting wires must have proper insulation.
4) Armature Current should not exceed 1.5A, otherwise motor can be damaged.

3.6 Discussion

a) The induction motor required rotating magnetic field to rotate the rotor
b) The induction motor does not run if the capacitor is removed as the rotating wield does not
established from only one main winding.
c) The motor starts rotating as the capacitor attached with the induction motor and auxiliary
winding and main winding combine produce rotating magnetic field that causes rotor to rotate.

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 Experiment No. 4

Speed Control of a Single-Phase Induction Motor

4.1 Objectives

a) To control the speed of single phase Induction Motor operating in open

loop.
b) To control the speed of single phase Induction Motor operating in close
loop through a proportional controller.
c) To control the speed of single phase Induction Motor operating in close
loop through a proportional integral controller.

4.2 Equipment
1. Capacitor Start/Run Single Phase Induction Motor (12 Watt, 2800/3400 rpm)
(PE482D) with its Tachometer Generator to measure speed of the Motor and
Brake (Load)
2. Power Electronics Control Unit PE 481 upon which following requires
instruments are mounted
i. A Moving Iron AC Ammeter (0-2A) to measure Input (Load) Current
ii. A Moving Coil DC Voltmeter ( 0-10V)to measure speed of the Motor
3. Motor Control Circuits PE482A upon which following required modules are
mounted
i. Thyristor’s firing angle control circuit for open loop speed control of the
Induction Motor
ii. Proportional, Integral & Derivative control circuit for closed loop speed
control of the Induction Motor
4. AC Thyristor Circuits PE481C along with 50 V power 50 Hz AC supply

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 4.3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4.1: Simplified circuit diagram of the single-phase induction motor

4.4 Theory (Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor)

4.4.1 Using Series Resistance

As speed of induction motor decreases the current through the motor increases. If the
voltage is reduced at low speed, in order to keep the current within the rating, a loss of
torque is inevitably suffered. There are however many industrial loads, such as fans, whose
torque requirement does decrease at low speeds. Voltage or current controls are suitable
for these loads, apart from the speed-stability problem. It is possible to make induction
motors with higher torque at low speeds, by increasing the rotor resistance. However
efficiency decreases, therefore such techniques are only useful for fairly small motors with
input ratings of a few hundred watts or less.

4.4.2 Using SCR’s

SCR‟s are used to control the motor current, giving speed control, which is unstable. The
silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR‟s) are used in high power electronics. In practice their
switching action keeps the power dissipated in the devices much lower than if they were
dropping a significant voltage while carrying current. So SCR‟s will be used to control the
voltage and current applied to the induction motor.
4.4.3 Using Proportional Controller

In proportional controller there is a signal path around the loop formed by summing point,
the amplifier, the SCR controller, the tachometer generator and the filter. The polarity of
the tachometer generator feedback is arranged to be negative thus providing an opposite
polarity signal to that of the set value voltage. As the required speed is changed from one
value to the next the close loop control demands an adjustment to the thyristor conduction
time. The voltage applied to the motor may be increased to accelerate the rotor or decreased
to decrease the rotor speed such that the tachometer generator signal balances that of the
set speed signal causing the shaft to rotate at a steady speed. The speed demand calibration

20
that is the input voltage from the set value control to determine a given speed is 2V per
thousand revolutions per minute and holds true only for a controller with zero error. The
controller of the type being used is called a proportional controller for an error exists that
is proportional to the difference of the set speed voltage and the tachometer generator
voltage.

Figure 4.2: Proportional control action

4.4.4 Using PI Controller

Addition of Integral Controller with Proportional Controller eliminates the steady state
error resulting in operation of only Proportional controller.

Figure 4.3: Proportional integral control action

4.5 Precautions

21
 1) Check all the circuit and be sure that all connections are proper.
2) All connections must be tight and properly insulated.
3) Connecting wires must have proper insulation.
4) No lose clothing & connecting wire near the rotating parts of system.
5) Check zero errors of measuring instruments before taking readings.
6) Armature Current should not exceed 1.5A, otherwise motor can be damaged.

4.6 Observations

a)

When trying to adjust the speed of the Motor to some specific values it is observed that, it
is extremely difficult to set the shaft speed to a precise value as small Changes in speed
away from desired value require continuous adjustment of set value control.

b)

At Gain = 50 % & Level = 50%

4.6.1 OFF Load

When proportional controller is turned ON, speed adjust is possible.

4.6.2 ON Load
When the load is applied, the speed of the motor decreases which was adjusted to 1500
rpm.

c) At Proportional Gain=0 & Level = 100%

4.6.3 ON Load Condition

Table 2.3: Readings for Proportional Integral Controller of Single Phase Induction Motor
under ON Load Condition

Starting Running Moving Coil Motor Speed (rpm) Error Voltage

Current Current DC Voltmeter =Vs/(2/1000) (V)
(A) (A) Reading (V);
Vs
1.3 1.5 4 2000 0

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 4.7 Discussions
a) From this observation it is shown that it is difficult to control speed of a Single Phase
Induction Motor in open loop to a precise value as small Changes in speed away from desired
value require continuous adjustment of set value control.
b) By introducing Proportional Controller; the speed control of a Single Phase Induction
Motor is made possible by applying closed loop control.

when load is applied, motor needs greater running current as compared to that under OFF
load condition. Also Steady State Error of the motor increases with the application of load.
Also motor speed remains same with the application of further load but its running current
& steady state error increase.

c) When Proportional Integral Controller is introduced under higher speed & ON Load
condition, the steady state error of the motor deceases, becomes very small.

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