Introduction:

The SOx and NOx are major pullutents and are threat to humanity and theecosystem. The main
cause of Sox and NOx in the atmosphere is the use of coal for energy generations. In order to
control the pollution caused by coal is controlled by using flue gas desulfurization and
denitration installations. For denitration, catalytic reduction denitration systems are used.
However, these will lead to increase in investments, operational cost, and occupied area. Now
a days many other methods have been used including non thermal plasma, catalytic reduction
and advanced wet scrubbing.

The coal mine industries releases coal mine drainage which poses a large threat to ground and
surface water but it contains a large amount of carbon particles for adsorption which can be
used for the removal for Sox and NOx.

Red mud is an alkaline solid residue generated during bauxite refining for aluminium using the
Bayer process. Its application include the use in building, pollution control, metal recovery and
removal of Sox and NOx.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by a facile scalable method and applied as an adsorbent for
the adsorption of NO2 and SO2. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit good adsorption abilities in
the removal of SO2 and NO2.

Lack of sewage sludge treatment affects environmental safety and public health. SOx and NOx
are the main gaseous pollutants generated by sewage sludge combustion. The nitrogen content
in sewage sludge is very large. In order to decrease NOx emission during the sewage sludge
combustion reburning, flue gas recirculation, and bias flames combustion technology are
typically used. Using an organic calcium compound as an additive is an alternative method for
the removal of these pollutants as OCC releases carboxylic acid and hydrocarbonyl radicals
during thermal decomposition which reduce NO emission. Calcium magnesium acetate is
considered best organic compound for the removal of sulfur.

Carbon material in the form of activated carbon fibre and activated viscous fibre has been
employed in adsorption of the toxic gases (SOx and NOx) due to their property of having high
specific surface area, large number of pores and excellent flexibility. The ACF, derived from
artificial and synthetic raw materials, were produced which absorbs pollutants from water and
air .Now AVF, containing the micropores with diameter in the range of 0.1nm has been
produced and applied.
Simultaneous removal of NOx and SOx from flue gases coming out of a glass melting furnace
were made by a semi dry chemical process and ozone injection combined. The effective
oxidation of NO to NO2 was observed with the injection of O3.The removal efficiency of NO,
NO2 and SO2 was 90%,50% and 84% respectively. The effect of ammonia injection with
respect to temperature and residence time on removal NOx using silent discharge ozone
generation in a double reactor system from the flue gas stream was investigated.
Experimentation:
Method 1: Utilization of organic calcium compound:
Dried sewage sludge was obtained from waste water treatment plant. This sludge has been
exposed to surroundings for about 5 days. 4g of MgO and 3.7g of Ca(OH)2 were dissolved in
50ml of distilled water. Then 25ml of acetic acid was added to the suspension at an excess
molar ratio of 50%. MgO and Ca(OH)2 were transformed into organic radical based
compounds in the presence of acetic acid. MCMA and dried sludge were well dispersed in
water using a magnetic stirring bar at 500rpm for 2h at room temperature. Then, the blended
fuels were oven dried at 105 degrees for 24 hours and ground into particles of less than
0.15mm.

The process flow diagram of experimental system is as follows:

Method 2: Synthesis of Fe3O4 particles:

For the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, all chemicals were of analytical grade. FeCl3.6H2O
(0.05mole, 13.52g) and FeCl2.4H2O (0.03mole, 5.96g) were dissolved in 100ml DI water.
Then the ammonia solution was added dropwise until pH=11.0 over a period of 2hrs, under
vigorous stirring to achieve Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The observed precipitates was filtered,
washed with DI water, and dried in vacuum at 60 degrees for 24 hrs.
For the adsorption study, 1g of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were exposed to dried SO2 and NO2 at a
particular time in a fixed bed reactor under ambient temperature. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles
were pretreated under an air flow at 400 degrees for 2 hrs and then cooled to the cooled
temperature. The gas stream was applied with a flow rate of 200cc/min.
Method 3: Red mud and coal mine drainage:
The sample was air dried at room temperature and then crushed with mortar. The sample was
then sieved through a 0.15 mm mesh sieve.
The chemical composition of RM is given below:
Composition CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Na2O TiO2 MgO
Content % 37-42 18-23 7-10 7-8 2.3-2.9 2.5-3.3 1.3-2.0

Experiments concerning the adsorption of SO2 were performed in a bubbling reactor. One
litre of different concentrations of absorbents were added. Then SO2 flue gas was supplied to
the reactor with a flow rate of 5L/h. The exhaust gas concentrations of SO2 was >50mg/L.

The experimental apparatus for spraying experiment is below:

The washing tower is a cylinder with an inner diameter of 50 mm and a length of 16 mm.
Initially, the absorbent was added to the spray tower and then the slurry circulating pump was
opened. The absorbent would be renewed if necessary.
In the desulfurization experiment, factors such as RM concentration, gas flow, liquid gas ratio
and SO2 concentration were first investigated using the orthogonal test. In the denitration
experiment, the denitration ability of the RM+MCO absorbent was evaluated in the spray
tower.