FOTPM

(FIITJEE Olympiad Training Project – Maths)

We Live & Breathe Mathematics

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 A P P S Volume Two

FOTPM
FIITJEE South Kolkata

Practice Problems Set for PRMO,RMO, KVPY, ISI,CMI,JEEADV

NUMBER THEORY
THEORY OF EQUATIONS, COMBINATORICS
GEOMETRY

Copyright @ FIITJEE South Kolkata

1
FOTPM PRMO / RMO

Figure 1:

to live and breathe 2 MATHEMATICS

FOTPM PRMO / RMO

What does mathematics really consist of? Axioms (such as the parallel
postulate)? Theorems (such as the fundamental theorem of algebra)?
Proofs (such as Goedel’s proof of undecidability)? Definitions (such as the
Menger definiition of dimension)? Theories (such as category theory)?
Formulas (such as Cauchy’s integral formula)? Methods (such as the
method of successive approximations)?
Mathematics could surely not exist without these ingredients;they are all
essential. It is nevertheless a tenable point of view that none of them is at the
heart of the subject, that the mathematician’s main reason for existence is to
solve problems, and that, therefore, what mathematics really consists of is
problems and solutions.
Paul Halmos

Figure 2:

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

1
Find the number of functions f from {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the integers such that
f (0) = 0, f (6) = 12 and | x − y | ≤ | f (x) − f (y) | ≤ 3| x − y | for all x and y in
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 185

2
Let S be the number of ordered pairs of integers (a, b) with 1 ≤ a ≤ 100 and
b ≥ 0 such that the polynomial x2 + ax + b can be factored into the product of
two (not necessarily distinct) linear factors with integer coefficients. Find the
remainder when S is divided by 1000
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 600

3
Let N be the number of complex number z with the properties that | z | = 1
and z 6! − z 5! is a real number. Find the remainder when N is divided by 1000.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 440

4
For each ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y) satisfying log2 (2x + y) = log4 (x2 + xy + 7y 2 )
there is a real number K such that log3 (3x + y) = log9 (3x2 + 4xy + Ky 2 ). Find
the product of all possible values of K.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 189

5
Find the number of four-element subsets of {1, 2, 3, · · · , 20} with the property
that two distinct elements of a subset have a sum of 16, and two distinct ele-
ments of a subset have a sum of 24 .For example, {3, 5, 13, 19} and {6, 10, 20, 18}
are two such subsets.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 210

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

6
Let a0 = 2, a1 = 5 and a2 = 8 and for n > 2 define an recursively to be the re-
mainder when 4(an−1 + an−2 + an−3 ) is divided by 11 . Find a2018 · a2020 · a2022 .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 112

7
Find the number of functions f : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 7→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} that satisfy f (f (x)) =
f (f (f (x))) for all x ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 756

8
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and let N be the number of functions f from set A to
set A such that f (f (x)) is a constant function. Find the remainder when N is
divided by 1000.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 399

9
Find the number of permutations of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} such that for each k with
1 ≤ k ≤ 5 at least one of the first k terms of the permutation is greater than k.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 461

10
The number n can be written in base 14 as a b c can be written in base 15 as
a c b and can be written in base 6 as a c a c where a > 0 . Find the base 10
representation of n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 925

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

11
Consider the integer

N = 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + · · · + 99
| ·{z
· · 99} .
321digits

Find the sum of the digits of N.

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 342

12
Mr.X randomly chooses a number x from 1, 2, 3, · · · , 19, 20. Mr.Y then randomly
chooses a number y from 1, 2, 3, · · · , 19, 20. distinct from x. The value of y − x
is at least 2 with a probability that can be expressed in the form m n where m
and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 29

13
In 4P QR, P R = 15, QR = 20, and P Q = 25. Points A and B lie on P Q, points
C and D lie on QR, and points E and F lie on P R, with P A = QB = QC =
RD = RE = P F = 5. Find the area of hexagon ABCDEF.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 120

14
A soccer team has 22 available players. A fixed set of 11 players starts the
game, while the other 11 are available as substitutes. During the game, the
coach may make as many as 3 substitutions, where any one of the 11 players
in the game is replaced by one of the substitutes. No player removed from the
game may reenter the game, although a substitute entering the game may be
replaced later. No two substitutions can happen at the same time. The players
involved and the order of the substitutions matter. Let n be the number of ways
the coach can make substitutions during the game (including the possibility of
making no substitutions). Find the remainder when n is divided by 1000.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 122

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

15
A moving particle starts at the point (4, 4) and moves until it hits one of the
coordinate axes for the first time. When the particle is at the point (a, b), it
moves at random to one of the points (a − 1, b), (a, b − 1), or (a − 1, b − 1), each
with probability 13 , independently of its previous moves. The probability that it
will hit the coordinate axes at (0, 0) is 3mn , where m and n are positive integers,
and m is not divisible by 3. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 252

16
In convex quadrilateral KLM N side M N is perpendicular to diagonal KM ,
side KL is perpendicular to diagonal LN , M N = 65, and KL = 28. The line
through L perpendicular to side KN intersects diagonal KM at O with KO = 8.
Find M O.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 90

17
There are positive integers x and y that satisfy the system of equations :
log10 x + 2 log10 (gcd(x, y)) = 60.
log10 y + 2log10 (lcm(x, y)) = 570.
Let m be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime factors in the prime
factorization of x, and let n be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime
factors in the prime factorization of y. Find 3m + 2n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 880

18
Let x ∈ R such that sin10 x + cos10 x = 11 12 12
36 . Then sin x + cos x =
m
n where
m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 67

19
Let τ (n) denote the number of positive integer divisors of n. Find the sum of
the six least positive integers n that are solutions to τ (n) + τ (n + 1) = 7.

to live and breathe 4 MATHEMATICS

FOTPM PRMO / RMO

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 540

20
For distinct complex numbers z1 , z2 , · · · , z673 , the polynomial
(x − z1 )3 (x − z2 )3 · · · (x − z673 )3
can be expressed as x2019 + 20x2018 + 19x2017 + g(x), where g(x) is a polynomial
with complex coefficients and with degree at most 2016. The value of
 
 X 
 

 z z
j k

1≤j≤k≤673 
m
can be expressed in the form n, where m and n are relatively prime positive
integers. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 352

21
In 4ABC, the sides have integers lengths and AB = AC. Circle ω has its center
at the incenter of 4ABC. An excircle of 4ABC is a circle in the exterior of
4ABC that is tangent to one side of the triangle and tangent to the extensions
of the other two sides. Suppose that the excircle tangent to BC is internally
tangent to ω, and the other two excircles are both externally tangent to ω. Find
the minimum possible value of the perimeter of 4ABC.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 20

22
Given f (z) = z 2 − 19z, there are complex numbers z with the property that
z, f (z), and f (f (z)) are the vertices of a right triangle in the complex plane
with a right angle at f√ (z). There are positive integers m and n such that one
such value of z is m + n + 11i. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 230

23
4ABC has side lengths AB = 4, BC = 5, and CA = 6. Points D and E are on
ray AB with AB < AD < AE. The point F 6= C is a point of intersection of

to live and breathe 5 MATHEMATICS

FOTPM PRMO / RMO

the circumcircles of 4ABC √and 4EBC satisfying DF = 2 and EF = 7. Then

BE can be expressed as a+bd c where a, b, c and d are positive integers such that
a and d are relatively prime, and c is not divisible by the square of any prime.
Find a + b + c + d.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 32

24
Find the least odd prime factor of 20198 + 1.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 97

25
Let AB be a chord of a circle ω, and let P be a point on the chord AB.
Circle ω1 passes through A and P and is internally tangent to ω. Circle ω2
passes through B and P and is internally tangent to ω. Circles ω1 and ω2
intersect at points P and Q. Line P Q intersects ω at X and Y .Assume that
AP = 5, P B = 3, XY = 11, and P Q2 = m n , where m and n are relatively prime
positive integers. Find m + n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 65

26
Let d be a real number such that every non-degenerate quadrilateral has at
least two interior angles with measure less than d degrees.What is the minimum
possible value for d?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 120

27
In rectangle ABCD, points E and F lie on sides AB and CD respectively such
that both AF and CE are perpendicular to diagonal BD. Given that BF and
DE separate ABCD into three polygons with equal area, and that EF = 1,
find the length of BD.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
√
Solution 3

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

28
Let AB be a line segment with length 2, and S be the set of points P on the
plane such that there exists point X on segment AB with AX = 2P X. Find
the area of S.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
√ 2π
Solution 3+
3

29
Convex hexagon ABCDEF is drawn in the plane such that ACDF and ABDE
are parallelograms with area 168. AC and BD intersect at G. Given that the
area of AGB is 10 more than the area of CGB, find the smallest possible area
of hexagon ABCDEF .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 196

30
Isosceles 4ABC with AB = AC is inscribed in a unit circle√ with center O.
Point D is the reflection of C across AB. Given that DO = 3, find the area
of 4ABC.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
√
2±1
Solution
2

31
Six unit disks C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6 are in the plane such that they don’t inter-
sect each other and Ci is tangent to Ci+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ 6 (where C7 = C1 ), Let C
be the smallest circle that contains all six disks. Let r be the smallest possible
radius of C, and R the largest possible radius. Find R − r.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
√
Solution 3−1

32
Let ABC be a triangle with AB = 13, BC = 14, CA = 15. Let H be the or-
thocenter of ABC. Find the radius of the circle with non-zero radius tangent to
the circumcircles of AHB, BHC, CHA.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

65
Solution
4

33 Subjective
In 4ABC with AB < AC, let H be the orthocenter and O be the circumcen-
ter. Given that the midpoint of OH lies on BC,BC = 1, and the perimeter of
4ABC is 6, find the area of 4ABC.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
6
Solution
7

34 Subjective
In 4ABC, AB = 13, BC = 14, CA = 15. Squares ABB1 A2 , BCC1 B2 , CAA1 C2
are constructed outside the triangle. Squares A1 A2 A3 A4 , B1 B2 B3 B4 , C1 C2 C3 C4
are constructed outside the hexagon A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 . Squares A3 B4 B5 A6 , B3 C4 C5 B6 , C3 A4 A5 C6
are constructed outside the hexagon A4 A3 B4 B3 C4 C3 . Find the area of the
hexagon A5 A6 B5 B6 C5 C6 .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 19444

35 Subjective
In a rectangular box ABCDEF GH with edge lengths AB = AD = 6 and
AE = 49, a plane slices through point A and intersects edges BF, F G, GH, HD
at points P, Q, R, S respectively. Given that AP = AS and P Q = QR = RS,
find the area of pentagon AP QRS.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
√
141 11
Solution
2

36
How many distinct permutations of the letters of the word REDDER are there
that do not contain a palindromic substring of length at least two? (A substring
is a contiguous block of letters that is part of the string. A string is palindromic
if it is the same when read backwards.)
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 6

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

37
Your math friend Evan Chan rolls five fair icosahedral dice (each of which is
labelled 1, 2; , : · · · , 20 on its sides). He conceals the results but tells you that
at least half of the rolls are 20. Suspicious, you examine the first two dice and
find that they show 20 and 19 in that order. Assuming that Evan is truthful,
what is the probability that all three remaining concealed dice show 20?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
1
Solution
58

38
Remu and Sana play a game using 4 fair coins. Initially both sides of each coin
are white. Starting with Remu, they take turns to color one of the white sides
either red or green. After all sides are colored, the 4 coins are tossed. If there
are more red sides showing up, then Remu wins, and if there are more green
sides showing up, then Sana wins. However, if there is an equal number of red
sides and green sides, then neither of them wins. Given that both of them play
optimally to maximize the probability of winning, what is the probability that
Remu wins?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
5
Solution
16

39
Rahul is playing a game with 100 rounds, starting with 1 coin. During each
round, there is a n% chance that he gains an extra coin, where n is the number
of coins he has at the beginning of the round. What is the expected number of
coins he will have at the end of the game?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 1.01100

40
Contessa is taking a random lattice walk in the plane, starting at (1, 1). (In a
random lattice walk, one moves up, down, left, or right 1 unit with equal prob-
ability at each step.) If she lands on a point of the form (6m, 6n) for m, n ∈ Z;
she ascends to heaven, but if she lands on a point of the form (6m + 3, 6n + 3)
for m, n ∈ Z; she descends to hell. What is the probability that she ascends to
heaven?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
13
Solution
22

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

41 Subjective
A point P lies at the center of square ABCD. A sequence of points {Pn } is
determined by P0 = P , and given point Pi , point Pi+1 is obtained by reflecting
Pi over one of the four lines AB, BC, CD, DA chosen uniformly at random and
independently for each i. What is the probability that P8 = P ?.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
1225
Solution
16384

42 Subjective
For a positive integer N, we colour the positive divisors of N (including 1 and
N) with four colours. A colouring is called multichromatic if whenever a, b and
gcd(a, b) are pairwise distinct divisors of N, then they have pairwise distinct
colours. What is the maximum possible number of multichromatic colourings a
positive integer can have if it is not the power of any prime?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 192

43
How many ways can one fill a 3 × 3 square grid with non-negative integers such
that no non-zero integer appears more than once in the same row or column
and the sum of the numbers in every row and column equals 7?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 216

44
Determine the maximum among all numbers obtained by deleting 100 digits
from the number
12345678910111213 · · · 979899100,
whose digits are the integers 1 through 100 in order from left to right.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 9999978596061 · · · 9899100

45
Determine the number of squares with all their vertices belonging to the 10 × 10
by ten array of points defined in the figure 2.45.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

Solution 825

46 Subjective
There are n sticks of length 1, 2, 3, · · · , n. How many incongruent triangles can
be formed by using three of the given sticks?

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution
(
p(p−1)(4p+1)
6 if n is odd and n = 2p + 1
f (n) = p(p−1)(4p−5)
6 if n is even and n = 2p

47
Compute the probability that a randomly chosen positive divisor of 1099 is an
integer multiple of 1088 .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
9
Solution
625

48
Determine the number of ordered pairs of positive integers (a, b) such that the
least common multiple of a and b is 23 · 57 · 1113 .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 2835

49
Find the number of positive integers less than 2019 that are neither multiples
of 3 nor have any digits that are multiples of 3.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 321

50
Find the number of ordered triples of sets (T1 , T2 , T3 ) such that
1. each of T1 , T2 and T3 is a subset of {1, 2, 3, 4},
2. T1 ⊆ T2 ∪ T3 ,
3. T2 ⊆ T1 ∪ T3 , and
4. T3 ⊆ T1 ∪ T2 ,

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 625

51
If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 3 = 0, then the value of
 3
X α
=
α+1
cyclic α,β,γ

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 44

52
Suppose N is a 6-digit number having base − 10 representation abcdef . If N is
6
7 of the number having base − 10 representation def abc. find N.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 461538

53
Let P (x) be a polynomial of degree 11 such that
1
P (x) = , for x = 0, 1, 2, · · · , 11
1+x
Then find the value of P (12).
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 0

54
The remainder when
2019
X
(n2 + n)n! is divided by 10
n=1

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 6

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

55
If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 − x − 1 = 0, then the value of
 
  
 X
 1 + α 
=
 1 − α 
 cyclic α,β,γ

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 7

56
Let f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1. Let g(x) = f (f (· · · f (x))), where there are 2019 f s in
the expression for g(x). Then g(x) can be written as
2019 2019
−1
g(x) = x2 + a22019 −1 x2 + · · · + a1 x + a0 .

where the ai are constants. Find a22019 −1 .

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 22019

57
Let f be a function that takes in a triple of integers and outputs a real number.
Suppose that f satisfies the equations
f (a + 1, b, c) + f (a − 1, b, c)
f (a, b, c) =
2
f (a, b + 1, c) + f (a, b − 1, c)
f (a, b, c) =
2
f (a, b, c + 1) + f (a, b, c − 1)
f (a, b, c) =
2
for all integers a, b, c. What is the minimum number of triples at which we need
to evaluate f in order to know its value everywhere?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 8

58
Let f (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d be a polynomial whose roots are all negative
integers. If a + b + c + d = 2019,then find d.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

59
The curves x2 + y 2 = 36 and y = x2 − 7 intersect at four points. Find the sum
of the squares of the x-coordinates of these points.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 26

60
Admiral Akbar needs to send a 5-character message through hyperspace to the
Rebels. Each character is a lowercase letter, and the same letter may appear
more than once in a message. When the message is beamed through hyperspace,
the characters come out in a random order. Akbar chooses his message so that
the Rebels have at least a 12 chance of getting the same message he sent. How
many distinct messages could he send?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 26

61
Danish wrote all the positive integers from 1 to n inclusive on a piece of paper.
After careful observation, he realized that the sum of all the digits that he wrote
was exactly 10, 000. Find n.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 799

62
The angles of a convex n-sided polygon form an arithmetic progression whose
common difference (in degrees) is a non-zero integer. Find the largest possible
value of n for which this is possible. (A polygon is convex if its interior angles
are all less than 180o .)
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 27

63
You are trapped in ancient Japan, and a giant enemy crab is approaching! You
must defeat it by cutting off its two claws and six legs and attacking its weak
point for massive damage. You cannot cut off any of its claws until you cut off
at least three of its legs, and you cannot attack its weak point until you have
cut off all of its claws and legs. In how many ways can you defeat the giant
enemy crab? (Note that the legs are distinguishable, as are the claws.)

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FOTPM PRMO / RMO

Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 14400

64
In how many ways can the positive integers from 1 to 100 be arranged in a circle
such that the sum of every two integers placed opposite each other is the same?
(Arrangements that are rotations of each other count as the same.) Express
your answer in the form a! · bc .
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 49! · 249

65
Six men and their wives are sitting at a round table with 12 seats. These men
and women are very jealous, no man will allow his wife to sit next to any man
except for himself, and no woman will allow her husband to sit next to any
woman except for herself. In how many distinct ways can these 12 people be
seated such that these conditions are satisfied? ( Rotations of a valid seating
are considered distinct.)
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 28800

66
The rank of a rational number q is the unique k for which q = a11 + a12 + · · · + a1k ,
where each ai is the smallest positive integer such that q ≥ a11 + a12 + · · · + a1i .
Let q be the largest rational number less than 14 with rank 3, and suppose the
expression for q is a11 + a12 + a13 . Find the ordered triple (a1 , a2 , a3 ).
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution (5, 21, 421)

67
Let p(x) and q(x) be two cubic polynomials such that p(0) = −24, q(0) = 30,
and p(q(x)) = q(p(x)) for all real numbers x. Find the ordered pair (p(3), q(6)).
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution (3, −24)

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68
How many polynomials of degree exactly 5 with real coefficients send the set
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to a permutation of itself?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 714

69
Let f (x) = cx(x − 1), where c is a positive real number. We use f n (x) to denote
the polynomial obtained by composing f with itself n times. For every positive
integer n, all the roots of f n (x) are real. What is the smallest possible value of
c?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 2

70
Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. How many (potentially empty) subsets T of
S are there such that, for all x, if x is in T and 2x is in S then 2x is also in T ?
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 180

71
How many positive integers less than or equal to 240 can be expressed as a sum
of distinct factorials? Consider 0! and 1! to be distinct.
Answer · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Solution 39

72

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