HVPE Operation and Maintenance

KARIKALAN.
www.elecsolution.com
Operation and Maintenance 3
Voltages at all levels shall be observed and to be maintained nearest to the rated
values.
Trip circuit supervision of all breakers shall be checked every 2 hour.
Battery voltages, DC leakage, Charger condition, switch off AC supply to charger
(once in a shift) and observe any fall in DC battery voltage.
Communication equipment such as PLCC, P&T and wireless shall always be in
working condition.
Check the loading on the transformers and capacitor banks. Load current in all the
Check
three phases and in neutral circuit (wherever available) to be checked.
Note the oil and winding temperature and physically check-up by feeling the
temperature of transformers by hand.
Note the tap position of various transformers.
Check up for any oil leaks and red hot spots.
Ensure that alarms and indications on annunciation panel are working

Check the diesel generator and trial run for 5 minutes daily once in the morning shift
and note down the voltage.
Check the entire yard for any unusual sounds, sparks and red hots during evening
shift.
Check up gas pressures in SF6 breakers.
Watering of earth pits to be done daily.
Ensure that lightning arrestor's leakage current (micro) ammeter reading is in safe
zone (Green).
Check up the batteries, exhaust fans in the battery room.
Whenever feeders trip, find out the position of breakers at other end and note down
relay indications if any at other end.

i. Inspect insulators for crack, burn mark and chipping
ii. Check motor, compressor (for pneumatic breakers), pump (hydraulic breakers) for
unusual noise
iii. Inspect for oil leak/air leak of the operating mechanism
iv. Inspect control circuit and operating mechanism cubicles for the following:-
- heaters operation
- clean vents
- seals and latch

Operation and Maintenance 17 17
Monitoring of operating timings is basically done with a aim of finding any problem in
operating mechanism, alignment of main/arcing contacts.
Precautions:
Ensure Proper shutdown is arranged.
Ensure that there are no joints in testing cable and the testing leads are not touching
any live point.
Do not connect the test set the energized equipment.
Ground cable must be connected first and removed at last.
Test equipment body should be earthed.
Clean the surface / terminal where the connection for testing is to be made.
Clean earth point with sand paper / wire brush where earth terminal is to be
provided.
provided.

Note the down the timings of various operations of CB viz. CO, OC, OCO by
giving appropriate command.

The permissible pole discrepancy as per IEC 56
between 2 poles ---- should not be beyond 1/6 of cycle (3.33 ms)
Between 2 breaks ---- should not exceed 1/8th of a cycle (2.5ms).
if these are not within the limits the same is to be corrected by:
i. Equalizing the SF6 pressure in different poles
ii. Make necessary adjustment plunger of trip of close coil
iii. Adjustment in operating mechanism
iv. Changing trip / close coil if required
It is also necessary to measure the timings of auxiliary contacts from the point of view
of variations with respect to main contact

Purpose of measuring contact resistance measurement is to assess the condition of
the main contacts against erosion or misalignment of the main contacts.
.
Test arrangement
Kelvin's 4 terminal method
Evaluation of Test Result

The value of the contact resistance for a new circuit breaker should be around
50 micro-ohms per break.
If the value of the contact resistance exceeds the permissible limits, this could lead to
over heating of contacts. Monitoring contact resistance values is very good
techniques for assessing the condition of main contacts

Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement is a signature of change in contact
resistance of CB during operation.
A DC current is injected through the CB

and the current and voltage drop are
measured and the resistance is calculated.
The graphs of resistance vs. time
data provide useful information
on the condition of the main and also
Arcing contact of CB.
It plots the variation in contact resistance while first, the arcing,

and then the main contacts engage and disengage during C-O operation.

Transducers and fixtures are attached to operating rod or interrupting chamber for
measuring contact travel. When CB closes contact travel is recorded. Contact bouncing
and any other abnormality is also pointed out by contact travel measurement. If contact
travel is recorded with DCRM the length of the arcing contact shall also be monitored
Why DCRM…
i. Reflects useful information on Contact condition
ii. Gives prior indication of deterioration Operating mechanism linkages
iii. Certain mechanical weaknesses, undetected by travel measurement, are reflected
in DCRM measurement.
Main contacts: 40 to 80 micro-ohms
Arcing contacts: 125 to 600 micro-ohms

Operation and Maintenance 24 24
Purpose: is to be detected any incipient weakness in the HV insulation.
Test Setup:
Connect LV cable to the middle of the double interrupter

ii. Connect HV cable to the other end of grading capacitor to be tested
iii. Ground the opposite end of the grading capacitor using earth switch
iv. Measurement to be done in UST mode
v. Follow the procedure provided by the equipment supplier.
vi. Measurement to be made at 2 kV first and then at 10 kV.

In a perfect capacitor, the voltage and current are phase shifted 90 degrees and the
current through the insulation is capacitive. If there are impurities in the insulation,
the resistance of the insulation decreases, resulting in an increase in resistive current
through the insulation. It is no longer a perfect capacitor. The current and voltage will
no longer be shifted 90 degrees. It will be something less than 90 degrees. The extent
to which the phase shift is less than 90 degrees is indicative of the level of insulation
contamination, hence quality/reliability. This “Loss Angle” is measured and analyzed.

An increase in the value of tan delta indicates the deterioration of cellulose insulation
whereas increase in both tan delta and capacitance reveals entry of moisture in the
insulation.
Tan delta <= 0.7% (0.007)
Tan delta measurement indicates the condition of insulator..
1.Chemical deterioration due to time and temperature, including certain cases of
acute deterioration caused by localized overheating;
2. Contamination by water, carbon deposits, bad oil, dirt and other chemicals;
3. Severe leakage through cracks and over surfaces;
4. Ionization.

Dew Point is the temperature at which moisture content in SF6 gas/air
starts condensing. Measurement of dew point of SF6 gas in a circuit breaker reveals
the change in the value of dielectric properties of SF6 gas.
When Moisture density is high
SF4 + 3H2O ................H2SO3 + 4 HF
Hydrogen fluorides and H2SO3 formed during these reactions attack the materials
containing silicon-dioxide (SIO2) viz. glass / porcelain.
Test Setup:

• Make the connections to the kit from CB pole ensuring that regulating valve is fully
closed at the time of connections of the Dew point kit.
• By regulating the flow rate of SF6 gas (0.2 liter/min to 0.5 liter/min -ref. IEC 480),
the value of dew point is observed till it becomes stable.
• If the regulating valve is provided at outlet of the dew point kit, then dew point for
rated pressure is to be monitored.
Evolution of test results
There are two sources of moisture ingress in SF6 gas after it is filled in CB. Exudation
of moisture contained during manufacturing from insulation materials used in Circuit
Breakers and permeation of moisture through sealed sections, i.e., gaskets, O-Rings,
etc.

The measurement of insulation resistance is carried out to check the
healthiness of the transformer insulation.
The measurement of insulation resistance is done by means of megger of 2.5 kV for
transformer windings with voltage rating of 11 kV and above and 5 kV for EHV
transformers.
Safety Precautions :
 It has also to ensured that high voltage and low voltage windings are isolated along
with the concerned isolators.
 In case transformer is having a tertiary windings, ensure the isolation are the same
prior to commencement of the test.
 Also the jumpers and lighting arrestors connected to the transformer have to be
disconnected prior to start of testing after issue of PTW.
Bushing porcelain may be cleaned by wiping with a piece of the dry cloth.
As the windings possess a substantial capacitance, the current carrying cords should
only be touched after the electric charge have been removed from them.

Test Procedure:
IR measurements shall be taken between the windings collectively (i.e. with all the
windings being connected together) and the earthed tank (earth) and between each
winding and the tank, the rest of the windings being earthed. Following measurements
are relevant for Auto-transformer, three winding transformer and reactor.

HV lead of the test kit to be connected to the shorted bushing top and LV lead to be
connected to the test tap of the bushing under test: Test is to be carried out in
ungrounded specimen test mode (UST) at the rated test voltage of the kit.
Winding Tan delta:
Dissipation factor/ Loss factor and capacitance measurement of winding is carried out
to ascertain the general healthiness of the ground and inter winding insulation of
transformer and reactors.
Test Combinations:

The purpose of this test is to check for any abnormalities due to lose
connection, broken strands and high contact resistance in tap changers.
Test Setup:

Resistance shall be measured between the line and the neutral terminal and average of
3 sets of reading shall be taken as tested value for star connected winding with
neutral brought out.
For transformers provided with delta connected windings such as tertiary windings of
auto transformers, measurement shall be made between pairs of line terminals and
resistance per windings shall be calculated per formula given below:
Resistance per winding = 1.5 x Measured value
Resistance at 75 degree C may be calculated as per the following formula.
R75 = Rt (235+75) / (235+t).
Note : Ensure that direct current circulating has settled down before the measurement
is done.

Purpose : This has been considered as one of the important tools by all the power
utilities for detecting any incipient fault in the transformers and the reactors.
These gases come out and get collected in the Buchholz relay when the quantity is
more. However, these gases dissolved in the oil if the quantity is less.
The gases which are of interest are hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene,
carbon mono-oxide, carbon di-oxide, nitrogen and oxygen.
Evaluation of Gases: Relationship with temperature of different fault gasses is given
below
Methane CH4 > 120° C Ethane (C2H6) > 120 ° C
Ethylene (C2H4) > 150°C Acetylene (C2H2) > 700 ° C

Regular oil sampling at intervals of 1 year is recommended.
"Top" or "middle“ oil sampling valve: Sampling for gas analysis
"Bottom" oil sampling valve: Sampling for other analyses
Oil analyses must be performed for samples taken from the following
reservoirs:
Transformer tank
Conservator
Tap selector compartment -OLTC

To measure the vibrations of core /coil assembly in the tank of the reactor. Movement
of the core-coil assembly and shielding structure caused by the time–varying magnetic
forces results in vibration of the tank and ancillary equipment.
Evaluation:
The average amplitude of local maximum points shall not exceed 60µm (2.36 miles)
Peak-peak. Within any individual reading shall not exceed 200µm (7.87 miles).

 Check the up and down and operation of tab changer for the full range before
attempting electrical operation.
 Ensure the handle that handles interlock shall not allow electrical operation when
the handle is inserted.
 Check for any discontinuity during tab changing operation by connecting an
analogue multimeter at cross HV and LV bushing and change the tab position from
maximum to minimum.
 In the event of single phase tab changer check their tab position agree and are
reach simultaneously at motor drive unit head
 Check for accurate indication of mechanical position indicator in all positions.
Generally the temperature of OLTC compartments is a few degrees Celsius less than
the main tank. In case the temperature is found to be higher than this indicates a sign
of internal problem and the OLTC compartment need to be opened.

Min BDV should be 50 kV and moisture content should be less than 20 PPM.

Cooling System-Fans-Controls
Checking for correct rotation of fans and pumps to be ensured as reverse rotation
may not provide desired result.
 Oil pumps need to be checked by observing their flow gauges.
 Measurement of pump current reveals any abnormality.
 Any significant imbalance of current between the terminals greater than 15-20% is
indicative of the problem with the pump motor.
Checking of Auto cooler ON function. (Temperature depended.)
BUCHOLZ Relays:
For testing of the contact functions, buchholz relays are provided with a test knob on
the cover. Unscrew the protective cap and press down the knob by hand. The spring
loaded knob with a pin inside the relay actuates first the alarm device and then the
tripping device. After testing, screw on the protective cap again.

Failure of Paper Insulation
Oil leakage

 All terminals of unused CT secondary terminals are to be properly shorted to avoid
development of abnormal voltage and subsequent failure of CTs incase they left open.
 The Tan delta tap is to properly earthed to avoid damage of insulation.
 All corona shields are to be provided and any damaged corona shield to be replaced
with new one.
 As CT primary carries heavy current, any loose joint may lead to arcing and welding
of terminal connectors.
 In coastal and industrial areas where pollution levels are high, due to saline
atmosphere/ chemical contamination, porcelain insulators of electrical equipment shall
have higher creepages.
 Marshalling boxes, CT terminal boxes are to be properly sealed to prevent any dust,
rain water and insects. Door gaskets are to be changed periodically to give proper
sealing

Measurement of Secondary Winding Resistance for Current Transformers
Secondary winding resistance of CTs is measured with a digital or analogue Ohm
•Secondary
meter with leads.
•It is to be ensured that associated CTs are not in charged condition. For example, main
and tie CTs for differential relays should not be in charged condition.
•Earth provided if any in the secondary circuit of CT, should be removed prior to
measurement.
Evaluation :
Extreme low value of resistance indicates turn to turn shorting and a high value
indicates loose connection which is to be identified and tightened before repeating
the measurement.

If you get higher TAN delta and high oil leakages then dienergise the CT ,take oil
sample and sent for DGA test.
Oil samples to be collected in 300ml bottles and to be sent to test lab for testing. Test
results should be comparable to factory values.
Deterioration of oil quality and oil DGA indicates violation it shall be taken out from
service and overhauled/ minor damages if any are attended, before the CT fails.

Low Pressure indication in the pressure gauge.
When there is low pressure indication in the pressure gauge (pointer is in the range of
alarm pressure) then there is either a fault in the pressure gauge itself, which requires
replacement or there is a leakage in the CT. Refill the gas in the CT.
Incase the pressure drops again, put the CT out of service.
Reading high pressure
Check the gas pressure in the CT. The exact dependency between filling pressure and
temperature of the CT depend on SF6 gas curves. When there is high pressure
indication in the pressure gauge there is most probably a fault in the densitometer
itself which requires a replacement.
SF6 Gas leakage
If there is any indication of leakage (e.g. pressure gauge shows low pressure) the leak
can be found by means of a Halogen detector. Critical areas are all those where
gaskets are inserted.

The following points can be possible sources of SF6 -gas leakage:
1. rupture disc
2. flange-connection between the housings
3. primary conductor outlet
4. top flange of the insulator
5. bottom flange of the insulator
6. secondary bushing
7. pocket of the densitimeter sensor
8. SF6 gas - valves

These surface properties of silicone rubber eliminate the need of cleaning on the long
run. A simple visual control can be of the surface after raining. If any water pearls can
be seen, the hydrophobicity is working; and cleaning is not necessary.
Depending on the degree of pollution, silicone insulators can be cleaned by means of
the
following material:
a) Soapy water
b) Steam jet with car shampoo (1%)
A change of colour of the silicone,
has no influence on the hydrophobic properties.

i. Inspect oil level
ii. Check for oil leakage
iii. Check for insulator chipping and its cleanliness
If oil leak is observed in anyone stack, the entire CVT is to be replaced.
CVTs are tuned units and replacement of anyone stack is not recommended to
avoid phase angle errors.

• The colour of oil indicated through the gauge glass gives some indication of the
healthiness of the internal components.
• Any abnormal heating may also be observed through Thermo vision scanning.
• Maintenance of Marshalling box gaskets, tightening of secondary terminal
connections and tightening of primary terminal connections, etc., are also to be
ensured for healthy operation.
CAPACITANCE & TAN DELTA MEASUREMENT

Item - Oil Level Indicator on EMU
Earlier - Oil Presence Indicator

Now - Oil Level Indicator
Benefits - Visual Monitoring of Level

. Inspect insulators for cracks, or burns or pollutants deposits
ii. Check motor drive cabinet for the following:
- Heater operation
- Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
iii. Clean ventilation openings
iv. Check motor drive cabinet is properly latched and seals are in good
condition
v. Check for visible misalignment/over travel/discoloration of primary
contacts
vi. Check for leakage of grease at insulator base and motor gear
vii. Check earth tape connections from the disconnectors to the substation
earthing system

Primary contact routine inspection
Where possible
i. Check tightness of bolts and nuts
ii. Check springs of female contact for rust and its elasticity
iii. Check contact fingers for pitting marks, erosion, corrosion
iv. Check for alignment of primary contacts and arcing tips
v. Check arcing tips for excessive arc damage
vi. Check for simultaneous closing of all blades for 3 phases
The alignment of Disconnectors is very important for smooth operation. The limit
switches, the healthiness of auxiliary contacts needs to be checked periodically.
Mis -alignment leads to Hot Spots and breakage.

Operating mechanism functional check
i. Check linkages, rods and levers for smooth operation, ensure all joints
are secured tightly
ii. Lubrication of bearings with appropriate approved grease for non
sealed bearings
iii. Grease rotating and hinges points
iv. Check alignment of auxiliary contacts
v. Grease operating mechanism of the auxiliary contacts
vi. Check operation of interlocks
vii. Check operation of motor
viii. Check operation of all safety interlocks
ix. Operate ON/OFF switch to ensure proper functioning

Purpose
Purpose of measuring contact resistance measurement is to assess the condition of
the male and female contacts against erosion or misalignment of the main contacts.
Contact resistance of disconnector switch contacts should be measured to check the
healthiness of the current carrying parts.
Instrument Required
Micro ohm meter of 100 A or more current injection capacity with accessories is
required for this test.
Evaluation
If the value of the contact resistance exceeds the permissible limits, this could lead to
over heating of contacts. Monitoring contact resistance values is very good
techniques for assessing the condition of main contacts.
Maximum permissible contact resistance value for isolators is 300 micro ohms.

CLEANING OF CONTACT SURFACES
Silver-faced contact surfaces (bolted)
1. Clean with cold cleaning agent Trichloroethylene (Without destroying silver plating
of surface)
2. Apply tin layer of Grease.
Galvanized contact surfaces (bolted)
1. Clean using steel wire brush
2. Apply tin layer of grease immediately.
LUBRICANT DETAILS
1) For all pins and bushes, Shafts and bushes------ AP3—Multipurpose grease or equal
2) For all sliding contact parts— Petroleum jelly or equalent.
3) For fixed contact parts--------- Anti corrosive compound for electrical joints-ACC50
or equalent.

For Rust protection, grease G 0r Tectyl- 506 is recommended.
Earth Switches:
 The earth switch is a safety device and smooth operation is to be ensured by proper
alignment.
 The earth blade contacts are to be cleaned properly for proper contact and contact
resistance to be measured to ensure healthiness.
 The earth connection from blade to earth is to be carefully checked. All the joints
should be tightened.
 Flexible copper braid connections are provided and healthiness ensured.
 All moving parts should be lubricated for smooth operation.

i. Inspect for cracks, pollutant deposits on insulator housing
ii. Check for operation of pressure relief vent
iii. Check earthing connection from surge arresters to the ground
iv. Check condition of surge counter and leakage current gauge
v. Record reading of surge counter and leakage current gauge
Whenever one stack fails, it is better to change the entire arrester as otherwise the
stressed stacks will start failing along with the new stack.
Routine Test:
Insulation resistance measurement.
Thermo vision image.

Operation with unbalance phases may cause over stressing of some of the capacitors
causing further damage.
Best way to check the healthiness of a capacitor is to check the capacitance with a
capacitance meter, partial or complete failure of a capacitor can be established from
this.
Increased C  shorting of elements.
Decrease in C  Opening of elements

Leakage:
The leakage in welded seam or in terminal cap -After cleaning and abrading by emery
cloth apply Araldite or solder the spot carefully.
Over Heating:
Over heating due to over voltage.
Low Current:
Lower current than rated current due to low voltage and loose connection.
- Tighten Carefully.
Abnormal Bulging:
Gas formation due to internal arcing causing unit to bulge or burst – Change the unit

33KV Capacitor Bank Improper Balancing
In the event of failure of one capacitor unit (say in R-phase) it is observed

that balancing is done by removing one capacitor each from Y and B-
phases as shown in figure below. This arrangement is not correct, since it
results in unequal voltage distribution between the capacitors in series
groups.
Correct method of balancing is, to connect equal number of capacitors of identical
rating in each series group in all the three phases on one star bank, to maintain equal
voltage distribution across series groups.

1. Verify ventilation of battery room or enclosure.
2. Inspect physical and mechanical condition.
3. Inspect anchorage, alignment and grounding.
4. Cleanness of the unit.
5. Clean corroded/oxidized terminals and apply an oxide inhibitor.
6. Inspect bolted electrical connections for high resistivity using one of the following
methods :
a. Use of low resistance ohmmeter.
b. Verify tightness of accessible bolted electrical connections by calibrated torque-wrench method.

Bulging of Battery:
If a battery bulges severely on charge, this is not normal. It is an indication of a
blocked valve or an overcharge situation. Such a battery should be removed from
service.
A certain amount of bulge is normal.
Battery Capacity test:
Battery Capacity Test can be performed if required to confirm the AH capacity and to
identify the failed capacitors.

This Procedure outlines the steps in identifying "Hot Spots" on equipment at a
substation utilizing the Thermovision camera.
Thermovision camera is capable of identifying the heat generated by individual
substation components operating at temperatures above their equipment design
ratings using Infra red (IR) technology.
Basically, the I2R losses produce the heat that IS observed by the camera as a "hot
spot“.
Points to be noted:
 A Thermal vision scan of the electrical system at peak load will give an indication of
the hot spots In the circuit Identify which of the hot spots is the result of wrong
connector type.
 Since the Scanning Operator will be working In high voltage substations, all safety
work practices, clearances, etc must be known and observed A minimum of two
operators working together for each scanner is recommended.

 Hot Spots show up as light blue, yellow, orange, red or white on a dark blue
background The temperature of the hot spot Increases as the color goes from light
blue to red to white being the hottest.
 Readings were not taken from different angles as a check on the accuracy of
temperature.
Evaluation of Results:
Hot spot category Recommended Corrective Action
Critical (C): [i.e. T≥50ºC] Immediate Corrective Action (ICA)
Less Critical (LC): [i.e. 15ºC≤ΔT<50ºC] Action with in a Month (AWM)
Non Critical (NC): [i.e. ΔT<15ºC] Quarterly Monitoring

Spot Temp.
0 120.0
1
Area Temp.
0 123.0
Line Max Temp.

0
B-Phase Line side isolator clamp CT-side clamp is very hot. Attention should be
required.

Spot Temp.
0
Area Temp.
0 161.3
Line Max Temp.

0 160.3
R-Phase Breaker side Cable isolator Clamp is at elevated temperature.

Attention should be taken.

To ensure safety of operating staff by limiting voltage gradient at ground level in the
substation.
To provide a sufficiently low resistance path to earth to minimize the rise in earth
potential with respect to a remote earth fault.
All metallic objects which do not carry current and installed in the substation such as
structures, parts of electrical equipments, fences, armoring and sheaths of the low
voltages power and control cables should be connected to the earthing electrode
system.
Electrocution\Shock
Electrical accident depends on……
1. Current amplitude.
2. Duration of current flow.
3. Voltage level.
Resistance of human body --- 300 Ohms to 1000 Ohms
Dry condition > 10000 Ohms

The potential difference between two steps of a person standing on the substation
floor during the flow of earth fault current is known as step potential.

Current Electrode
Earth Electrode on test

Potential Electrode

By adding series capacitance in transmission line the inductive reactance gets partially
neutralized, thus decreasing the adverse effects of inductive reactance and enhancing
the Power Transmission Capability of the Transmission Line.

Capacitors should be maintained periodically once a month.
Capacitors including bushings should be cleaned of dust etc. All connections should
be checked for tightness.
Any rusty portion should be cleaned and then given a coat of paint.
Check for leakage/seepage of oil on any equipment. These cannot be tolerated.
Repair immediately by applying fast curing M-Seal or Araldite.
There is a short or a trip on any phase :
Identify and replace the damaged unit. If no spare is available, remove equal units from
other phases and balance.

These spark gaps are inserted in parallel with capacitor banks such that in case of over
voltage across capacitors, the spark gaps breakdown and become conducting, thus
decreasing the over voltages across capacitors to protect them.
The enclosure, support insulators, bushing insulators, electrodes, and other parts are
visually inspected.
If there are burning marks on the surface of the graphite electrodes, they are
smoothed by using a file and a grinding cloth.
The copper electrodes, support and bushing insulators are cleaned by wiping with a
cloth.
Tightness of the lower, upper and auxiliary electrodes and that all graphite
electrodes to be checked.

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HVPE Operation and Maintenance

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Operation and Maintenance 10

Operation and Maintenance 11

Operation and Maintenance 13

Operation and Maintenance 18

Operation and Maintenance 19

Operation and Maintenance 20

Evaluation of Test Result

Operation and Maintenance 21

A DC current is injected through the CB

It plots the variation in contact resistance while first, the arcing,

Operation and Maintenance 22

i. Reflects useful information on Contact condition

ii. Gives prior indication of deterioration Operating mechanism linkages

iii. Certain mechanical weaknesses, undetected by travel measurement, are reflected

Main contacts: 40 to 80 micro-ohms

Arcing contacts: 125 to 600 micro-ohms

Operation and Maintenance 23

Connect LV cable to the middle of the double interrupter

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avoid phase angle errors.

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Earlier - Oil Presence Indicator

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In the event of failure of one capacitor unit (say in R-phase) it is observed

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Operation and Maintenance 98

Hot spot category Recommended Corrective Action