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Research Article
This study assessed the determinants of total asset growth of micro and small-scale enterprises
in Gondar city of Amhara regional state, and more specifically; to find out the major constraints
which affect the total asset growth of the sector. In this study, both primary and secondary
sources were employed to gather the data. The primary data were collected by questionnaire.
These methods were helpful in collecting information from operators of micro and small-scale
enterprise in the organization of the sector. The secondary data had been collected from
published and unpublished documents and also collected from bureau of MSE in Gondar city. For
this study, simple random sampling technique was employed to select kebeles administrations
in the study area. In addition, stratification sampling technique was employed based on types of
micro and small-scale enterprises (construction, trade, associations, service and manufacturing).
In this study the data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and econometric model
(multiple linear regression models). The result this study education, interest and working premise
are most significant factors that affect the total asset growth of MSEs in the study area. Finally,
the study suggesting that any interventions designed to increase the total asset growth of micro
and small-scale enterprises in the study area.
Keywords: Growth, Determinant, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs), Multiple Linear Regressions
INTRODUCTION
The micro and small scale enterprises (MSEs) are long in the country are engaged in MSEs sector. It contributes
recognized as important vehicles of economic 3.4% of GDP, 33% of the industrial sector and 52% of the
diversification, income generation and distribution, and manufacturing sector (CSA, 2005). However, this sector
accelerating the economy growth of a country. They can had faced lack of access to credit, insufficient loan size,
also help to achieve a more equitable distribution of the time delay and collateral (Gebrehiwot and Wolday, 2006;
benefits of economic growth and thereby help alleviate Mulu,2007; MoTI 1 , 2005), and faced lack of access to
some of the problems associated with uneven income markets, finance, working premises, supply of raw
distribution and poverty (Zemenu and Mohammed, 2014). material, lack of sufficient capital, business information,
And also MSEs are recognized as vehicles for economic business premises, the acquisition of skills and managerial
growth and reduce poverty and unemployment by virtue of expertise and access to modern technology (MoTI 2, 2005).
their size, capital investment and their capacity to generate Similarly, most MSEs have no growth and remain at their
greater employment (ILO, 2008). Despite the large initial level due to different internal (owner’s/operator’s
potential contribution of MSEs, the sector face problems in related and/or firm’s related) and external factors
both at their start up and after operation phase (World (Admasu, 2012).
Bank, 2004).
*Corresponding Author: Gebre-Egziabher Fentahun,
MSEs are the second largest employment generating Department of Agricultural Economics, Assosa University,
sector next to agriculture in Ethiopia and more than 1.3 P.O.Box 18, Assosa, Ethiopia.
million people in the country are engaged in this sector. A E-mail: gebreegzi22@gmail.com
National survey conducted by Central Statistics Agency Co-Author Email: aendris76@gmail.com
(CSA) in 2007 indicates that more than 1.3 million people
1
Ministry of Trade and Industry 2
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia
Endiris and Fentahun 690
In order to alleviate such problems, the federal operators during their start-up and in the process of their
government of Ethiopia has introduced its first MSEs operation.
development strategy which states that a special focus of
the government, given that they comprise the largest share In this study, to collect the basic information and special
of total enterprises and employment in the non-agricultural attention to the concerned bodies about the determinants
sectors. In recognition of the important role MSEs have to of growth total asset in micro and small enterprises. Having
play in creating income and employment opportunities and the factors in mind, this study can be used to show the
in reducing poverty, the government drafted its first Micro major problems on MSEs in the study area and to assist
and Small Enterprise Development Strategy (MoTI, poverty reduction actors to improve the total asset or
2005).” Accordingly, the region based on the countries standard of living through providing some possible
policy and strategy has design to implement the activities solutions in the major constraint areas which base the
of MSEs such services, construction, manufacture, major findings. In general, this study addressed to find out
trading, association and retailer and others. This designed the major factors that affect the total asset growth in micro
strategy recognizes the contribution of MSEs in the and small scale enterprises in the study area.
employment generation, increasing individual’s income
and total growth asset; in general, improving the quality of
life of citizens. METHODOLOGY
In this regard, Gondar city, which is found in the Amhara Description of the Study Area
regional state of North Gondar zone, has been faced with
economic, social and political constraints towards its Gondar is located in North Gondar zone of the Amhara
residents. Like any other cities in the country as a whole Regional state, and it is designed as a capital centre for
and in the region explicitly, Gondar city has acute shortage North Gondar Zone in the Amhara Regional state. The city
of capital, working place, training, and lack of accessibility is 748 kms way from Addis Ababa and 182 Kms away from
to market to their products and others by the small scale the capital city of Amhara Regional State (Bahir Dar).
Gondar is also 220 kms away from boarder of Sudan.
Sample size Determination of micro and small scale enterprise by using structure
questionnaire (open and closed ended questions). This
In this study, the sample size was determined by using questionnaire was first prepared in English language and
Yamane formula (Yamane, 1967). then translated into local language (Amharic) to make
N questions clear for the enumerator and to facilitate data
This formula expressed as: n= collection during the survey data. Secondary sources of
1 + N (e) 2 data was gathered from different published and
Where: n = statistically acceptable sample size unpublished documents, books, magazines, direct from
N = Total size of target population (298) bureau of MSE in Gondar city.
e = level of precision 10% (0.1) and at 90%
confidence level (0.1). Definition of variables
298
n= n = 75 The dependent variable of the model
1 + 298(0.1) 2
There are various arguments in the existing literature on
From the above calculation, we can find 75 enterprises
how to measure growth, and scholars have used a variety
acceptable sample size from the given enterprises in study
of different measures. These measures include, for
area with maintaining level of precision (0.1).
example, growth of sales, employees, assets, profit, equity
Sampling Technique (Davidsson and Wiklund, 2004). Growth in total Asset is
any liability owed by the enterprise and the enterprises
There are two general types of sampling methods. These capital that currently have. Total asset components can be
different from company to company but the main elements
are probability and non-probability methods of sampling. In
are the same. It can be classified as current asset and long
this study two stage sampling technique were employed.
term asset. But in this study to measure the dependent
In the first stage, simple random sampling technique was
used to select the three kebeles administrations because variable (growth in total asset of MSE) by the amount of
of each element in the population has a chance of being initial enterprise capital and the current capital of MSE in
chosen., which are particularly kebele1, 3 &13 kebele Birr with the firm age. Therefore, the dependent variable of
this study is the total asset growth of MSE in the Gondar
administrations. In the second stage, stratification
city as expressed by this formula.
sampling method were used to categorized micro and
small scale enterprises in to five groups (trade
associations, service, manufacturing, construction and Growth in total Asset =Current total asset−Initial total asset
private traders) from the selected kebeles administrations MSE age
in Gondar city. Finally, simple random sampling technique
The independent variables and hypothesis
was employed to select all respondent owner of the
enterprise in sample kebeles. This implies that (75)
See table 2
sampled owner of enterprises were selected randomly
from a total population of (298) in three sampled kebele
administrations (Table 1). Methods of Data Analysis
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 693
shows that a large majority of MSE operators are exposed A survey result indicated that, 53.3% the respondents
to rent from private owner, family, government building or have access to credit who engaged in micro and small
others and this increases vulnerability of MSE owners. As scale enterprise of in the three sampled kebele
a result, MSEs that were operating at own working premise administrations. The remaining 46.7%sample respondents
grow faster than those that operates at rented, at family have not access to credit in the MSE sector in the three
working premise and government building. Besides, those sampled kebele administrations. This shows that a
MSEs that were operating their business at rented working majority of MSE operators have access to credit.
premise shown lower growth rate than those MSEs that
were operating their business at their family working Table 8: Access to infrastructure
premise because the growth rate gap between the MSEs Access to Frequency Percent Mean of total
operating at own and family working premise is narrow infrastructure asset growth
than the MSEs operating at rented working premise and No 34 45.3 5494.83
govement building. Yes 41 54.7 16479.27
Table 5: Educational status of the respondents Total 75 100 21974.1
Educational status Frequency Percent Source: Survey result, 2015
Illiterate 15 20
The survey result of the study revealed that about 54.7%
Primary 20 26.7
of the respondents have access to infrastructure who
Secondary 24 32
engaged in micro and small-scale enterprise of in sampled
Certificate and above 16 21.3
kebeles of Gondar city. The remaining 45.3%sample
Total 75 100
respondents have not access to infrastructure in the
Source: own Survey result, 2015
sector. This shows that a large majority of MSE operators
As a result of the study, 32% of requested operators of have access to infrastructure.
micro and small-scale enterprise had attended secondary
school. This shows that most of the operators had Table 9: Interest rate
secondary school level. This is so, because of MSEs Frequency Percent Mean of total
requires knowledge and the government has given great asset growth
attention to support educated young unemployed by Low interest rate 23 30.7 4777.00
providing credit through group formation and training. The High interest rate 52 69.3 14545.19
others 26.7%of the respondents have primary education Total 75 100 19322.19
level. From the sample respondents 20 % of MSE Source: Survey result, 2015
operators are illiterate and the others sample respondents
have certificate and above which accounts 21.3%. This The survey result of the study revealed that 69.3% of the
group is also more encouraged by the government to respondents are exposed to high interest rate from
participate in MSE due to government strategy to improve financial institutions who engaged in micro and small-scale
the total asset growth of MSEs. enterprise of in sampled kebeles of Gondar city. The
remaining 30.7%sample respondents are getting low
Table 6: Firm/MSE Age interest rate from financial institutions in the sector. This
MSE age Frequency Percent shows that a large majority of MSE operators are largely
<1 year 19 25.3 vulnerable to high interest rate arising from both formal and
1-5 year 38 50.6 informal financial institutions.
>5 year 18 24.1
Total 75 100 Econometric Results and Discussion
Source: Survey result, 2015.
In order to identify the most affecting variables on growth
The survey result indicated that majority 38(50.6%) of
total asset in MSE by using multiple linear regression
MSE age existed between 1-5 years. Next to this
model. Before estimating the chance of the event using
19(25.3%) of MSE age is < 1 year and 18(24.1%) of the
multiple regression model, goodness of fit of the model and
MSE age existed >5 years. This shows that as the age of
multi-co linearity diagnoses were made.
micro and small enterprise increases, their effectiveness
in growth of total asset also increases.
Test for Multi-collinearity: The test for multi-collinearity
Table 7: Access to credit tests whether there are no perfect linear relationships
Access to Frequency Percent Mean of total asset among the explanatory variables. However, multi-
credit growth collinearity problem is the existence of a “perfect,” linear
No 35 46.7 5193.04 relationship among some or all explanatory variables of a
Yes 40 53.3 17022.48 regression model (Gujarati, 2004). In order to test the
Total 75 100 22215.52 existence of multi-collinearity problem among continuous
Source: Survey result, 2015 variable, VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) is utilized. As a
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia
Endiris and Fentahun 694
rule of thumb for multi-collinearity, test of the model states From the result of the study, all the explanatory variables
a variable whose values are greater than 10 or whose included education, working premise and interest rate in
1/VIF value is less than 0.1 indicates possible problem of this study can significantly affect the dependent variable.
multi-collinearity. Thus, in this study there is no value The standardized beta coefficient column shows the
greater than 10, all value of the Variance Inflation Factors contribution that an individual variable makes to the model.
are less than 3.49. Therefore, in this study there is no The beta weight is the average amount the dependent
multi-collinearity problem among continuous variable. variable increases when the independent variable
(education, working premise and MSE age) increases by
Correlation matrix illustrates the relationship between two one standard deviation (all other independent variables
independent and/or independent dependent variables. are held constant). But, the standardized beta coefficient
Correlation matrix examines the extent or direction of in the dependent variable decrease when interest rate
relationship among two variables and how one variable is increase at 1% (all other independent variables are held
related to another. Correlation problem exists when the constant).
correlation result is above 0.80 and below -0.80 (Gujarati,
2004). But, in this study, the correlation coefficients are Education Level: The survey result of the study revealed
under 0.7582 and over -0.0340. Therefore, the correlation that the education level is one of the most significance
matrix tests revealed that there is no serious correlation factors that affect the growth in total asset of MSE. The
problem among continuous variable. education level of owner/operator was positively significant
factor affecting the total asset growth of MSEs at 1% level
From the result of the model, R Square value of 0.8274 of significance. The education level of owner/operator one
and adjusted R square value of 0.8079, it may be realized grade increase, the total asset growth of MSE increased
that 82.74% of the variation in total asset growth can be by 3381.55 Birr at 1% level of significance by assuming all
explained by the independent variables. The remaining other variables were constant. This finding is consistent
17.26%% of the variance is explained by other variables with other empirical studies (Mulu, 2007; Habtamu, et al.,
not included in this study and the F test shows the model 2013; Mbugua et al., 2013). The possible explanations
is goodness of fitness because the prob> F is 0.000. given by previous studies with regard the education
improves the ability of efficiently allocating resources to
The multiple regression model was used to identify the more productive lines of business and to select profit
major determinant factors for MSEs growth in terms of total maximizing inputs/materials. Therefore, we can therefore
asset by using the compound annual total asset growth say that level of education is a major factor that affects the
rate as an objective measure. After the regression of the total asset growth in MSEs in the study area.
model we can find the access to working premise, access
to credit, education level and firm age are found significant Work promise: Work promise has significant and
in determining total asset growth of MSEs in the study positively affects the growth in total asset of MSE at 1%
area. The results of the multiple linear regression models significant level. So, the own premise increase in the
are summarized in Table 3.8 below. operator of MSEs in 1%, their growth in total asset
increase by 5936.32 Birr at 1% significant level by
Table 10: Determinants of total asset growth in MSE in assuming other variables constant. More availability of
study area access of working premise would mean more capital that
Independent variable Coef. Std. Err. P> (t) enhances the operation of the MSE sector. Therefore, the
Firm age 2554.312 1106.233 0.026** hypothesis which states “MSEs that have own working
Gender of 415.6216 1847.87 0.823 premise are more likely to grow faster as compared to
respondent others” is accepted.
Educational status 3381.553 825.6866 0.000*** Firm age: The MSE’s age has positive and significant
Working promise 5936.324 883.4229 0.000*** effect on the total asset growth of MSE at 5% significant
Access to credit -912.1649 1658.954 0.584 level. This means that in the age of MSEs increased by
Access to -558.1207 1536.616 0.718 one year, their growth in total asset increased by 2524.31
infrastructure Birr, ceteris paribus. This finding is consistent with the
Interest Rate -4763.776 1754.62 0.009*** earlier finding (Mateev & Anastasov, 2010).This implies
Cons -11076.21 1824.616 0.000*** that as the age of an MSE increases, so does his business
R-squired 0.8274 No 75 experience, practical, wisdom and his income generating
observation capacity.
Adjusted R squired 0.8079 Prob>F 0.0000
Source: Survey result 2015 Interest rate: interest rate has negative and significant
Note that: ***significance at 1% and **significance at 5%. effect on total asset growth of MSEs at 1 % level of
Growth in total asset = -11076+3381.55 (education) significance. This shows that at 1% increase in interest
+5936.32(working premise) -4763.78(interest rate) rate of financial institutions, total asset growth of MSEs
+2524.31(firm age) deceased by 4763.778 Birr by assuming the other
variables constant.
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 695
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia
Endiris and Fentahun 696
Determinants of Total Asset Growth in Micro and Small-Scale Enterprise in Gondar City, Ethiopia