c
 


  






First degree burns are commonly caused by sunburns. These burns:

› ×nvolve only the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis

› are painful to the victim
› Form no blisters
› xeal alone and do not leave scars.

This is the least serious type of burn and rarely requires hospitalization or anything beyond
home treatments. ×n treating these injuries, the main goal is making the victim feel better
physically. These injuries heal on their own accord over a period of a few days to a week,
although the healing process can be expedited through the use of skin creams. xowever, others
can cause much more damage and may require hospitalization and specialized medical
treatment.





There are two types of second degree burns, including superficial partial thickness burns and
deep partial thickness burns. Second degree burns:

› ×nvolve the epidermis and dermis

› xave a moist appearance
› Form blisters
› are painful, since pain sensors are still intact

These types of burns are the most difficult to diagnose sense they may be only slightly worse
than a first degree, or may affect the skin very deeply, almost like a third degree.

— 




Third degree burns are the most serious type of burn. They often require significant treatment
both to heal the wound and to make cosmetic improvements, if possible. These burns:

› ×nvolve all skin layers

› ary in color, and may be white, waxy, red, or brown
› are dry and lack any elasticity
› |o not heal
› are painless to the victim, since pain sensors have been destroyed by the burn

These burns may even cause damage to internal organs and other structures. after an
explosion or a fire, victims often experience serious third degree burns, requiring extensive
treatment and healing time. Skin grafts are often used, during which doctors remove skin from
one area of the body and replace it on top of the injured area to help it heal. additional
cosmetic procedures may be needed after or during the healing process to help reduce the
appearance or severity of scars.

 
   












 —     
- the pressure within the right atrium and represents the filling pressure of the right
ventricle.

 
1. |etermines fluid status.
2. |etermines pressure on the right side of the heart.
3. Serves as an access for long term × drug administration.
4. Route for × fluids / alimentation.


  

! "
ͻ subclavian vein
ͻ jugular vein
ͻ basilic vein
ͻ femoral vein


c— 

1. Pneumothorax / xemothorax

 
- Subclavian insertion and accidental injection of air into the pleural space or laceration of
the lungs.

2. xemorrhage
3. ×nfection on insertion site

 
- Presence of disconnection, leaks, open stopcock
- Breakage of aseptic technique

4. |ysrrhythmias
5. air Embolism

 
 rritation of the endocardium
disconnections; leakages; improper position during insertion.