TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
1. The meaning of Trigonometry T–Ratio T)
Angle (T
p 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Tri Gon Metron
p p p
3 sides Measure
1 1 3
Hence, this particular branch in Mathematics was sin 0 1
2 2 2
developed in ancient past to measure 3 sides, 3 angles
and 6 elements of a triangle. In today’s time–trigonometric
functions are used in entirely different shapes. The 2 basic 3 1 1
cos 1 0
functions are sine and cosine of an angle in a right–angled 2 2 2
triangle and there are 4 other derived functions.
1
tan 0
3
1 3 f

1
cot f 3 1
3
0

sin T cos T tan T cot T sec T cosec T 2

sec 1
3 2 2 f
P B P B H H
H H B P B P
2
cosec f 2 2 3
1
2. Basic Trigonometric Identities

(a) sin2T + cos2T = 1 : –1d sinTd 1; –1d cosTd 1  TR The sign of the trigonometric ratios in different quadrants
are as under :
(b) sec2T – tan2T = 1 : | secT| t 1  TR

(c) cosec2T – cot2T = 1 : | cosecT| t 1  TR

TRIGONOMETRY

3. Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

§ 3S · § 3S ·
sin ¨  T ¸  cos T cos ¨  T ¸  sin T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
Using trigonometric ratio of allied angles, we could find
the trigonometric ratios of angles of any magnitude.
tan S  T tan T cot S  T cot T

sin (–T) = – sin T cos (–T) = cos T

§ 3S · § 3S ·
tan ¨  T ¸ cot T cot ¨  T ¸ tan T
§S · §S · © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
sin ¨  T ¸ cos T cos ¨  T ¸ sin T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

sec S  T  sec T cosec S  T  cosec T

tan (–T) = – tan T cot (–T) = –cot T

§ 3S · § 3S ·
§S · §S · sec ¨  T ¸  cosec T cos ec ¨  T ¸  sec T
tan ¨  T ¸ cot T cot ¨  T ¸ tan T © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹

cosec (–T) = – cosec T sec (–T) = sec T

§ 3S · § 3S ·
sin ¨  T ¸  cos T cos ¨  T ¸ sin T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§S · §S ·
sec ¨  T ¸ cos ecT cos ec ¨  T ¸ sec T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
sin 2S  T  sin T cos 2S  T cos T

§S · §S ·
sin ¨  T ¸ cos T cos ¨  T ¸  sin T § 3S · § 3S ·
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹ tan ¨  T ¸  cot T cot ¨  T ¸  tan T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

sin S  T sin T cos S  T  cos T

tan 2S  T  tan T cot 2S  T  cot T

§S · §S ·
tan ¨  T ¸  cot T cot ¨  T ¸  tan T § 3S · § 3S ·
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹ sec ¨  T¸ cos ec T cos ec ¨  T ¸  sec T
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

tan S  T  tan T cot S  T  cot T

sec 2S  T sec T cosec 2S  T  cosec T

§S · §S · sin 2S  T sin T cos 2S  T cos T

sec ¨  T ¸  cosecT cos ec ¨  T ¸ sec T
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹

tan 2S  T tan T cot 2S  T cot T

sec S  T  sec T cosec S  T cos ec T

sec 2S  T sec T cosec 2S  T cosec T

sin S  T  sin T cos S  T  cos T
 TRIGONOMETRY

4. Trigonometric Functions of Sum or 5. Multiple Angles and Half Angles

Difference of Two Angles
T T
(a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A ; sin T = 2 sin cos
(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 2 2

(b) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 A ;

(b) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
T T
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B 2cos2 = 1 + cos T, 2 sin2 = 1 – cos T
2 2

(d) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

T
2 tan A 2 tan
(c) tan 2A = ; tan T = 2
1  tan 2 A 2 T
tan A  tan B 1  tan
(e) tan (A  B) 2
1  tan A tan B

2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
(d) sin 2A = ; cos 2A =
tan A  tan B 1  tan A
2
1  tan 2 A
(f) tan (A  B)
1  tan A tan B
(e) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
(f) cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A

cot A cot B  1
(g) cot (A + B) = 3tan A  tan  A
cot B  cot A (g) tan 3A =
1  3tan 2 A

6. Transformation of Products into Sum

cot A cot B  1
(f) cot (A - B) = or Difference of Sines & Cosines
cot B  cot A

(h) sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – cos2A = sin (A + B) . sin (A – B) (a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(i) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – sin2A = cos (A + B) . cos (A – B)

(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

(j) tan (A + B + C) = tanA  tanB  tanC  tanAtanBtanC

(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
1  tanAtanB  tanBtanC  tanCtanA
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
TRIGONOMETRY

7. Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of 9. Conditional Identities

Two Sines or Cosines
If A + B + C = S then :
(i) sin 2A + sin2 B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
C D CD A B C
(a) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos (ii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2
(iii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
CD CD
(b) sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin A B C
2 2 (iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
(v) tan A + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC
CD CD
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos A B B C C A
2 2 (vi) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

CD CD A B C A B C
(d) cos C – cos D = – 2 sin sin (vii) cot  cot  cot cot .cot .cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

8. Important Trigonometric Ratios
10. Range of Trigonometric Expression
(a) sin n S = 0 ; cos n S = (–1)n ; tan nS = 0 where n Z
E = a sin T + b cos T

S 3 1 5S § b·
(b) sin 15º or sin = cos 75º or cos ; E a   b 2 sin(T  D), ¨ where tan D ¸
12 2 2 12 © a¹

§ a·
S 3 1 5S E a 2  b 2 cos(T  E), ¨ where tan E ¸
cos 15º or cos = = sin 75º or sin ; © b¹
12 2 2 12
Hence for any real value of T,  a 2  b 2 d E d a 2  b 2

3 1 11. Sine and Cosine Series

tan 15º = 2  3 = cot 75º ;
3 1 (a) sin D + sin (D + E) + sin (D + E) + ..... + sin (D + n  1 E )

nE
3 1 sin
tan 75º = 2  3 = cot 15º = 2 sin (D  n  1 E)
3 1 E 2
sin
2

S 5 1
(c) sin or sin 18º = & (b) cos D + cos ( D + E) + cos (D + 2E) + ...... + cos (D + n  1 E )
10 4
nE
sin
S 5 1 = 2 cos (D  n  1 E)
cos 36º or cos E 2
5 4 sin
2
 TRIGONOMETRY

(d) y = cot x,
12. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
x  R – {nS; n  z}; y  R
(a) y = sin x,
x  R ; y  [–1, 1]

(e) y = cosec x,
x R – {nS; n Z}; y  –f–]‰[1, f)
(b) y = cos x,
x  R ; y  [–1, 1]

(f) y = sec x,

­ S ½
x  R  ® 2n  1 ; n  Z ¾ ; y  –f–]‰[1, f)
(c) y = tan x, ¯ 2

­ S ½
x  R  ® 2n  1 ; n  Z ¾ ; y  R
¯ 2
TRIGONOMETRY

4. sin T = sin D œ T = n S + ( – 1) n D, where

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
ª S Sº
13. Trigonometric Equations D  « , »
¬ 2 2¼
The equations involving trigonometric functions of
5. cos T= cos DœT= 2nS± D, where D[0, S].
unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations.
e.g., cos T= 0, cos2T– 4 cos T= 1. § S S·
6. tan T= tan DœT= n S+ D, where D  ¨  , ¸
A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the © 2 2¹
unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
7. sin2T= sin2 DœT= n S± D.

1 S S 3S 9S 11S 8. cos2 T= cos2 DœT= n S± D.

e.g., sin T ŸT or T , , , ,...
2 4 4 4 4 4 9. tan2 T= tan2 DœT= n S± D.

Thus, the trigonometric equation may have infinite S

number of solutions and can be classified as : 10. sin T= 1 œT= (4n +1) .
2
(i) Principal solution
11. cos T= 1 œT= 2n S.
(ii) General solution
12. cos T= – 1 œT= (2n + 1) S.
14. General Solution 13. sin T= sin Dand cos T= cos DœT= 2n S+ D.

Since, trigonometric functions are periodic, a solution

generalised by means of periodicity of the trigonometrical
functions. The solution consisting of all possible solutions
of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution.

14.1 Results 1. Every where in this chapter ‘n’ is taken as an integer,

if not stated otherwise.
1. sin T= 0 œT= n S 2. The general solution should be given unless the
solution is required in a specified interval or range.
S
2. cos T= 0 œT(2n + 1) 3. D is taken as the principal value of the angle.
2
(i.e., Numerically least angle is called the principal
3. tan T= 0 œT= n S
value).