A SEMINAR REPORT

on

ARTIFICAL PASSENGER

Submitted in
Partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Information Technology

By
BHEEM REDDY SHIVANI
[B18IT062L]

Under the Guidance of

DR.K.PRAVEEN KUMAR

Department of Information Technology

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, WARANGAL-15

(An Autonomous Institute under Kakatiya University)

2019-20
 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that BHEEMREDDY SHIVANI [B18IT062L] of V-semester B.Tech.

Information Technology has satisfactorialy completed to seminar entitled “ARTIFICIAL
PASSENGER” in fulfillment of the requirement of B.Tech degree during this academic year
2019-2020

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DR.K.PRAVEEN KUMAR DR.P.KAMAKSHI

Asst.Professor Professor & Head, Dept. of I.T.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the people who have
extended their cooperation in various ways during my Seminar. It is my pleasure to
acknowledge the help of all those individuals.

I specially thank Dr.Y.Manohor, Director of Kakatiya Institute of Technology &

Science, Warangal, for his backup and encouragement.

I thank Dr.K.Ashoka Reddy, Principal of Kakatiya Institute of Technology &

Science, Warangal, for his strong support.

I thank Dr.P.Kamakshi, Professor & Head, Department of Information Technology

for her constant support in bringing shape to this Seminar.

I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr.K.Praveen Kumar, Associate Professor of

Information Technology for his guidance and help throughout the Seminar

In completing this Seminar successfully all our faculty members have given an
excellent cooperation by guiding us in every aspect. All your guidance helped me a lot and I
am very grateful to you.

BHEEMREDDY SHIVANI

(B18IT062L)
 ABSTRACT

An Artificial Passenger is a device that would be used in a motor vehicle to

make sure that the driver stays awake. The aim of Artificial Passenger is to provide a
higher level of interaction with a driver than current media such as CD players or radio
stations can offer.

The system interacts verbally with a driver to reduce the likelihood of them falling
asleep at the controls of a vehicle while driving during a long trip or one that extends into
the late evening. It is equipped to engage a vehicle operator by carrying on conversations,
playing verbal games, controlling the vehicle's stereo system, and so on. It also monitors
the driver's speech patterns to detect fatigue, and in response can suggest that the driver
take a break or get some sleep. It may also be integrated with wireless services to provide
weather and road information, driving directions, and other such notifications systems.
Artificial Passenger

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim of the Artificial Passenger
1.3 Organization of seminar report
CHAPTER 2: ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER 9
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Existing system of Artificial Passenger
2.3 Proposed system of Artificial passenger
2.4 Why Artificial Passenger
2.5 Need of Artificial Passenger
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS OF ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER 13
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Architecture
3.3 Working of eye tracking
3.4 Other components
3.5 Working of Artificial passenger
3.6 Driver
3.7Drowsiness prevention
CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS & CONCULUSION 24
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Applications
4.3 Advantages of using this system
4.4 Future Enhancements
4.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES 26

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Chapter:1
Introduction
An Artificial Passenger (AP) is a device that would be used in a motor vehicle to make
sure that the driver stays awake. IBM has developed a prototype that holds a conversation
with a driver, telling jokes and asking questions intended to determine whether the driver
can respond alertly enough. Assuming the IBM approach, an artificial passenger would
use a microphone for the driver and a speech generator and the vehicle's audio speakers
to converse with the driver. The conversation would be based on a personalized profile of
the driver.

A camera could be used to evaluate the driver's "facial state" and a voice analyzer
to evaluate whether the driver was becoming drowsy. If a driver seemed to display too
much fatigue, the artificial passenger might be programmed to open all the windows,
sound a buzzer, increase background music volume, or even spray the driver with ice
water .One of the ways to address driver safety concerns is to develop an efficient system
that relies on voice instead of hands to control Telematics devices. It has been shown in
various experiments that well designed voice control interfaces can reduce a driver’s
distraction compared with manual control situations. One of the ways to reduce a driver’s
cognitive workload is to allow the driver to speak naturally when interacting with a car
system (e.g. when playing voice games, issuing commands via voice).

1.1 Introduction:

The AP is an artificial intelligence–based companion that will be resident in

software and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard. The heart of the system is a
conversation planner that holds a profile of you, including details of your interests and
profession. A microphone picks up your answer and breaks it down into separate words
with speech recognition software. A camera built into the dashboard also tracks your lip
movements to improve the accuracy of the speech recognition. A voice analyzer then
looks for signs of tiredness by checking to see if the answer matches your profile. Slow
responses and a lack of intonation are signs of fatigue.

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The natural dialog car system analyzes a driver’s answer and the contents of the
answer together with his voice patterns to determine if he is alert while driving. The
system warns the driver or changes the topic of conversation if the system determines that
the driver is about to fall asleep. The system may also detect whether a driver is affected
by alcohol or drugs.

1.2 Aim of Artificial Passenger:

The aim of Artificial Passenger project at IBM is to provide a higher level of

interaction with a driver than current media such as CD players or radio stations can
offer.

1.3 Literature Survey:

During the night times the driver could get sleepier which may be porn to accidents. So in

order to overcome the sleepiness the driver could have taken one of the following or all
the below precautions.

 Use of simulation drinks (e.g.: coffee and tea)

 Some tablets to prevent sleeping.
 Miniature system installed in driver’s hat.

As these methods are sometimes inefficient and it may affect the health conditions of the
driver. So in order to overcome the disadvantages of these methods IBM introduces a
new sleep prevention technology device called as “Artificial Passenger” which was
developed by Dimitry Kanevsky and Wlodek Zadrozny.

This software holds the conversation with driver to determine whether the driver can
respond alertly enough .The name artificial passenger was first suggested in new scientist
magazine which was designed to make solo journey safer and more bearable. Early
techniques for determining head-pose used devices that were fixed to the head of the
subject to be tracked. For example, reflective devices were attached to the subjects head
an during a light source to illuminate the reflectors, the reflector locations were
determined.

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As such reflective devices are more easily tracked than the head itself, the problem of
tracking head-pose was simplified greatly. Virtual-reality headsets are another example
of the subject wearing a device for the purpose of head-pose tracking. These devices
typically rely on a directional antenna and radio frequency sources, or directional
magnetic measurement to determine head-pose.

Wearing a device of any sort is clearly a disadvantage, as the user's competence

and acceptance to wearing the device then directly effect the reliability of the system.
Devices are generally intrusive and will affect a user's behavior, preventing natural
motion or operation. Structured light techniques that project patterns of light onto the face
in order to determine head poseare also known. The light patterns are structured to
facilitate the recovery of 3D information using simple image processing. However, the
technique is prone to error in conditions of lighting variation and is therefore unsuitable
for use under natural lighting conditions.

1.4 Organization of Seminar Report:

Chapter 2:Artificial Passenger

Chapter 3: Components in Artificial Passenger

Chapter 4:Applications and Conclusion

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Chapter:2
Artificial Passenger
2.1 Introduction:

“The AP is an artificial intelligence–based companion that will be resident in software

and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard”.

 It is a Natural Language E-companion.

 It is a Sleep preventive device in cars to overcome drowsiness.
 It is a Life safety system.

What does it do?

 Detects alarm conditions through sensors.

 Broadcasts pre-stored voice messages over the speakers.
 Captures images of the driver.

2.2 Existing System of Artificial Passenger:

The Artificial Passenger is a telematics device, developed by IBM that interacts

verbally with a driver to reduce the likelihood of them falling asleep at the controls of a
vehicle. It is based on inventions covered by U.S. patent 6,236,968. The Artificial
Passenger is equipped to engage a vehicle operator by carrying on conversations, playing
verbal games, controlling the vehicle's stereo system, and so on. It also monitors the
driver's speech patterns to detect fatigue, and in response can suggest that the driver take
a break or get some sleep. The Artificial Passenger may also be integrated with wireless
services to provide weather and road information, driving directions, and other such
notifications systems.

2.3 Proposed System of Artificial Passenger:

The biggest problem for a driver while driving alone is that drowsiness can affect easily
leading to fatal accidents and subsequent injuries. The proposed system is designed in

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such a way that the driver of a car would be in constant awake stage through a virtual
passenger which chats with the driver.

The system tracks the face movement and various organ movements such as eyes,
lips etc. By analyzing the face of the driver the application can give out a warning signal
through the car stereo speakers and manage the driver to engage in a conversation. For
that firstly we have make our voice profile and save it in the system. During driving when
the application asks question, it will detect the variation in voice by comparing with the
existing sound profile and warns us if we are feeling sleepy or we have a lack of
concentration.

The time taken for response is also noted by the system and if the response is
swift and clear from the driver, a set of questionnaire will follow which the driver can
engage with. This application can make funny and meaningful conversations regarding
any topic such as music, news, weather, traffic etc. All these conversations are managed
by a dialogue manager which inter operates with other systems inside the car such as
stereo, GPS navigation, telephone directory etc. The software giant IBM developed a
speech system caalled conversational interactivity for telematics especially for alone
drivers, inside this system will be a natural language unit which manages the language of
interaction.

A NLU is installed as embedded chipset inside the car and will have various
grammar files to make it as authentic as possible. The response of the DU would be
spontaneous. There would be an option to record and playback conversations done
between the driver and the DU. If the system experiences driver fatigue it can alert or
warn the driver to stop the car or lessen the speed.

2.4 Why Artificial Passenger?

IBM received a patent in May for a sleep prevention system for use in
automobiles that is, according to the patent application, “capable of keeping a driver
awake while driving during a long trip or one that extends into the late evening. The
system carries on a conversation with the driver on various topics utilizing a natural

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dialog car system’'. Additionally, the application said, “The natural dialog car system
analyzes a driver’s answer and the contents of the answer together with his voice patterns
to determine if he is alert while driving.

Fig 2.4 Depiciting Meaning of Artificial Passenger

The system warns the driver or changes the topic of conversation if the system
determines that the driver is about to fall asleep. The system may also detect whether a
driver is affected by alcohol or drugs.”If the system thinks your attention is flagging, it
might try to perk you up with a joke, though most of us probably think an IBM engineer’s

idea of a real thigh slapper is actually a signal to change the channel. Alternatively, the
system might abruptly change radio stations for you, sound a buzzer, or summarily roll
down the window. If those don’t do the trick, the Artificial Passenger (AP) is ready with
a more drastic measure: a spritz of icy water in your face.

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2.5 Need of Artificial Passenger:

According to the national survey in UK and USA, it is observed that driver fatigue
annually causes

 100,000 crashes
 15000 deaths
 71,000 injuries
 Which cause annual cost of $12.5 billion.

Fig2.5:Showing occurrence of accidents

A majority of the off-road accidents observed were preceded by eye closures of one-half
second to as long as 2 to 3 seconds. A normal human blink lasts 0.2 to 0.3 second.

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Chapter 3
Components in Artificial Passenger

3.1 Introduction:

The main devices that are used in this artificial passenger are:-

 Alarm
 Microphone
 Camera
 Eye tracker
 Voice recognizer or speech recognizer.
 Touch sensors.

3.2 Architecture:

The architecture of Artificial Passenger includes the following components:

Fig3.2:General Architecture of Artificial Passenger

3.2.1 Microphone:

For picking up the words and separate them by some internally used software for
Conversation.

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3.2.2 Camera:

This will track the lip movements of the driver and also used for the improvement for the
accuracy of the speech recognition.

3.2.3 External service provider:

Linked to the dialog system by wireless network system Coupled with

 Car media, driver profile, conversational planner.

 Driver analyzer module

It controls interruption of a dialog between the driver and the car dashboard (for

example, interrupting a conversation to deliver an urgent message about traffic conditions

on an expected driver route).

3.2.4 Temperature indicator:

This component is used to measure the temperature inside the vehicle and it also

helps in maintaining the steady temperature

3.2.5 Door lock sensor:

This sensor alarms when the door is not locked.

3.2.6 Odor sensor:

This sensor will periodically sprinkles the sweet air inside the vehicle.

3.2.7 Speaker:

This generally used for the entertainment purpose.

3.3 Working of Eye Tracking:

Collecting eye movement data requires hardware and software specifically

designed to perform this function. Eye-tracking hardware is either mounted on a user's

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head or mounte dremotely. Both systems measure the corneal reflection of an infrared
light emitting diode (LED),which illuminates and generates a reflection off the surface of
the eye. This action causes the pupil to appear as a bright disk in contrast to the
surrounding iris and creates a small glint underneath the pupil . It is this glint that head-
mounted and remote systems use for calibration and tracking.

Fig3.3 Detecting the Threshold for Blind Detection

3.4 Other Components:

There are some of the components which supports for the working of the system:

 Automatic Speech Recognizer (ASR)

 Natural Language Processor (NLP)
 Driver analyzer
 Conversational planner (CP)
 External service provider

3.4.1 Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR):

There are two ASRs used in the system:

 Speaker independent: It will decode the driver voice and the decoded voice
signals will output to Natural Language Processor (NLP)

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 Operates with a voice car media, decodes tapes, audio books, telephone mails.

Decoding outputs of the ASR module is analyzed by Intelligent text processor and it will
output data to conversational planner.

3.4.2 Natural Language Processor (NLP):

Processes the decoded signal of textual data from ASR module, identifies semantic and
syntactic content of the decoded message , produces variants of responses and outputs
this data to a text input of the driver analyzer.

3.4.3 Driver analyzer:

Receives the textual data and voice data from NLP and measures the time of response
using a clock. This time responses, concludes about drivers alertness and it will output to
the conversational planner. This analysis is both objective & subjective.

3.4.4 Conversational planner:

This is generally referred as the heart of the system and it instructs the language generator
to produce the response. If the driver continues to be in a perfect condition, then
conversational planner instructs the language generator to continue the conversation
otherwise the language generator is instructed to change the conversation.

3.4.5 Alarm:

If the conversational planner receives information that the driver is about to fall asleep

then it activates an alarm system.

3.4.6 External Service Provider:

Linked to the dialog system by wireless network system as it is coupled with

 Car media, driver profile, conversational planner

 Driver analyzer module.

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It controls interruption of a dialog between the driver and the car dashboard (for example,
interrupting a conversation to deliver an urgent message about traffic conditions on an
expected driver route).

3.4.7 Microphone:

It picks up the words and separate it using speech recognition software.

3.4.8 Camera:

A camera built into the dashboard used to track the lip movement of the driver to improve

the accuracy of the speech recognition.

3.5 Working of Artificial Passenger:

The AP is an artificial intelligence–based companion that will be resident in

software and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard. The heart of the system is a
conversation planner that holds a profile of you, including details of your interests and
profession. When activated, the AP uses the profile to cook up provocative questions
such as, “Who was the first person you dated?” via a speech generator and in-car
speakers.

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Fig 3.5 Working Components of an Artificial Passenger

A microphone picks up your answer and breaks it down into separate words with
speech-recognition software. A camera built into the dashboard also tracks your lip
movements to improve the accuracy of the speech recognition. A voice analyzer then
looks for signs of tiredness by checking to see if the answer matches your profile. Slow
responses and a lack of intonation are signs of fatigue. If you reply quickly and clearly,
the system judges you to be alert and tells the conversation planner to continue the line of
questioning. If your response is slow or doesn’t make sense, the voice analyzer assumes
you are dropping off and acts to get your attention.

The system, according to its inventors, does not go through a suite of rote
questions demanding rote answers. Rather, it knows your tastes and will even, if you
wish, make certain you never miss Paul Harvey again. This is from the patent application:
“An even further object of the present invention is to provide a natural dialog car system

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that understands content of tapes, books, and radio programs and extracts and reproduces
appropriate phrases from those materials while it is talking with a driver. For example, a
system can find out if someone is singing on a channel of a radio station. The system will
state, “And now you will hear a wonderful song!” or detect that there is news and state,
“Do you know what happened now—hear the following—and play some news.” The
system also includes a recognition system to detect who is speaking over the radio and
alert the driver if the person speaking is one the driver wishes to hear.”

Just because you can express the rules of grammar in software doesn’t mean a
driver is going to use them. The AP is ready for that possibility:“It provides for a natural
dialog car system directed to human factor engineering—for example, people using
different strategies to talk (for instance, short vs. elaborate responses). In this manner, the
individual is guided to talk in a certain way so as to make the system work—e.g., “Sorry,
I didn’t get it. Could you say it briefly?” Here, the system defines a narrow topic of the
user reply (answer or question) via an association of classes of relevant words via
decision trees. The system builds a reply sentence asking what are most probable word
sequences that could follow the user’s reply.”

Driver fatigue causes at least 100,000 crashes, 1,500 fatalities, and 71,000 injuries
annually, according to estimates prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, which estimated further that the annual cost to the economy due to
property damage and lost productivity is at least $12.5 billion. The Federal Highway
Administration, the American Trucking Association, and Liberty Mutual co-sponsored a
study in 1999 that subjected nine volunteer truck drivers to a protracted laboratory
simulation of over-the-road driving. Researchers filmed the drivers during the simulation,
and other instruments measured heart function, eye movements, and other physiological
responses. “A majority of the off-road accidents observed during the driving simulations
were preceded by eye closures of one-half second to as long as 2 to 3 seconds,” Stern
said. A normal human blink lasts 0.2 to 0.3 second. Stern said he believes that by the time
long eye closures are detected, it’s too late to prevent danger. “To be of much use,” he
said, “alert systems must detect early signs of fatigue, since the onset of sleep is too late
to take corrective action.” Stern and other researchers are attempting to pinpoint various

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irregularities in eye movements that signal oncoming mental lapses—sudden and

unexpected short interruptions in mental performance that usually occur much earlier in
the transition to sleep.“Our research suggests that we can make predictions about various
aspects of driver performance based on what we glean from the movements of a driver’s
eyes’’, Stern said, “and that a system can eventually be developed to capture this data and
use it to alert people when their driving has become significantly impaired by fatigue.”
He said such a system might be ready for testing in 2004.

3.5.1Embedded Speech Recognition:

Car computers are usually not very powerful due to cost considerations. The
growing necessity of the conversational interface demands significant advances in
processing power on the one hand, and speech and natural language technologies on the
other. In particular, there is significant need for a low-resource speech recognition system
that is robust, accurate, and efficient. An example of a low resource system that is
executed by a 50 DMIPS processor, augmented by 1 MB or less of DRAM can be found
in [2]. In what follows we give a brief description of the IBM embedded speech
recognition system .

Fig 3.5.1Embedded Speech Recognition Indicator

Logically a speech system is divided into three primary modules: the front-end, the
labeler and the decoder. When processing speech, the computational workload is

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Fig 3.5.2 Embedded Speech Recognition Device

divided approximately equally among these modules. In this system the front-end
computes standard 13- dimensional Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) from
16-bit PCM sampled at 11.025 KHz. Front-End Processing Speech samples are
partitioned into overlapping frames of 25 ms duration with a frame shift of 15ms. A 15
ms frame-shift instead of the standard 10 ms frame-shift was chosen since it reduces the
overall computational load significantly without affecting the recognition accuracy.

3.6 Driver Drowsiness Prevention:

Fatigue causes more than 240,000 vehicular accidents every year. Currently,
drivers who are alone in a vehicle have access only to media such as music and radio new
switch they listen to passively. Often these do not provide sufficient stimulation to assure
wakefulness. Ideally, drivers should be presented with external stimuli that are interactive
to improve their alertness. Driving, however, occupies the driver’s eyes and hands, there
by limiting most current interactive options. Among the efforts presented in this general
direction, the invention suggests fighting drowsiness by detecting drowsiness via speech
biometrics and, if needed, by increasing arousal via speech interactivity.

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Fig 3.6 Condition Sensor Device

When the patent was granted in May 22, 2001, it received favorable
Worldwidemedia attention. It became clear from the numerous press articles and
interviews on TV, newspaper and radio that Artificial Passenger was perceived as having
the potential to dramatically increase the safety of drivers who are highly fatigued. It is a
common experience for drivers to talk to other people while they are driving to keep
themselves awake.

Fig 3.6.1 Camera for Detection of Lips Moment

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Chapter:4
Applications and Conclusion
4.1 Introduction:
The AP is an artificial intelligence–based companion that will be resident in
software and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard. The heart of the system is a
conversation planner that holds a profile of you, including details of your interests and
profession.

4.2Applications:

The following are the applications of the artificial passenger:

 Artificial Passenger is broadly used to prevent accident.

 Prevents the driver, falling asleep during long and solo trip.
 If the driver gets a heart attack or he is drunk it will send signals to vehicles
nearby about this so driver there become alert.
 In any problem it alerts the vehicles nearby this, so the driver will become alert.
 Opens and closes the doors and windows of the car automatically.
 It is also used for the entertainment.
 It provides a natural dialog car system that understands content of tapes, books

and radio programs.

 This system can also be used in other situations such as

1. Security guard
2. Operators at nuclear plants
3. Pilots of airplane.
4. Water craft such as boats.
5. Trains and subways.

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4.3 Advantages of Using This System:

 Artificial Passenger is broadly used to prevent accident.

 Artificial Passenger device is also used for entertainment such as it telling jokes
and asking question .
 Artificial Passenger component establishes interface with other drivers very
easily.
 Open and close the window of a car automatically and also answer a call for you.
 If the driver gets a heart attack or he is drunk it will send signals to vehicles
nearby about this so driver there become alert.

4.4 Future Enhancements:

To provide us with a shortest-time routing based on road conditions changing because of

weather and traffic, information of about the cars on the route, destination requirement
(as flight has been delayed or cancelled).

4.5 Conclusion:

Successful implementation of artificial passenger would allow use of various services in

car like reading e-mails, navigation, downloading music files, voice games without
compromising a driver safety. A primary objective of the invention is to provide a system
and method for monitoring driver alertness with a single camera focused on the face of
the driver to monitor for conditions of driver fatigue and lack of sleep. A secondary
objective of the invention is to provide a system and method for monitoring driver
alertness which operates in real time which would be sufficient time to avert an accident.
A third objective of the invention is to provide a system and method for monitoring
driver alertness that uses a computer vision to monitor both the eyes and the rotation of
the driver's head through video sequences. We suggested that such important issues
related to a driver safety such as controlling Telematics devices and drowsiness can be
addressed by a special speech interface.

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References:

[1]. L.R. Bahl et al., "Performance of the IBM Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech
Recognition System on Artificial Passenger", IEEE transaction based on Artificial
Intelligence,vol.1, pp 41-44. 6 December 2015.
[2] W.G.Lehnert - Boris –An Experiment In In-Depth Understanding Of Narratives,
Artificial Intelligence
[3]. Lawrence R. Rabiner, A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and Selected
Applications in Speech Recognition.

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