Stoichiometry Report Group 6

STOICHIOMETRY
Group 6- Ende, Lee, Rasonable, Sermon, Torres
What is Stoichiometry?
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships or ratios between two or more
substances undergoing a physical change or chemical change (chemical reaction).
The word derives from the Greek words: stoicheion (meaning "element") and metron
(meaning "to measure"). Most often, stoichiometry calculations deal with the mass or
volume of products and reactants.
Who discovered Stoichiometry?

Jeremias Benjaim Richter defined stoichiometry in 1792 as the science of measuring
quantities or mass ratios of chemical elements.
Definition of Terms in Stoichiometry

I. Mole is the SI unit for a substance in chemistry, which is represented by the symbol mol.
Example. One-fourth mole of Oxygen weighs 4.0 g, 1 mol CO2 weighs 44 g
A mole is the amount of matter that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules,
or whatever particles we are considering) as the number of atoms in exactly 12g
of isotopically pure 12
C. From experiments, scientists determined this number to
23
be 6.02x10 . This is called Avogadro's number, in honor of the Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro.
Are moles and molecules the same thing?
*The concept of moles can be used to measure the amount of molecules present in
a sample. The main difference between mole and molecule is that mole is a unit of
measurement of quantity whereas molecule is a chemical species that is made out of
atoms.
II. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is usually measured in grams (g) or
kilograms (kg) [SI Unit]. Another unit commonly used in chemistry is the atomic mass
unit (amu), which is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
The following are mass concepts used in stoichiometry:
1. Atomic Mass is the mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 the mass of
Carbon-12, expressed in amu. The atomic mass of an atom is approximated by
multiplying the mass number of the atom (total number of protons and neutrons)
by 1 amu. Elements with multiple isotopes have a different atomic mass for each
isotope.
Example: Carbon-12 has an atomic mass of 12 amu, while Carbon-13 has an
atomic mass of 13 amu.
2. Atomic Weight (Average Atomic Mass) is the weighted average of the atomic
masses of all naturally-occurring isotopes of an element. This is equal to the sum
of the atomic masses of the isotopes, each multiplied by the relative abundance of
that particular isotope. All elements have a single atomic weight expressed in
amu, regardless of the number of isotopes of that element.
Example: Carbon has two isotopes that are abundant in nature: Carbon-12
with an atomic mass of 12 amu and natural abundance of 98.93%, and Carbon-13
with an atomic mass of 13 amu and natural abundance of 1.07%.
Atomic Weight of Carbon = (12 amu)(0.9893)+(13 amu)(0.0107)

= 12.01 amu
3. Molecular Weight / Mass is a measure of the sum of the atomic weight values
of the atoms in a molecule. Molecular weight is used in chemistry to determine
stoichiometry in chemical reactions and equations. Molecular weight is
commonly abbreviated by M.W. or MW. Molecular weight is expressed in terms
of atomic mass units (amu) or Daltons (Da).
Sample Molecular Weight Calculation
The calculation for molecular weight is based on the molecular formula of

a compound (i.e., not the simplest formula, which only includes the ratio of types
of atoms and not the number). The number of each type of atom is multiplied by
its atomic weight and then added to the weights of the other atoms.
For example, the molecular formula of hexane is C6H14. The subscripts
indicate the number of each type of atom, so there are 6 carbon atoms and 14
hydrogen atoms in each hexane molecule. The atomic weight of carbon and
hydrogen may be found on the periodic table.
Atomic weight of carbon: 12.01 amu
Atomic weight of hydrogen: 1.01 amu
molecular weight = (number of C atoms)(C atomic weight) + (number of H atoms)(H atomic weight)
so we calculate as follows:
molecular weight = (6 x 12.01 amu) + (14 x 1.01 amu)
molecular weight of hexane = 72.06 amu + 14.14 amu
molecular weight of hexane = 86.20 amu
4. Formula Weight/ Mass is the sum of the atomic weights of each of the atoms in
a formula unit of a chemical compound. One formula unit of a substance contains
the atoms represented by its formula. For example, the formula weight of
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) can be calculated by adding the weight of 1 atom of
Calcium to the weight of 2 atoms of Chlorine.
Solution: Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
CaCl2: 111.1 amu
Note: The formula weight of a molecular compound (e.g. table sugar, water) is
the same as its molecular weight. The term “formula weight” is usually used for
ionic compounds and covalent-network compounds since they do not exist as
discrete molecules. Therefore, it would be technically incorrect to use the term
“molecular”. These compounds also do not have molecular formulas, only
empirical formulas which indicate the ratio between the amounts of their
component particles.
5. Molar Mass / Weight is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance (g/mol). It
is numerically equal to the atomic weight (if element), molecular mass (if
molecular compound), or formula weight (if ionic or covalent-network
compound) of the substance. For example , Carbon-12 has a molar mass of 12.01
g/mol and an atomic mass of 12.01 amu. To obtain the molar mass of a
substance, multiply its atomic/ molecular/ formula weight by ( [1 g/mol] / 1 amu).
Note: Atomic Mass Units (amu) should be used for calculations involving atoms,
molecules, or formula units of substances. For calculations involving moles of
substances, grams (g) should be used. Atomic/ Molecular/ Formula weights are
expressed in amu, while Molar Mass is expressed in g/mol, although they are
often used interchangeably because they are numerically equal.
III. Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

A chemical reactionis a process that results in the chemical transformation of
one set of chemical substances (reactants) to another set of substances (products).
Chemical reactions are represented in symbols using chemical equations.
Parts of a Chemical Equation:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)→

CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Reactants (green) appear on the left side of the equation. Reactants are separated from
products by an arrow. Products (blue) appear on the right side of the equation. The
states/phases (yellow) of the reactants and products are written in parentheses to the right of
each compound using symbols (s or ↓-solid; l-liquid; g or ↑-gas; aq- aqueous solution).
Coefficients (red) are written to the left of the formula to balance the equation. Coefficients
represent the number of moles, particles (atoms, ions, molecules), or formula units of a
substance.
Subscripts are written after the formula and indicate the number of atoms of an
element per molecule or formula unit of a substance.
Meaning Composition
Symbol
H2O One molecule of water Two H atoms and

one O atom
2 H2O Two molecules of water Four H atoms and

two O atoms
H2O2 One molecule of hydrogen Two H atoms and

peroxide two O atoms
CuSO4 • One formula unit 1 atom Cu, 1 atom

5H2O CuSO4 and 5 S,
(Copper (II) molecules of water 9 atoms O, 10
sulfate atoms H
pentahydrate
)
1 mol H2O One mole of water 2 mol H and 1 mol O
3 mol CO2 Three moles of Carbon 3 mol C and 6 mol O

dioxide
* Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 • 5H2O) is an example of a salt that has water
incorporated into its crystal structure. The resulting crystal is called a hydrate, while the water is
called the water of hydration. Its formula indicates that for every formula unit of CuSO4, there
are 5 molecules of water. This implies that in one mole of the hydrate, there is 1 mol of CuSO4
and 5 mol H2O.
IV. Percent Composition
Percent composition is the percentage of the mass of a compound that comes from each
of the elements in a compound. It is obtained using the equation:
% element = [ (number of atoms)(atomic weight)/ (F ormula W eight of the compound)] x 100%

For example, the percentages of carbon and hydrogen in ethane (C2H6 , molecular weight = 30.08
amu) are: % Carbon = [(2)(12.01 amu)/ (30.08 amu)] x 100% = 80.0%
% Hydrogen = [(6)(1.01 amu)/ (30.08 amu)] x 100% = 20.0%
Important Concepts in Stoichiometry
1. Balancing Chemical Equations

The chemical equation needs to be balanced so that it follows the law of
conservation of mass. A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of different
atoms of elements in the reactants side isequalto that ofthe products side.
In order to balance the equation, we must change the amounts of reactants and
products, as necessary, by adding coefficients in front of the appropriate formula(s).
When balancing an equation, never change the subscripts, because that changes the
substance. **omit writing coefficient “1”
Examples:
1. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
Fe: 4; O: 2(3)=6 Fe: 2(2)=4; O: 3(2)=6
2. PCl5 + 4H2O →H3PO4 + 5HCl
P: 1; Cl: 5; H:2(4)=8; O=4 P:1; Cl:5; H:3+5=8; O:4
3. 8CO(g) + 17H2(g) →C8H18(l) + 8H2O
C:8; O:8; H:2(17)=34 C:8; O:8; H:18+2(8)=34
2. Converting mass (g) to moles

Mass (in grams) and moles are two units to express the amount of matter
in a sample. There is no formula for conversion between the two units. Instead,
you must use the Unit Conversion Factor.
1. Determine the number of moles of CO2 in 20 grams of CO2.
Given: 20 g CO2 Find: ___mol CO2

Relationship: 1 mol CO2= 44.01 g CO2
UCF:
Solution:
3. Calculating molar mass given mass (in grams) and the number of moles (n).
The molar mass of a substance may also be obtained by dividing the mass of the
substance expressed in grams by the number of moles of the substance.
4. Calculating mole ratios

A mole ratio , also called mole-to-mole ratio, is the ratio between the
amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a chemical reaction. Mole ratios are
used as conversion factors between products and reactants in many chemistry problems.
The mole ratio may be determined by examining the coefficients of formulas in a
balanced chemical equation.
Example:
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
Stoic: 4 mol : 3 mol : 2 mol
APPLICATION:
I. Molar Road Map
The following relationships involving one mole of a substance may be used in

stoichiometric calculations:
1 mol substance = (Molar Mass) grams of substance
1 mol substance = (6.02 x 1023) particles of substance
1 mol ideal gas = 22.4 L ideal gas at STP (0 °C, 1 atm)
II. Mole Relationship in a Balanced Chemical Equation
● One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules, contains Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023)
of those particles.
Ex. 1 mol Na+ = (6.02 x 1023) Na+ ions
1 mol H = (6.02 x 1023) H atoms
1 mol CH4 = (6.02 x 1023) CH4 molecules
● One mole of molecules or formula units contains Avogadro’s number (6.02 x
1023) times the number of atoms or ions of each element in the compound.
Ex. 1 mol CH4 = (6.02 x 1023) (1) C atoms + (6.02 x 1023) (4) H atoms
23 3+ 23 2-
1 mol Al2O
3=
(6.02 x 10 ) (2) Al ions + (6.02 x 10 ) (3) O ions
III. Mass Relationship in a Balanced Chemical Equation

Mass relationship refers to the ratio between the mass of reactants and the
mass of the products in a chemical equation. In a balanced chemical equation, the total
mass of the reactants is always equal to the total mass of the products.
In balanced chemical equations, the mole ratio can be used to solve for the
mass of substances in the reaction.
IV. Stoichiometric Conversions
Mass (g) of Substance A Mass (g) of Substance B
Moles of Substance A Moles of Substance B
V. Limiting and Excess Reactants
1. The limiting reactantis the first reactant that is used up in a chemical reaction. When the
limiting reactant is used up, no more product can be formed.
2. The excess reactantis the reactant with a greater amount than necessary to react
completely with the limiting reactant.
V. EXAMPLES:
1. How much 0.125 M NaOH solution is needed to completely neutralize 0.225 L of 0.175 M
H2SO4 solution?

H2SO4 (
aq
) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (
aq)
+ 2H2O (l)
Stoic: 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
Problem: 0.175 M 0.125 M
0.225 L ____ L (volume)
Given: 0.225 L H2SO4 solution

Find: ___ L NaOH solution
0.175 M H2SO4
0.125 M NaOH
Implications:
Stoichiometric Relationship (Stoic):

1 mol H2SO4 = 2mol NaOH
Solution:
2. How many liters of 0.115 M KI solution will completely precipitate the Pb2+ in 0.104 L
of 0.235 M Pb(NO3)2 solution?
2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 ( aq)
→ PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Problem: .115 M 0.235 M
__L(volume) 0.225 L
Given: Find: ___ L KI solution

0.115 M KI
0.104 L Pb(NO3)2
0.225 M Pb(NO3)2
Implications:

2 mol KI : 1 mol Pb(NO3)2
Solution:
3. Given a solution containing 0.242 g of barium chloride, BaCl2 , how many mL of 0.0581M
H2SO4 will completely precipitate the barium ions, Ba2+ ? Molar mass: BaCl2= 208.3 g/mol
BaCl2 (aq)
+ H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(S) + 2HCl (aq)

Problem: 0.242g 0.0581 M
___ L
Given : Find:
Mass BaCl2: 0.242 g BaCl2 ____L H2SO4
M H2SO4: 0.0581 M H2SO4
Implications:

1 mol BaCl
2 : 1 mol H
2SO
4
Solution:
4. How much 0.113 M NaOH solution will completely neutralize 1.25 L of 0.228 M HCl
solution?
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Given: 1.25 L HCl solution

0.228 M HCl
0.113 M NaOH
Find: __ L NaOH solution
Implications:

1 mol HCl : 1 mol NaOH
Solution:
5. How many grams of Zinc metal are required to completely react with 79.4 mL of a 0.375 M
HCl solution?
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (

aq)
+ H (g)

Problem: __g(mass) 0.0375 M
79.4 mL
Given: 79.4mL HCl Asked: ___g (mass) Zn
0.375 M HCl
Implication:
Relationship:
1 mol Zn= 2 mol HCl
1 mol Zn= 65.39 g Zn
Solution:
6. Chloroform, CHCl3 reacts with Chlorine, Cl2, to form Carbon Tetrachloride ,CCl4 and
Hydrogen Chloride, HCl. In an experiment 25 grams of Chlorine and 25 grams of Chloroform
were mixed. Which is the limiting reactant? What is the max yield of CCl4 in grams? Find the
amount of excess reactant remaining.
CHCl3, + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl
Given: 25 g of Cl2
25 g of CHCl3
Find: a.) The limiting reactant, b.) Max yield of CCl4 c.) Excess Reactant Remaining
Relationships:
1 mol CHCl3= 119.37g CHCl3
1 mol Cl2= 70.90g Cl2
1 mol H2O= 18.00g H2O
1 mol CCl 4= 153.81g CCl
4
Solution:
a.) Therefore CHCl3 is the limiting reactant.

b.)
c)
What is Titration?
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to
a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches
neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change--end point. The solution called the
titrant must satisfy the necessary requirements to be a primary or secondary standard. In a broad
sense, titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
Four Types of Titrations:

1. Acid-Base Titration
Acid-Base titrations are usually used to find the amount of a known acidic
or basic substance through acid base reactions. The analyte (titrand) is the
solution with an unknown molarity. The reagent (titrant) is the solution with a
known molarity that will react with the analyte.
The analyte is prepared by dissolving the substance being studied into a
solution. The solution is usually placed in a flask for titration. A small amount of
indicator is then added into the flask along with the analyte. The reagent is
usually placed in a burette and slowly added to the analyte and indicator mixture.
The amount of reagent used is recorded when the indicator causes a change in
the color of the solution.
Some titrations requires the solution to be boiled due to the CO2 created
from the acid-base reaction. The CO2 forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) when
dissolved in water that then acts as a buffer, reducing the accuracy of data.
After boiling water, most of the CO2 will
be removed from the solution
allowing the solution to be titrated to a more accurate endpoint. The endpoint is
the point where all of the analyte has been reacted with the reagent.
Example:
If it requires 75.0 mL 0.500 M NaOH to neutralize 165.0 mL of an HCl solution, what is the
concentration of the HCl solution?

HCl(aq) +
NaOH
(aq) →
NaCl
+ H2O(l)
Given:
1 L N aOH
Volume of NaOH= 75.0mL NaOH( 1000 mL N aOH
)= 0.075 L NaOH
MolarityNaOH= 0.5 M
1 L HCl solution
Volume of HCl Solution= 165.0mL HCl solution( 1000 mL HCl solution
)= 0.165 L HCl solution
Asked:
MolarityHCl solution=__M HCl solution
Relationship:
1mol HCl= 1mol NaCl
Solution:
Solution:
(0.5 M N aOH)(0.075L N aOH)(1 mol HCl)

MolarityHCl =
(0.165L HCl)(1 mol N aOH) = 0.227 M HCl
I. Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a strong acid with a strong base is the simplest of the four
types of titrations as it involves a strong acid and strong base that completely
dissociates in water, thereby resulting in a strong acid-strong base neutralization
reaction. This titration requires the use of a buret to dispense a strong base into a
container of strong acid, or vice-versa, in order to determine the equivalence
point.
I. Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base involves the direct transfer
of protons from the weak acid to the hydroxide ion.
II. Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

Data obtained through the process of titration can be used to compute the
molarity and the correlated acidity of a solution at various times of the titration.
The initial and final volumes of the analyte and titrant solutions, as well as the
pH, or measure of acidity, are essential in calculating the total number of moles of
analyte present. Once this information is determined, the molarity of the analyte,
which was unknown before the titration, can then be computed, because its
volume was measured beforehand. However, chemists are often interested in the
data collected at various points during the titration as well, not just at the
beginning and the end. These data can then be translated to points on a graph,
resulting in an informational titration curve.
III. Titration of a Weak Polyprotic Acid

A weak polyprotic acid is an acid that is usually considered as weak acid
in its monoprotic form (only one H+ in the molecule), but instead has more than
one H+ in the molecule, therefore making it a polyprotic acid.
2. Complexation Titration
A titration based on the formation of a coordination complex**.
**A coordination complex is the product of a Lewis acid-base reaction in which
neutral molecules or anions (called ligands) bond to a central metal atom (or ion)
by coordinate covalent bonds. Ligands are Lewis bases - they contain at least one
pair of electrons to donate to a metal atom/ion.
3. Precipitation Titration
A reaction in which the analyte and titrant form an insoluble precipitate
also can serve as the basis for a titration.
4. Redox Titration
Is a type of titration based on a redox reaction between the analyte and
titrant.
GENERAL FORMULA:
Sample Problem #1:
You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing 50.00 mL of HCl
solution in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put 0.1524 M NaOH into the
buret, and the initial reading is 0.55 mL. At the end point, the buret reading is 33.87 mL. What is
the concentration of the HCl solution?
Given: Asked:___ M HCl

1L
VolumeAnalyte : 50.00 mL HCl ( 1000mL ) = 0.05000 L HCl
0.1524 M NaOH
1L
VolumeTitrant : (33.87 mL - 0.55 mL) ( 1000mL ) = 0.03332 L NaOH
1 mol N aOH
Mole Ratio: 1 mol HCl = 1
Formula:
Solution:
(0.1524 M )(0.03332L)(1)
MolarityHCl =
0.05000L = 0.10 M HCl
Sample Problem #2:
Thirty milliliters of an HI (hydroiodic acid) solution was titrated with an aqueous solution
containing 6.625 g of Na2CO3 (eq wt = 53.00 g/eq). What is the normality of the HI solution?
Given: Asked:
Titrant= 6.625 g Na2CO3 N HI solution= ?
Analyte= 30 mL HI solutione
Eq Wt= 53.00 g/eq (Na2CO3)
Implication:
1 equivalence Na2CO3= 1 equivalence HI
Formula:
equivalents
N= liter solution
Solution:
Eq= given mass
eq wt
1 L HI solution
Vsolution= 30 mL HI ( 1000 mL HI solution
)= 0.03 L
6.625 g N a2CO3
= 53.00 g/eq
= 0.125 eq Na2CO3
* 0.125 eq Na2CO3 = 0.125 eq HI
N= 0.030.125 eq HI
L HI solution
N= 4.17 eq L
or 4. 17 N
Sample Problem #3:
A 300 mL NaCl solution is used to titrate an AgNO3 solution of unknown concentration. Find the
molarity of the titrant if 215.025 grams of AgCl precipitate was produced by the time the
endpoint was reached.
Given:
Volume of NaCl solution= 300mL NaCl Solution
Mass of AgCl= 215.025 g AgCl
Asked:
MolarityNaCl Solution. =
___M NaCl Solution
Relationship:
1mol AgCl= 1mol NaCl
1mol AgCl= 143.35g AgCl
Solution:
1L solution
(300 mL NaOH solution)( 1000 mL solution
)= 0.3L NaOH Solution
1 mol AgCl
(215.025gAgCl)( 143.35 g AgCl
l)( 11 mol N aCl
mol AgCl
) = 1.5 mol NaCl
MolarityNaCl Solution= 1.5 mol N aCl

0.3 L
=5M
Sample Problem #4:

Potassium dichromate is used to titrate a sample containing an unknown percentage of iron. The
sample is dissolved in H3PO4/H2SO4 mixture to reduce all of the iron to Fe2+ ions. The solution is
then titrated with 500.0 mL of a 0.01625 M K2Cr2O7 solution,
producing Fe3+ and Cr3+ ions in
3+
acidic solution. How many Fe ions will be produced in the reaction?
Balanced net ionic equation:

Given:
Molarity of K2Cr2O7solution= 0.01625M
Volume of K2Cr2O7solution= 500.0mL K2Cr2O7solution= 0.5000 L K2Cr2O7solution
Asked: number of Fe3+ ions
Implications:
0.01625M K2Cr2O7solution =

Relationships :
1 mol K2Cr2O7 = 1 mol Cr2O72-
1 mol Cr2O72- = 6 mol Fe3+
1 mol Fe3+ = (6.02 x 1023) Fe3+ ions
Solution:
0.5000 L K2Cr2O7solution ( )( )( )
( ) = (2.935 x 1022) Fe3+ ions

Stoichiometry Report Group 6

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STOICHIOMETRY

Group 6- Ende, Lee, Rasonable, Sermon, Torres

Who discovered Stoichiometry?

Definition of Terms in Stoichiometry

Atomic Weight of Carbon = (12 amu)(0.9893)+(13 amu)(0.0107)

Sample Molecular Weight Calculation

The ​calculation for molecular weight is based on the molecular formula of

III. ​Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

Parts of a Chemical Equation:

CH​4​ ​(​g​)​ + ​2​O​2​ ​(​g​)→​

H​2​O One molecule of water Two H atoms and

2 H​2​O Two molecules of water Four H atoms and

H​2​O​2 One molecule of hydrogen Two H atoms and

CuSO​4 ​• One formula unit 1 atom Cu, 1 atom

1 mol H​2​O One mole of water 2 mol H and 1 mol O

3 mol CO​2 Three moles of Carbon 3 mol C and 6 mol O

% element = [ (number of atoms)(atomic weight)/ (F ormula W eight of the compound)] x 100%

Important Concepts in Stoichiometry

1. Balancing Chemical Equations

2. Converting mass (g) to moles

Given: 20 g CO​2 Find: ___mol CO​2

4. Calculating mole ratios

The following relationships involving one mole of a substance may be used in

II. Mole Relationship in a Balanced Chemical Equation

III. Mass Relationship in a Balanced Chemical Equation

IV. ​Stoichiometric Conversions

Mass (g) of Substance A Mass (g) of Substance B

Moles of Substance A Moles of Substance B

V. Limiting and Excess Reactants

Given: 0.225 L H​2​SO​4 solution

Stoichiometric Relationship (Stoic):

Given: Find: ___ L KI solution

Stoichiometric Relationship (Stoic):

Stoic: 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

Stoichiometric Relationship (Stoic):

HCl (​aq​) + NaOH (​aq​) ---> NaCl (​aq​) + H​2​O (​l)​

Given: 1.25 L HCl solution

Find: __ L NaOH solution

Stoichiometric Relationship (Stoic):

Zn (​s​) + 2HCl (​aq)​ → ZnCl​2 (​

Stoic: 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol

CHCl​3,​ + Cl​2​ → CCl​4​ + HCl

a.) Therefore CHCl​3​ is the limiting reactant.

Four Types of Titrations​:

(0.5 M N aOH)(0.075L N aOH)(1 mol HCl)

I. Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

I. Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

II. Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

III. Titration of a Weak Polyprotic Acid

Given: Asked:​___ M HCl

Molarity​NaCl Solution​= 1.5 mol N aCl

Sample Problem #4:

Balanced net ionic equation:

Asked: number of Fe​3+ ​ions

( ) = (2.935 x 10​22​) Fe​3+ ​ions

S-ar putea să vă placă și

The calculation for molecular weight is based on the molecular formula of

III. Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)→

H2O One molecule of water Two H atoms and

2 H2O Two molecules of water Four H atoms and

H2O2 One molecule of hydrogen Two H atoms and

CuSO4 • One formula unit 1 atom Cu, 1 atom

1 mol H2O One mole of water 2 mol H and 1 mol O

3 mol CO2 Three moles of Carbon 3 mol C and 6 mol O

Given: 20 g CO2 Find: ___mol CO2

IV. Stoichiometric Conversions

Given: 0.225 L H2SO4 solution

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (

CHCl3, + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl

a.) Therefore CHCl3 is the limiting reactant.

Four Types of Titrations:

Given: Asked:___ M HCl

MolarityNaCl Solution= 1.5 mol N aCl

Asked: number of Fe3+ ions

( ) = (2.935 x 1022) Fe3+ ions