Water Sensitive Planning Guidelines-

f
for
Hill Area Development

Dr. Somnath Sen, Architect-Planner

Associate Professor,
Professor
Architecture & Planning,
IIT Kharagpur, WB, INDIA
 WATER – Its importance
WATER  Its importance

“Water is probably the only natural resource to touch all aspects of human civilization —from 
agricultural and industrial development to the cultural and religious values embedded in society.”‐
Koichiro Matsuura Director General UNESCO
Koichiro Matsuura, Director‐General, UNESCO

GLOBAL WATER CRISIS 

•1.1 billion People lack access to safe water, roughly 
one‐sixth of the world’s population.

•Water use has grown at twice the rate of population 
during the past century

•By 2050, water scarcity will affect 2 to 7 billion 
people out of total 9.3 billion.

(Source: 2006 United Nations Human Development Report )

(Source: 2006 United Nations Human Development Report

2
Global Water Availability

In 2020, 60% of the world population will be urban, a concentration that makes urban 
water infrastructure development an extremely urgent issue. 
Source: UN World Water Development Report

3
Link between Population and Fresh Water
Link between Population and Fresh Water

4
URBAN HYDROLOGY
Urban hydrology is defined as the interdisciplinary
science of water and its interrelationships with urban
people

Water cycle –hydrological cycle

Evaporation: from oceans and other water bodies into the

air and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
Precipitation: from water vapor condensing from the air
and falling to earth or ocean.
Runoff: from the land usually reaching the sea.
sea

Natural water balance
Water evaporates from
f lakes, rivers and oceans. It then
becomes water vapour and forms clouds. It falls to the
earth as precipitation, and then it evaporates again. This
‘hydrological cycle’ never stops.

5
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR INDIA
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR INDIA

Mean Annual Cycles of All‐India Rainfall and Temperature, 
Baseline and Simulated
Baseline and Simulated
Source: IITM & MoEF

6
Eff t f b i ti
Effect of urbanization on storm runoff
t ff

Urbanization increases surface storm water runoff and modifies its quality. 

•Population density •Modification of the land surface 
•Building density  •Impervious surfaces

7
 THREATS OF URBAN SPRAWL
• Hydrological Front
Drop in Ground water levels and loss in water 
quality.
• Ecological Front
Ecological Front
Erosion of land, loss of aquatic resources and 
vegetation.
• Physical Front
Flooding, loss of property, loss of open space.
• Climatology Front
Increased temperature, increased rainfall, 
decreased wind speed
decreased wind speed.
• Socio‐economic Front
Loss of health, loss of man‐days and loss of 
employment.

Urban development will not be halted for water considerations. Hence, there is an 
urgent need to manage urban development with minimal damage to water resources.
urgent need to manage urban development with minimal damage to water resources. 

8
Typical Urban Water Cycle in Indian small and medium Towns

9
Traditional water management techniques:
Traditional water management techniques:

19th CENTURY SOLUTIONS TO URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT

WATER SUPPLY STORMWATER               SEWAGE

¾Large scale water  ¾Collect it all and 
C ll i ll d ¾Collect it all and 
C ll i ll d
supply from a few large  discharge to receiving  discharge after some 
sources waters. treatment to receiving 
¾Engineer water courses  waters i.e. based on 
and drains
dd i dil ti
dilution

i.e. “BIG PIPES IN – BIG PIPES OUT”

10
TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT
TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH‐ SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT

Characteristics of ‘old’ and ‘emerging’ paradigms of urban water systems:

The Old Paradigm The Emerging Paradigm

Storm water is a nuisance.. Storm water is a resource.

Demand is a matter of quantity. Demand is multi-faceted.

One use. Water follows one-way path from
supply, to a single use, to treatment and
disposal to the environment.
Gray infrastructure.
Bigger/centralized is better
Reuse and reclamation. Water can be used
multiple times, by cascading from higher to lower
quality needs, and reclamation treatment for
return to the supply side of infrastructure.
Green infrastructure.
Small/decentralized is possible

Limit complexity and employ standard Allow diverse solutions..

solutions.
Integration by accident.. Physical and institutional integration by
design.

11
 NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES AT A GLANCE
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES AT A GLANCE WATER AVAILIBILTY BASINWISE
WATER AVAILIBILTY BASINWISE
Average
annual
Sl. No. Name of the River Basin
availabil
ity
1 Indus (up to Border) 73.31
a) Ganga 525 02
525.02
2
S. NO ITEMS QUANTITY b) Brahmaputra ,Barak & Others 585.6
(CU.KM) 3 Godavari 110.54
4 Krishna 78.12
5 Cauvery 21.36
6 Pennar 6.32
1. Annual Precipitation (Including snowfall) 4000 East Flowing Rivers Between Mahanadi &
7 22 52
22.52
Pennar
East Flowing Rivers Between Pennar and
2. Average Annual Availability 1869 8 16.46
Kanyakumari
9 Mahanadi 66.88
3. Per Capita Water Availability (2001) in cubic 1820 10 Brahmani & Baitarni 28.48
meter 11 Subernarekha 12.37
4. Estimated Utilizable Water Resources 1123 12 Sabarmati 3.81
13 Mahi 11.02
West Flowing Rivers of Kutch, Sabarmati
(i) Surface Water 690 Cu.Km. 14 15.1
including Luni
Resources
15 Narmada 45.64
(ii) Ground Water 433 Cu.Km. 16 Tapi 14.88
Resources
17 West Flowing Rivers from Tapi to Tadri 87.41
West Flo
Flowing
ing Ri
Rivers
e s ffrom
om Tad
Tadrii to
18 113.53
Kanyakumari
19 Area of Inland drainage in Rajasthan desert NEG.
Minor River Basins Draining into Bangladesh
20 31
& Burma
Total 1869.35

12
 NATIONAL WATER POLICY‐ 2007
NATIONAL WATER POLICY‐

Water Allocation Priorities Water Resources Planning

In the planning and operation of systems, water  1. Water resources available to the country should be brought
allocation priorities should be broadly as follows:
allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: within the category of utilizable resources to the maximum
•Drinking water possible extent.
•Irrigation
•Hydro‐power 2. Non‐conventional methods for utilisation of water such as:
•Ecology •inter‐basin transfers,
•Agro‐industries and non‐agricultural industries
A i d ti d i lt l i d t i •artificial recharge of ground water
•Navigation and other uses. •traditional water conservation practices like rainwater
harvesting, including roof‐top rainwater harvesting,
“…The planning of projects in hilly areas should 3. Water resources development
p and management
g will have to
ttake
k into
i t accountt the
th need d to
t provide
id assured d
be planned for a hydrological unit, taking into account surface
drinking water, possibilities of hydro‐power
and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity
development and the proper approach to
and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations.
irrigation in such areas, in the context of physical
features and constraints of the basin such as 4.. Watershed
ate s ed management
a age e t tthrough
oug eextensive
te s e so
soil co
conservation,
se at o ,
steep slopes, rapid run‐off and the incidence of catchment‐area treatment, preservation of forests and
soil erosion. The economic evaluation of projects increasing the forest cover and the construction of check‐
in such areas should also take these factors into dams should be promoted.
account. ”

13
 WHAT HAS NOT BEEN LOOKED INTO,, SO FAR?

‰ To what extent rainwater available in an area could be effectively utilised with appropriate
technology and environmental safeguard so as to partially meet the domestic as well as
non‐domestic water demand in local areas.

‰ To what extent storm water could be appropriately utilised for an effective flood control
management under emergency situations.
situations

‰ To what extent ground water/spring water resources should be utilised so as not to exceed
the recharging possibilities, and also to avoid the detrimental environmental consequences
of overexploitation of ground water.
water

‰ To what extent the waste water , in absence of sewerage system, could be properly
managed for non‐domestic purposes, so that the untreated water do not pose serious
health concerns.
concerns

‰ How Urban Development might be planned and executed in a manner so as to lower the
hydrological impact of urbanisation and present opportunities for improved water
management.
management

14
WATER SENSITIVE URBAN PLANNING (WSUP)
WATER SENSITIVE URBAN PLANNING (WSUP)
WSUP has emerged as a practical planning and design approach that seeks to bring a single
management framework to the issues that traditionally have been considered in isolation.

ISSUES:
• Water quality in streams and water bodies
• Aquatic and riparian ecosystems and 
biodiversity
• Flood management
• Water, sewerage and drainage infrastructure
• Erosion and sediment control
• Efficient water use
• Stream management
• Scenic, aesthetic, recreational and cultural 
aspects of water bodies
• Catchment‐wide management of soils, 
forests, estuaries, coastal waters and other 
natural resources.

15
WSUP IN PRACTICE : PROCESS

SITE ANALYSIS
• To identify and explain graphically the natural features of the area that
need to be taken into consideration during planning and design which
includes topography, drainage patterns, soils, geology, ground cover and
sensitive regions, along with significant natural attributes such as wetlands,
waterways remnant vegetation and wildlife corridors.
waterways, corridors

LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
• analyses the physical ability of the land to sustain specific uses. It 
d t
determines
i the scale and arrangement of development that is most
the scale and arrangement of development that is most 
consistent with water sensitive urban design principles, based on the 
local site features identified in the site analysis.

SITE LAYOUT PLANS 
• determine the scale and arrangement of development that is most 
consistent with water sensitive urban design principles for managing the 
water management system

16
WSUP IN PRACTICE : PLANNING TOOLS
WSUP IN PRACTICE : PLANNING TOOLS
PUBLIC OPEN SPACE NETWORKS
• Water sensitive urban design often incorporates multipurpose drainage corridors in residential
developments. These integrate public open space with conservation, corridors, storm water
management systems and recreation facilities. This has both social and economic benefits.

HOUSING LAYOUT
• A water sensitive housing layout integrates residential blocks with the surrounding drainage 
function and public open space Such housing layouts often include a more compact form of
function and public open space. Such housing layouts often include a more compact form of 
development, which reduces impervious surfaces and helps protect the water quality and health 
of urban waterways.

ROAD LAYOUT
ROAD LAYOUT
• A water sensitive road layout incorporates the natural features and topography of a site. It implements
the practice of locating roads beside public open spaces wherever possible. This enhances visual and
recreational amenity, temporary storage, infiltration at or close to source and water quality. It also aims
to minimize the extent of impervious road surfaces.

STREETSCAPE
• A water sensitive streetscape integrates the road layout and vehicular and pedestrian requirements
with storm‐water management needs. It uses design measures such as reduced frontages, zero lot‐
li
lines, l l detention
local d t ti off storm‐water
t t ini road
d reserves and
d managedd landscaping.
l d i

17
WSUP IN PRACTICE : PLANNING TOOLS
WSUP IN PRACTICE : PLANNING TOOLS

Integration of housing with waterway corridor

Networked public open space incorporated in development

Networked public open space incorporated in development Conventional versus water sensitive road layout
Conventional versus water sensitive road layout

18
Conventional versus water sensitive road cross section Verge design and management
g g g

19
Streetscape layouts
Streetscape layouts

20
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q
ƒGrassed or vegetated swales – primary treatment and conveyance function; can provide secondary
treatment benefits

ƒFiltration trenches – p
primaryy treatment and conveyance
y and detention options;
p can p
provide secondaryy
treatment benefits

ƒBio‐retention systems – secondary treatment, conveyance, detention and retention functions

(through infiltration); can provide tertiary treatment benefits

ƒWetlands – tertiary treatment system, storage, detention, possible reuse options

ƒ
ƒRainwater tanks – using storm water as a resource – detention, retention, a substitute for drinking
water in garden irrigation, car washing, toilet flushing, etc

ƒGrey water reuse – collect from households, primary treatment on site, reuse for external irrigation or
internal toilet flushing options

ƒRain
Rain gardens, rooftop greening, urban forests – provide natural vegetated features of aesthetic value
and provide treatment function by filtering storm water

ƒPorous pavements

ƒAny
A combination
bi i off these
h and
d other
h techniques
h i f the
for h best
b possible
ibl outcome.

21
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Cisterns for Water Harvesting

Purpose: Part of the rainwater can be collected, stored and used and thus, water use costs can be reduced and 
unnatural run‐offs from the landscape can be eliminated.

22
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Detention Basin

Purpose: are reducing peak stormwater discharges, controlling floods and preventing downstream channel scoring.
It  also reduces the amount of pollutant.

23
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Dispersion Trench

Purpose: Runoff dispersed by these trenches is diffused and reduced in velocity, thereby reducing incidences 
of onsite erosion and adverse effects of runoff reaching downstream locations.

24
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Green Roofs

Purpose: They are means of replacing the impermeable surfaces of building roofs to reduce storm water runoff 
volume, control stormwater peak flows, to improve stormwater quality, and to reduce stormwater runoff 
tempearture

25
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Infiltration Trench

Purpose: This is the method for allowing runoff to soak into the ground where an infiltration pond is not 
possible due to its site constraints.

26
Water‐sensitive  Design Techniques
g q

Storm Water Retention Pond

Purpose: The permanent pool of water enhances the removal of many pollutants.

27
 Planning and feasibility

Water‐sensitive urban design concepts and technologies, if planned and

implemented correctly, offer an opportunity for not only elements of the water cycle complementing the
development, but the development to complement the water cycle.

In order to achieve the best possible results of implementation, the pre‐planning and design phase must:

• identify the land use capabilities and existing conditions or constraints of the site
• consider the intended design and function of the proposed development
• identify the likely impacts of the development on the existing environment

• match these factors with the most appropriate water‐sensitive urban design technologies designed to
achieve a sustainable balance between development and environment.

28
 Lynbrook Estate‐ Melbourne
A demonstration project in Water Sensitive Urban Design

Green field residential development that incorporates Water Sensitive Urban Design 
G fi ld id ti l d l t th t i t W t S iti U b D i
(WSUD) principles at the streetscape and sub‐catchments scale.

Technical Facts 

ƒSize of WSUD Site ‐ <55 ha 
ƒAverage Lot Size  ‐ 600 m2 (271 Lots)
•Rainfall: 600mm/a.

ƒDrainage System ‐ Roof and street runoff is directed 
towards WSUD treatment systems. Standard 16m road 
reserves applied.

• ‘Treatment train‘ approach
• Runoff directed to vegetated swales, bioretention
systems and constructed wetland

29
Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode (IIM‐K )
Area: 96 acres campus
Population
p :400 residents
Rainfall: v
The average daily water consumption exceeds one lakh litres.The campus is
dependant entirely on stored rain water.
Capital cost: 80 lakh rupees

Topography :It occupies 2steep hillocks. The topography is such that some
portion of the runoff goes from the back of 2 hillocks, but a major portion
of run‐off gets down to the front Side. At the foot of the hillock, there is a
huge pond of 1.5 acres dug only to catch rain water. It is fed by the slopes
on which the buildings stand.
v
Water from the main pond is treated and pumped to an overhead tank at
the hilltop using a massive pumpset.
From here,
here it is distributed to the necessary domestic use,
use including
drinking, at the institution and staff quarters.
The large pond that stores rainwater for the 
campus.(30 million litres capacity)
It is a model for other educational institutions and corporate houses

30
 JAMIA HAMDARD UNIVERSITY DELHI
JAMIA HAMDARD UNIVERSITY, DELHI
Total rooftop and surface area: 3,15,380 sq. m
Average annual rainfall in Delhi : 611mm
Total volume of rainwater harvested: 67444 cu. m. 
35 per cent of total rainwater harvesting potential

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE
The daily water requirement :6 lakh litres, extracted from 6 
b
borewells. 
ll
The remaining requirement is met through private water 
tankers.

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Rainwater from various catchments, such as rooftop, surface runoff from open areas and runoff from the 
Jahanpanah Reserve Forest are harvested. Rooftop rainwater harvesting at the library and hostel buildings 
desilting chamber ‐>filtering chamber‐> recharge well.

SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING near library building and Jahanpanah Reserve Forest 
Trenches or ponds‐>stormwater drain‐>desilting chamber‐>recharge wells.
Total cost of implementation ‐ Rs. 6.52 lakhs.
Impact ‐There was significant improvement in water table and quality of water. Within one year there was a rise in 
3m.

31
Panchsheel Park colony, Delhi

Total rooftop and surface area 3,57,150 (sq 
m)
Average annual rainfall in Delhi 611 (mm)
Total volume of rainwater harvested: 
1,74,575 cu.m
80 per cent of the total water harvesting
80 per cent of the total water harvesting 
potential.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE

The water supply is mainly through six 
borewells. 

Recharge wells measuring 1m x 1m x 2m are constructed in the stormwater drain for facilitating groundwater 
recharge. The quality of runoff, which passes through a 15m borewell installed inside the recharge well, is ensured 
through a filter bed of pebbles 

32
Inferences
Sl. Case studies Area Development  Average  Water conservation Technique  Outcomes
No Type annual  used
Rainfall 
(mm/a)

1 Lynbrook Estate,  <55 ha Residential 600 'Treatment train‘ approach ‐Significant pollutant reductions

Melbourne ‐Runoff directed to vegetated  ‐ Only a small extra expense for
swales, bio retention systems and  WSUD 
constructed wetland 

2 IIM‐ Kozhikode 96 acre Institutional 3266 Large scale rain water harvesting ‐Self sufficient with no external 

On‐site sweage treatment plant water supply source
‐Zero‐runoff

3 Jamia Hamdard  31.54 ha Institutional 611 Surface runoff and roof top  ‐35%of the total rainwater 

University, Delhi rainwater harvesting harvested
‐Significant rise in ground water 
levels

4 Panchsheel park  35.7 ha Residential 611 Surface runoff and roof top  ‐80%of the total rainwater 

colony, Delhi rainwater harvesting harvested
‐Significant rise in ground water 
levels

33
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT TRANSITIONS FRAMEWORK

34
THREE PILLARS OF THE WATER SENSITIVE CITY

(i) Cities as Catchments: access to a diversity of water sources underpinned by a 
diversity of centralised and decentralised infrastructure;

• Optimisation will ensure preferential access of sources of low cost and environmental risk
ahead of options with higher cost and environmental risk.
• The provision of a second water supply pipeline for non‐potable water is a fundamental basis
for preserving future opportunities for accessing recycled water.
water

(ii) Cities Comprising Water Sensitive Communities: Socio‐political capital for 
sustainability and water sensitive decision making and behaviours
sustainability and water sensitive decision making and behaviours.

• Unless new technologies are socially embedded into the local institutional context, their
development in isolation is insufficient to ensure their successful implementation in practice.
• Focus on the role of communities in both defining the urban water ‘problem’
problem and participating in
developing water sensitive strategies.

Source: Wong and Brown,11th International Conference on 
Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008

35
THREE PILLARS OF THE WATER SENSITIVE CITY

(iii) Cities Providing Ecosystem Services: provision of ecosystem services for the built 
and natural environment; and

• It requires a reversal in the conventional philosophical approach of urban communities

drawing on their depleting ecosystems and natural environments. Spaces in the public
domain are essential features of public amenities.

•Protecting the environment from stormwater pollution is a key objective of sustainable

water resource management.

• Catchment management initiatives provide the underpinning basis for protection or

improving waterway health and improving water quality underpins all waterway health
improvement or protection initiatives

Source: Wong and Brown,11th International Conference on 
Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008

36
CONCLUSION

A water sensitive city may be characterised by three key attributes 
(i) access to a diversity of water sources underpinned by a diversity of centralised
and decentralised infrastructure; 

(ii) provision of ecosystem services for the built and natural environment; and 

(iii)  a sociopolitical capital for sustainability.

37
RANGE OF WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS
RANGE OF WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS

Source: Brown, Farrelly
ll & Keath, 2007
h

38
 INTEGRATION OF THEMATIC MAPS
for
LAND CAPABILITY & LAND SUITABILITY

39
LANDSLIDE ZONATION FOR HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT

Classification of Landslides Causes of Landslides

Internal factors
Based on the mass movement, 
The steeping of the slope, water content of the stratum and
landslides are divided into four major
landslides are divided into four major 
mineralogical composition and structural features, which are
groups. 
tending to reduce the shearing strength of the rocks.
1.Slow Flowage: Rock Creep 
and Soil Creep 
External factors
2.Rapid Flowage: Earth
2.Rapid Flowage: Earth 
movements, Mudflows, Debris 
A slight vibration or jerk to the mass would greatly add up
Avalanche 
against the frictional resistance and the mass would become
3.Sliding: Slumps, Rock Slides, 
unstable. The heavy traffic on hill roads is of great
Rock falls, and Landslips
Rock falls, and Landslips 
contributing factors towards causing the imbalance of the
4.Subsidence: Sinking of mass
masses.

40
Methodology
gy for Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping
pp g
Orthophotos were prepared form the aerial photos and then
the contour maps with 2m interval are generated from the
orthophotos. The digitized contour maps are given as input into
the GIS ‐ ArcView 3D analyst. Here, the 3d visualization of the
study area is created.
created Various thematic layers (slope,
(slope landuse,
landuse
soil) are visually interpreted from the orthophotos. The
delineated thematic layers were digitized. The landslide model is
created and the ranks and weights are assigned to each
category. Based on themes and its impacts different zones were
delineated. 3D VIEW KOTHAGIRI
3D VIEW KOTHAGIRI

Data Base Generation For Landslide Vulnerable Zonation

Mapping
The different thematic maps are, Slope Map, Soil Map ,
Landuse Map

1. Slope Map
Slope map is very important factor for landslide study. If the
slope is higher then there is a chance of occurrence of
landslide. Contour maps have been used for the preparation of
slope map. Using the Arc view 3D analyst, the tin model
(figure‐2) for the study area is created from the digitized
contour map (figure‐1). From the tin model, slope map was
generated using "derive slope" command.
SLOPE MAP KOTHAGIRI

41
 SOIL MAP KOTHAGIRI LANDUSE MAP KOTHAGIRI

2. Soil Map & Soil Texture 3. Landuse Map

The following soil series may be present in the study 
The following soil series may be present in the study LLanduse
d refers
f to t "man's
" ' activities
ti iti and
d various
i use which
hi h carried
i d
area on land". Land cover refers to "natural vegetation, water bodies,
KG1 ‐ sandy loam ‐ sandy clay loam.  rock, soil, artificial cover and other resulted due to land
KG2 ‐ sandy clay loam transformation". In the present study, landuse / landcover map
KG3 ‐ sandy clay has been prepared on 1:2500 scale using Orthophotos with the
KG4 ‐ sandy loam ‐ sandy clay loam help of visual interpretation keys such as tone, texture, size,
KG5 ‐ sandy loam ‐ sandy clay loam shape, pattern and associated features.
KG6 ‐ sandy clay loam
KG7 ‐ sandy clay ‐ sandy clay loam. 
KG8 ‐ sandy clay loam ‐ sandy loam
KG9 ‐ sandy loam 

42
 GIS ANALYSIS
Slope
Slope is a very important parameter in any landslide hazard zonation mapping. In the study area
slope varies from 0 to grater than 54 deg. The entire slope contour map was divided in to four
categories as follows:
¾54 deg ‐ very steeply sloping
¾ ‐ 54 deg
¾36 d ‐ steeplyl sloping
l
¾18 ‐ 36 deg ‐ moderately sloping
¾0 ‐ 18 deg ‐ gently sloping

Soil
The occurrence of landslide is mainly due to the presence of huge thickness of loose soils when
mixed with water, it triggers the landslide. Based on the soils erodable nature, it is divided in to
four categories :
¾Very highly erodable
¾Highly erodable
¾Moderately erodable
¾P l erodable.
¾Poorly d bl

Geology
In the Nilgiri district, the lithology is the charnockite group of bedrocks, covered by the
ubiquitous red laterite or lateritic soil. This is taken as a common factor for the whole district.
Because of its uniform nature,, it is not taken in to account for our study.
y

Landuse
Landuse / land cover map of an area under investigation has got direct or indirect influence in
triggering the landslides. Different types of landuse /land cover features are identified in the
study area are such as tea, tea+tree, agriculture, grassland, road, settlement and forest. Suitable
weights
i ht are assigned.
i d

43
 Criterion Table
Criterion Table

RANK1 RANK2 RANK3 RANK4

THEME
(4 * weight) (3*weight) (2*weight) (1*weight)
Grass land, ,
L d
Landuse T T T
Tea, Tea+Tree F
Forest
t S ttl
Settlement
t
Agriculture
Soil KG4, KG5 KG3, KG6 KG2, KG7, KG8 KG1, KG9
Slope 36‐54 deg 18‐36 deg > 54 deg 0‐18 deg

Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping

Using union command, Landslide hazard zonation

map was prepared by integrating the effect of
various triggering factors. The zonation map
divides the study area into four zones of landslide
vulnerability viz., very high, high, moderate and
poor. Thus, the landslide prone areas having 4
zones were obtained as shown in figure‐6.

LANDUSE ZONATION MAP – 3D VIEW

Source: Ramakrishnan, V.Sanjeevi Kumar, M.G.S.M. Zaffar

Source: Ramakrishnan, M.G.S.M. Zaffar Sadiq, Dr. K.Venugopal
Sadiq, Dr. K.Venugopal
Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University,

44
ECARDS(NGO)‐Nepal: Developing IWRM Models for Hill and Mountain Ecosystems in Nepal
Objective and Outputs
(i) Replicable approaches for community‐based water resources management for hill and mountain
ecosystems; and
(ii) Informed
I f d and
d empowered d communities
i i to be
b more involved
i l d in i water resources management whose
h
impacts greatly affect their livelihoods.

1. Water Management
(i) Rain Water Harvesting: Construction of suitable structures will be needed for the purpose.

(ii) Improved Pond Construction for Running Water Reserve: Construction of suitable structures will be
needed for the purpose.

(iii) Better Management of Existing Water Sources: Plantation as well as sanitation and protection of the
water resources by mobilizing the community and by constructing suitable structures

(iv) Provision of Drinking Water , construction of water lifting system or through gravity flow system

(v) Utilization of Kitchen Drain and Other Surplus Water for Kitchen Gardening: By awareness training
programmes and providing support to create certain structures and provision of vegetables seeds.

45
 2 Soil
2. S il Conservation
C ti and
d Landslide
L d lid Management
M t

(i) Plantation of Fast‐growing Perennial Species, such as Ipil‐Ipil, mulberry and other nitrogen
fixing species help prevent soil erosion.

(ii) Hedge Row Plantation of Legumes for increasing soil fertility and porosity, planted along
contour lines of terraced land help improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation at the roots
and incorporation of the hedge row trimmings into the soil. This is a method suitable for the
mid hill area of Nepal.

(iii) Plantation of Fodder and Forages (Napier grass, Stylo, Broom‐grass). These activities will be
undertaken in the fields of the cooperating farmers, and degraded land in an effort to revitalize
barren land and vegetation cover.

(iv) Application of suitable bio‐engineering practices for landslide control and gullies that are
/seem pote
/see potential
t a da
danger
ge to tthee aarea.
ea.

Implementing and coordinating partner‐ The International Center for Integrated 
p ( ) f y
Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and funded by ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK(ADB) ( )

46
WATERSHED QUIZ

47
1. What fraction of the total freshwater supply on the planet is easily 
What fraction of the total freshwater supply on the planet is easily
accessible for use by human?

‰0.01%
0 01% ‰0.1%
0 1% ‰1% ‰3%

2. A watershed is generally defined as?
A watershed is generally defined as?
‰ A  building that stores water.
‰ All the water area that drains to a given point in the landform.
g p
‰ All the land area that drains to a given point in the water body.
‰ A new way of organizing environmental agencies.

48
3. Which is the largest watershed management unit?
‰ Sub-basin
‰ Water shed
‰ Basin
‰ Sub-watershed

4. Which is the best watershed management unit for

conducting
d ti local
l l watershed
t h d managementt plan
l
‰ Sub-basin
‰ Water shed
‰ Basin
‰ Sub
Sub-watershed
watershed

49
5. Which of the following makes up the greatest percentage
of impervious cover in sub-urban areas
‰ Roof tops
‰ lawns
la ns
‰ Roads, parking lots & driveways
‰ Vacant lot

6. How much more storm water runoff is pproduced by

y a one
acre parking lot compared to once a meadow
‰ Two times
‰ Three times
‰ Six times
‰ Nine times

50
7. How many liters of water fall on a 100 square metre
concrete roof during a 4cm rainfall?
‰1000 liters
‰ 2000 liters
‰ 4000 liters
‰ Enough to flood my basement
8. How much water is required to produce 1 gallon of
gasoline
‰ 0.1 gallon
‰ 1.0 gallon
‰ 5 gallon
‰ 10 gallon

51
9. One metre rise in water level in a dug well saves electrical
energy on water pumping by
‰ 0.10 KWH
‰ 0.20 KWH
‰ 0.30 KWH
‰ 0.40
0 40 KWH
10. Recent watershed research has discovered that urban
stream quality begins to sharply decline once impervious
cover in a watershed exceeds
‰ 10 %
‰ 20 %
‰ 30 %
‰ 40 %

52
 Conclusion

“ A river is the report card for its

watershed
watershed”

…………………..Alan Levere